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{{short description|Period of darkness}}▼
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▲{{short description|Period of darkness}}
[[File:Savault Chapel Under Milky Way BLS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=starry sky above a brick chapel|The [[night sky]] above a French chapel with the [[Milky Way]] and stars visible, and [[light pollution]] on the [[horizon]]]]
'''Night''' or '''nighttime''' is the period of [[darkness]] when the [[Sun]] is below the [[horizon]]. The opposite of nighttime is [[daytime]]. [[Sunlight]] illuminates one side of the Earth, leaving the other in darkness. [[Earth's rotation]] causes the appearance of [[sunrise]] and [[sunset]]. [[Moonlight]], [[airglow]], [[starlight]], and [[light pollution]] dimly illuminate night. The duration of day, night, and [[twilight]] varies depending on the time of year and the latitude. Night on other [[celestial bodies]] is affected by their [[Rotation period (astronomy)|rotation]] and [[orbital period]]s. The planets [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] and [[Venus]] have much longer nights than Earth. On Venus, night lasts 120 Earth days. The [[Moon]]'s rotation is [[tidally locked]], rotating so that
Organisms respond to the changes brought by nightfall, including darkness, increased humidity, and lower temperatures. Their responses include direct reactions and adjustments to [[circadian rhythm]]s, governed by an internal [[Circadian clock|biological clock]]. These circadian rhythms, regulated by exposure to light and darkness, affect an organism's behavior and [[physiology]]. [[Animal]]s more active at night are called [[nocturnal]] and have adaptations for low light, including different forms of [[night vision]] and the heightening of other senses. Diurnal animals are active during the day and sleep at night; mammals, birds, and some others [[dream]] while asleep. [[Fungi]] respond directly to nightfall and increase their biomass. With some exceptions, fungi do not rely on a biological clock. [[Plant]]s store energy produced through [[photosynthesis]] as starch granules to consume at night. [[Algae]] engage in a similar process, and [[cyanobacteria]] transition from photosynthesis to nitrogen fixation after sunset. In arid environments like deserts, plants evolved to be more active at night, with many gathering [[carbon dioxide]] overnight for daytime photosynthesis. Night-blooming cacti rely on nocturnal [[pollinator]]s such as bats and moths for reproduction. [[Light pollution]] disrupts the patterns in ecosystems and is especially harmful to night-flying insects.
Historically, night has been a time of increased danger and insecurity. Many daytime [[social control]]s dissipated after sunset. Theft, fights, murders, taboo sexual activities, and accidental deaths all became more frequent due in part to reduced visibility. Cultures have [[List of night deities|personified night through deities]] associated with some or all of these aspects of nighttime. The folklore of many cultures contains "creatures of the night," including [[werewolves]], [[witches]], ghosts, and [[goblins]], reflecting societal fears and anxieties. The introduction of artificial lighting extended daytime activities. Major European cities hung lanterns housing candles and oil lamps in the 1600s. Nineteenth-century [[Gas lighting|gas]] and [[
==Astronomy==
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===Earth===
[[File:Earth-lighting-winter-solstice EN.png|thumb|alt=diagram, explained in section |Day and night during the winter solstice in the northern
The length of night on Earth varies depending on the time of year. Longer nights occur in winter, with the [[winter solstice]] being the longest.{{sfn|Greene|2003|p=31}} Nights are shorter in the summer, with the [[summer solstice]] being the shortest.{{sfn|Greene|2003|p=31}} Earth orbits the [[Sun]] on an axis [[Axial tilt|tilted]] 23.44 degrees.{{sfn|Dobrijevic|2022|loc="What Causes the Summer Solstice"}} Nights are longer when a [[Hemispheres of Earth|hemisphere]] is tilted away from the Sun and shorter when a hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun.{{sfn|Dobrijevic|2022}} As a result, the longest night of the year for the [[Northern Hemisphere]] will be the shortest night of the year for the [[Southern Hemisphere]].{{sfn|Dobrijevic|2022}}
Night's duration varies least near the [[equator]]. The difference between the shortest and longest night increases approaching the [[geographical pole|poles]].{{sfn|UCSB|2015}} At the equator, night lasts roughly 12 hours throughout the year.{{sfn|Steiger|Bunton|1995|loc="Night and Day"}} [[Tropics|The tropics]] have little difference in the length of day and night.{{sfn|UCSB|2015}} At the 45th parallel, the longest winter night is roughly twice as long as the shortest summer night.{{sfn|Steiger|Bunton|1995|loc="Twilight"}} Within the [[polar circle]]s, night will last the full 24 hours of the winter solstice.{{sfn|Dobrijevic|2022}} The length of this [[polar night]] increases closer to the poles. [[Utqiagvik, Alaska]], the northernmost point in the United States, experiences 65 days of polar night.{{sfn|Mulvaney|2024}} At the pole itself, polar night lasts 179 days from September to March.{{sfn|Mulvaney|2024}}
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[[File:Nile River Delta at Night.JPG|thumb|alt=space photograph showing the inhabited areas of the Nile glowing against the dark desert|The [[drainage basin]] of the [[Nile]] river and [[Nile Delta|delta]] at night]]
There are multiple ways to define twilight, the gradual transition to and from darkness when the Sun is below the horizon.{{sfn|Greene|2003|p=86}} "Civil" twilight occurs when the Sun is between 0
Similar to the duration of night itself, the duration of twilight varies according to [[latitude]].{{sfn|Shubinski|2023|loc="In twilight"}} At the equator, day quickly transitions to night, while the transition can take weeks near the poles.{{sfn|Shubinski|2023|loc="In twilight"}} The duration of twilight is longest at the summer solstice and shortest near the equinoxes.{{sfn|Greene|2003|pp=86–87}} [[Moonlight]], [[starlight]], [[airglow]], and [[light pollution]]
===Other celestial bodies===
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Night varies from planet to planet within the [[Solar System]].<!--topic sentence--> [[Mars]]'s dusty atmosphere causes a lengthy twilight period. The refracted light ranges from purple to blue, often resulting in glowing [[noctilucent clouds]].{{sfn|Atkinson|2024}} Venus and Mercury have long nights because of their slow rotational periods.{{sfn|Planetary Society|n.d.|loc="Solar Day Length"}} The planet [[Venus]] rotates once every 243 Earth days.{{sfn|Margot|Campbell|Giorgini|Jao|2021|p=676}} Because of its unusual [[retrograde motion|retrograde]] rotation, nights last 116.75 Earth days.{{sfn|Williams|2017}} The [[Atmosphere of Venus|dense greenhouse atmosphere]] on Venus keeps its surface hot enough to melt lead throughout the night.{{sfn|Planetary Society|n.d.|loc="Global Average Temperature"}}{{sfn|Bolles|2024b}} Its planetary wind system, driven by solar heat, reverses direction from day to night. Venus's winds flow from the equator to the poles on the day side and from the poles to the equator on the night side.{{sfn|Svedhem|Titov|Taylor|Witasse|2007|pp=629–630}}{{sfn|Gohd|2021}} On [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], the planet closest to the Sun, the temperature drops over {{convert|1000|°F|°C|abbr=on}} after nightfall.{{sfn|Bolles|2024a}}
The day-night cycle is one consideration for [[planetary habitability]] or the possibility of [[extraterrestrial life]] on distant [[exoplanet]]s.{{sfn|Clery|2017}} In general, shorter nights result in a higher equilibrium temperature for the planet.{{sfn|Konatham|Martin-Torres|Zorzano|2020|loc="Model"}} On an Earth-like planet, longer day-night cycles may increase habitability up to a point.{{sfn|Guzewich|Lustig-Yaeger|Davis|Kopparapu|2020|loc="Introduction"}} Computer models show that longer nights would affect [[Hadley circulation]], resulting in a cooler, less cloudy planet.{{sfn|Guzewich|Lustig-Yaeger|Davis|Kopparapu|2020|loc="Simulated Climate and Atmospheric Dynamics"}} Once the rotation speed of a planet slows beyond 1/16 that of Earth, the difference in day to night temperature shifts increases dramatically.{{sfn|Guzewich|Lustig-Yaeger|Davis|Kopparapu|2020|loc="Introduction"}} Some exoplanets, like those of [[TRAPPIST-1]], are [[Tidal locking|tidally locked]]. Tidally locked planets have equal rotation and orbital periods, so one side experiences constant day, and the other side constant night. In these situations, astrophysicists believe that life would most likely develop in the [[Terminator (solar)|twilight zone]] between the day and night hemispheres.{{sfn|Walla|2019}}{{sfn|Lewis|2023}}
==Biology==
[[File:Gymnothorax javanicus (by night).webm|thumb|alt=underwater video|The [[giant moray]] eel is most active by night. Its brain has adapted to rely less on visual input and more on its [[sense of smell]].{{sfn|Iglesias|Dornburg|Warren|Wainwright|2018|p=17}}]]
Living organisms react directly to the darkness of night.{{sfn|Dunlap|Loroso|2018|p=515}} Light and darkness also affect circadian rhythms, the physical and mental changes that occur in a 24-hour cycle.{{sfn|BRAIN|2004|loc="Sleep and Circadian Rhythms"}} This daily cycle is regulated by an internal "[[Circadian clock|biological clock]]" that is adjusted by exposure to light.{{sfn|BRAIN|2004|loc="Sleep and Circadian Rhythms"}} The length and timing of nighttime depend on location and time of year.{{sfn|Dunlap|Loroso|2018|p=517}} Organisms that are more active at night possess adaptations to the night's dimmer light, increased humidity, and lower temperatures.{{sfn|Borges|2018|loc="Abstract"}}
===Animals===
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[[File:Insect flights in the night in front of a spotlight HP L7869.jpg|thumb|alt=Many insects fly towards a work light.|Nocturnal insects drawn to an artificial light]]
The compound eyes of insects can see at even lower levels of light. For example, the [[Deilephila elpenor|elephant hawk moth]] can see in color, including [[ultraviolet]], with only starlight.{{sfn|Gaston|Davies|Bennie|Hopkins|2012|p=1261}} Nocturnal insects navigate using moonlight, lunar phases, infrared vision, the position of the stars, and the Earth's magnetic field.{{sfn|Danthanarayana|1986|p=3}} Artificial lighting disrupts the [[Biological rhythm|biorhythms]] of many animals.{{sfn|Edwards|2018|p=241}} Night-flying insects that use the moon for navigation are especially vulnerable to disorientation from increasing levels of artificial lighting.{{sfn|Pennisi|Benthe|Haberland|2021|p=556}} Artificial lights attract many night-flying insects that die from exhaustion and nocturnal predators.{{sfn|Pennisi|Benthe|Haberland|2021|p=557}} Decreases in insect populations disrupt the overall ecosystem because their larvae are a key food source for smaller fish.{{sfn|Pennisi|Benthe|Haberland|2021|pp=556–557}} [[Dark-sky movement|Dark-sky advocate]] Paul Bogard described the unnatural migration of night-flying insects from the unlit Nevada desert into [[Las Vegas]] as "like sparkling confetti floating in the beam's white column".{{sfn|Edwards|2018|p=239}}
[[File:Bat feeding buzz.wav|thumb|alt=Chirping increases in frequency as a bat approaches its prey.|Time-expanded recording of a bat using [[Animal echolocation|echolocation]] to home in on its prey]]
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[[File:Henry Fuseli (1741–1825), The Nightmare, 1781.jpg|alt=painting of a demon on the chest of a sleeping woman|thumb|left|Fuseli's ''[[The Nightmare]]'']]
People and other [[Diurnality|diurnal]] animals sleep primarily at night.{{sfn|Moorcroft|2005|p=33}} Humans, other mammals, and birds experience multiple stages of sleep visible via [[electroencephalography]].{{sfn|Vorster|Born|2015|p=108}} The stages of sleep are [[wakefulness]], three stages of [[non-rapid eye movement sleep]] (NREM) including [[deep sleep]], and [[rapid eye movement sleep|rapid eye movement (REM) sleep]].{{sfn|Patel|Reddy|Shumway|Araujo|2024|loc="Mechanism"}} During REM sleep, dreams are more frequent and complex.{{sfn|Hoel|2021|loc="Introduction"}} Studies show that some reptiles may also experience REM sleep.{{sfn|Dunham|2016}} During deep sleep, memories are consolidated into [[long-term memory]].{{sfn|Vorster|Born|2015|p=115}} Invertebrates most likely experience a form of sleep as well. Studies on bees, which have complex but unrelated brain structures, have shown improvements in memory after sleep, similar to mammals.{{sfn|Vorster|Born|2015|p=113}}
Compared to waking life, dreams are sparse with limited sensory detail. Dreams are hallucinatory or bizarre, and they often have a narrative structure.{{sfn|Hoel|2021|loc="Contemporary Theories of Dreams"}} Many hypotheses exist to explain the function of dreams without a definitive answer.{{sfn|Hoel|2021|loc="Contemporary Theories of Dreams"}} [[Nightmare]]s are dreams that cause distress. The word "night-mare" originally referred to nocturnal demons that were believed to assail sleeping dreamers, like the [[incubus]] (male) or [[succubus]] (female).{{sfn|Harris|2004|pp=439–440}} It was believed that the demons could sit upon a dreamer's chest to suffocate a victim, as depicted in John Henry Fuseli's ''[[The Nightmare]]''.{{sfn|Harris|2004|pp=439–440}}
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[[File:Tom Temple's career (1888) (14765338502).jpg|thumb|alt=a lantern illuminates only the corner of the room where it is pointed|An illustration from [[Horatio Alger]]'s ''Tom Temple's Career'' shows a burglar using "dark lantern" which shines in only one direction.]]
Before the [[History of industrialisation|industrial era]], night was a time of heightened insecurity.{{sfn|Edwards|2018|p=36}} Fear of the night was common but varied in intensity across cultures.{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|p=5}} Dangers increased due to lower visibility. Injuries and deaths were caused by drowning and falling into pits, ditches, and shafts.{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|pp=23-27}} People were less able to evaluate others after dark.{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|p=8}} Due to nocturnal alcohol consumption and the anonymity of darkness, quarrels were more likely to escalate to violence. In medieval [[Stockholm]], the majority of murders were committed while intoxicated.{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|p=46}} Crime and fear of crime increased at night.{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|pp=31-33}} In pre-industrial Europe,
Many daytime religious, governmental, and local [[social control]]s dissipated after nightfall.{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|pp=59, 88}} Fortified Christian communities announced the coming darkness with horns, [[church bell]]s, or drums. This alerted residents—like peasants working the fields—to return home before the [[city gate]]s shut.{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|p=61}} The English engaged in a daily process of "shutting in", where valuables were brought into homes before they were bolted, barred, locked, and [[window shutter#Exterior shutters|shuttered]].{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|pp=91-93}} Many English and European towns attempted to impose curfews during the medieval period and gradually loosened the restrictions via exceptions.{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|pp=63-65}} Prayer and [[Folk religion|folk magic]] were more common by night.{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|pp=97-99}} [[Amulet]]s were hung to ward off nightmares, spells were cast against thievery, and pig hearts were hung in chimneys to block demons from traveling down them.{{sfn|Ekirch|2001|p=357}} The common phrase "good night" has been shortened from "God give you a good night."{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|pp=97-99}} In [[History of Istanbul#Imperial capital|Ottoman Istanbul]], the royal palaces shifted to projecting nocturnal power through large parties lit by lanterns, candles, and [[fireworks]].{{sfn|Wishnitzer|2014|pp=521-522}} Though [[Khamr|alcohol was forbidden for Muslims]], after dark, Turkish Muslims went to the bars and taverns beyond the Muslim areas.{{sfn|Wishnitzer|2014|p=523}}
The night has long been a time of increased sexual activity, especially in taboo forms such as [[Premarital sex|premarital]], [[Extramarital sex|extramarital]], [[Sexual practices between men|gay]], and [[Sexual practices between women|lesbian]] sex.{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|pp=191-197}} In colonial New England courtship, young unmarried couples practiced [[Bundling (tradition)|bundling]] before marriage. The couples would lie down in the woman's bed, her family would wrap them tightly with blankets, and they would spend the night together this way. Some families took precautions to prevent [[Unintended pregnancy|unintended pregnancies]], like sleeping in the same room, laying a large wooden board between the couple, or pulling a single stocking over both of their daughter's legs.{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|pp=197-202}} Historian Roger Ekirch described pre-industrial night as a "sanctuary from ordinary existence."{{sfn|Ekirch|2005|p=xxvi}}
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[[File:British Museum - Room 27 (17947483409).jpg|thumb|left|alt=mask made from human skull|Mask of [[Tezcatlipoca]], the Aztec "Night Wind"]]
Diverse cultures have made connections between the night sky and the [[afterlife]].{{sfn|Graur|2024|pp=37-40}} Many Native American peoples have described the Milky Way as a path where the deceased travel as stars. The Lakota term for the Milky Way is ''Wanáǧi Thacháŋku'', or "Spirit's Road".{{sfn|Graur|2024|p=39}} In Mayan mythology, the Milky Way's dark band is the Road of [[Xibalba]], the path to the [[underworld]].{{sfn|Graur|2024|p=39}} Unrelated cultures share a myth of a star-covered sky goddess who arches over the planet after sunset, like [[Citlālicue]], the [[Aztec mythology|Aztec]] personification of the Milky Way.{{sfn|Graur|2024|pp=37-38}}{{sfn|Klein|2000|p=51}} The elongated Egyptian goddess [[Nut (goddess)|Nut]] and ''N!adima'' from [[Botswana]] are said to consume the Sun at dusk.{{sfn|Graur|2024}} In the [[Ancient Egyptian religion]], the Sun then travels through the netherworld inside Nut's body, where it is reborn at dawn.{{sfn|Graur|2024}}
[[File:Peter Nicolai Arbo - Natten - Nasjonalmuseet - NG.M.03666.jpg|alt=painting|thumb|right|[[Nótt]], the personification of night in [[Norse mythology]], rides her horse in this 1887 painting by [[Peter Nicolai Arbo]].]]
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}}
In folklore, nocturnal [[preternatural]] beings like [[goblin]]s, [[fairies]], [[werewolves]], [[Puck (folklore)|pucks]], [[Brownie (folklore)|brownies]], [[banshee]]s, and [[boggart]]s have overlapping but non-synonymous definitions.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|Ostling|Forest|2014|pp=
===Nightlife===
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==Art==
===Literature===
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Manilius. The sphere.jpg|thumb|''The Sphere'' by [[Marcus Manilius]], translated into English by [[Edward Sherburne]] in the seventeenth century]]
In literature, night is often associated with mysterious, hidden, dangerous, and clandestine activities.{{sfn|Boyer|2019}} Since the [[Age of Enlightenment]], nocturnal settings have been a frequent place for passionate chaos as a counterbalance to the rationality present during the day.{{sfn|Bronfen|2013|pp=343-344}} In [[Gothic fiction]], this absence of rationality offered a space for lust and terror.{{sfn|Bronfen|2013|p=227}} [[Turkish literature|Ottoman literature]] portrayed night as a time for forbidden or [[unrequited love]].{{sfn|Wishnitzer|2014|p=518}} Night and day were long depicted as opposite conditions.{{sfn|Boyer|2019|loc="It's plain as night and day."}} The electric light, the industrial revolution, and [[shift work]] brought many aspects of daily life into the night.{{sfn|Boyer|2019}} The author [[Charles Dickens]] lived in London during the time of [[gas lighting]] and compared the unstable separation between the waking and sleeping city, to the unstable separation he perceived between dream and delusion.<ref>{{harvnb|Beaumont|2014|p=120}}, "[...] takes place in the realm of the unnight, a liminal zone between the waking and sleeping city, and between the waking sleeping state of mind."</ref> Night in [[contemporary literature]] offers liminal settings, such as hospitals and gas stations, that contain some aspects of daily life.{{sfn|Boyer|2019}} ▼
In literature, night is often associated with mysterious, hidden, dangerous, and clandestine activities.{{sfn|Boyer|2019}} ''[[Rhesus (play)|Rhesus]]'' is the only extant [[Greek tragedy]] where night is explicitly invoked and made an element of the story. In the play, night is a time of disorder and confusion that allows [[Odysseus]] to sneak into the Trojan camp and kill [[Rhesus of Thrace|King Rhesus of Thrace]].{{sfn|Marie-Charlotte von Lehsten|2020|pp=185-187}} The handful of surviving classical [[Classical Greek]] texts that describe the nocturnal activities of women portray female freedom especially to speak openly, male anxieties about that freedom, and magic that functions as a metaphor for nocturnal danger.{{sfn|Bensch-Schaus|2020|p=190}} Roman poets like [[Marcus Manilius]] and [[Aratus]] worked late into the night and incorporated darkness and the night sky into their writing.{{sfn|Wilson|2020|pp=131, 147}}
▲
{{blockquote
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[[File:Bean (1997) – Night Out with Mr Bean.webm|left|thumb|thumbtime=6:03|start=5:51|end=6:05|A night scene from the episode "Night Out with Mr. Bean" with a blue [[color balance]] and lighting]]-->
Directly filming at night is rarely done. Film stocks and video cameras are much less sensitive to low light environments than the human eye.{{sfn|Rabiger|2014|p=88}} During the silent film era, night scenes were filmed during the day in black and white.{{sfn|Edwards|2018|p=180}} The sections of the monochrome film reel with exterior night scenes were soaked in an acidic dye, that tinted the whole scene blue.{{sfn|Read|2009|pp=13, 20}}{{sfn|Kramer|2015|loc="Tinting and Toning"}} "Day for night" is a set of cinematic techniques that simulate a night scene while filming in daylight. They include [[Underexposure|underexposing]] to the soften scene, using a [[graduated neutral-density filter]] to mute lighting, and setting up the artificial lighting to amplify shadows in the background. {{sfn|Hurkman|2013|p=31}} Lower budget films are more likely to use day for night shooting, larger budget films are more likely to film at night with artificial lighting.{{sfn|Hurkman|2013|p=31}} Cinematographers have used tinting, filters, color balance settings, and physical lights to color night scenes blue.{{sfn|Hurkman|2013|p=43}} In low light, people experience the [[Purkinje effect]] which causes reds to dim so that more blue is perceived. As light decreases towards total darkness, the human eye has more [[scotopic vision]], relying more [[rod cell]]s and less able to perceive color.{{sfn|Hurkman|2013|pp=43-44}}{{sfn|Edwards|2018|p=180}}
[[File:London Eye at Night (long exposure).JPG|thumb|alt=A ferris wheel blurs into a neon circle.|A long-exposure photograph of the [[London Eye]] at night]]
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==See also ==
*[[Earth's shadow]]
*[[Night aviation regulations in the
*[[Night
*[[Night in paintings (Western art)]]
*[[Nocturne]]
*[[Olbers's paradox]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|22em}}
== References ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Ker |editor-first1=James |title=The values of nighttime in classical antiquity: between dusk and dawn |editor-last2=Wessels |editor-first2=Antje |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-43557-5 |series=Mnemosyne supplements |chapter=Night as Measure, Mother, and Metaphor in the Hesiodic Cosmos |last=Atkins |first=Adrienne}}▼
* {{Cite web |last=Atkinson |first=Stuart |date=March 8, 2024 |title=Love to see the night sky on Mars? This is what it would be like to stargaze on the Red Planet |url=https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/space-science/what-does-night-sky-look-like-mars |access-date=28 April 2024 |website=Sky at Night |publisher=BBC |language=en}}
* {{Citation |last=Beaumont |first=Matthew |title=The Mystery of Master Humphrey: Dickens, Nightwalking and "the Old Curiosity Shop" |date=2014 |journal=The Review of English Studies |volume=65 |issue=268 |pages=118–136 |doi=10.1093/res/hgt031 |jstor=24541052 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24541052 |access-date=2024-04-08 |issn=0034-6551}}
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* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Ker |editor-first1=James |title=The values of nighttime in classical antiquity: between dusk and dawn |editor-last2=Wessels |editor-first2=Antje |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-43557-5 |series=Mnemosyne supplements |chapter=The Witching Hour: Troubled Women in Homer, Apollonius, and Theocritus |first=Amelia |last=Bensch-Schaus}}
* {{Cite web |date=2024a |editor-last=Bolles |editor-first=Dana |title=Mercury: Facts |url=https://science.nasa.gov/mercury/facts/ |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=NASA Science}}
* {{Cite web |date=2024b |editor-last=Bolles |editor-first=Dana |title=Venus Facts |url=https://science.nasa.gov/venus/venus-facts/#hds-sidebar-nav-13 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=NASA Science}}
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* {{Cite book |last1=Duijzings |first1=Ger |title=Working at Night: The Temporal Organisation of Labour Across Political and Economic Regimes |last2=Dušková |first2=Lucie |date=2022 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH |isbn=978-3-11-075288-5 |chapter=Introduction}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Dunham |first=Will |date=April 29, 2016 |title=Slumber Party: Reptiles, like Us, Have REM Sleep and May Dream |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/slumber-party-reptiles-like-us-have-rem-sleep-and-may-dream/ |magazine=Scientific American |language=en |issn=0036-8733}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Dunlap |first1=Jay C. |title=The Fungal Kingdom |last2=Loroso |first2=Jennifer J. |date=2018 |publisher=American Society for Microbiology |chapter=Making Time: Conservation of Biological Clocks from Fungi to Animals |journal=<!--see below--> |volume=5 |issue=3 |doi=10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0039-2016|pmid=28527179 |pmc=5446046 }}<!--
Citing the book, this was also published as:
Dunlap JC, Loros JJ. 2017. Making time: conservation
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* {{Cite journal |last=Fricke |first=Wieland |date=February 2020 |title=Energy costs of salinity tolerance in crop plants: night-time transpiration and growth |journal=New Phytologist |volume=225 |issue=3 |pages=1152–1165 |doi=10.1111/nph.15773|pmid=30834533 }}
* {{Cite web |last=Gaherty |first=Geoff |date=7 May 2013 |title=This Week's 'Ring of Fire' Solar Eclipse: What You Need to Know |url=https://www.space.com/20994-solar-eclipse-ring-of-fire.html |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=Space.com |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gaston |first1=Kevin J. |last2=Davies |first2=Thomas W. |last3=Bennie |first3=Jonathan |last4=Hopkins |first4=John |date=December 2012 |title=Review: Reducing the ecological consequences of night-time light pollution: options and developments |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=1256–1266 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02212.x|pmid=23335816 |pmc=3546378 |bibcode=2012JApEc..49.1256G |hdl=10871/21226 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite web |last=Gohd |first=Chelsea |date=21 July 2021 |title=Nighttime weather on Venus revealed for the 1st time |url=https://www.space.com/venus-nightside-weather-revealed-akatsuki-jaxa |access-date=28 April 2024 |website=Space |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Graur |first=Or |date=2024 |title=The Ancient Egyptian Personification of the Milky Way as the Sky-Goddess Nut: an Astronomical and Cross-cultural Analysis |journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage |publisher=Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=28–45 |doi=10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2024.01.02|arxiv=2404.01458 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Grazian |first=David |year=2009 |title=Urban Nightlife, Social Capital, and the Public Life of Cities |journal=Sociological Forum |volume=24 |doi=10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01143.x |jstor=40542603 |number=4|pages=908–917 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Greene |first=David |title=Light and Dark |date=2003 |publisher=Institute of Physics Publishing |isbn=0-7503-0874-5 |edition=eBook}}
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* {{Cite web |last=Hammer |first=Jill |date=n.d. |title=Lilith: Lady Flying in Darkness |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/lilith-lady-flying-in-darkness/ |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=My Jewish Learning |language=en-US |archive-date=25 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325165604/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Issues/Magic_and_the_Supernatural/Practices_and_Beliefs/Supernatural_Beings/Lilith.shtml |url-status=live }}<!-- Depending on the version of the version/archive-date of the web page, this source will have between 1 and 3 pages, but the same content. -->
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* {{Cite web |last=Katz |first=Osnat |date=March 18, 2021 |title=Day and night aren't equal length on an equinox – here's why |url=https://theconversation.com/day-and-night-arent-equal-length-on-an-equinox-heres-why-157273 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=The Conversation}}
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▲* {{Cite book |last1=Ker |first1=James |title=The values of nighttime in classical antiquity: between dusk and dawn |last2=Wessels |first2=Antje |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-43557-5 |series=Mnemosyne supplements}}
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* {{Cite journal |last1=Konatham |first1=Samuel |last2=Martin-Torres |first2=Javier |last3=Zorzano |first3=Maria-Paz |date=September 2020 |title=Atmospheric composition of exoplanets based on the thermal escape of gases and implications for habitability |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |language=en |volume=476 |issue=2241 |doi=10.1098/rspa.2020.0148 |issn=1364-5021 |pmc=7544335 |pmid=33061789|bibcode=2020RSPSA.47600148K }}
* {{Cite book |last=Koslofsky |first=Craig |title=Evening's empire: a history of the night in early modern Europe |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89643-6}}
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* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Nella |url=https://archive.org/details/quicksand00lars/page/63/mode/1up?q=%22Night+fell%2C+while+Helga%22&view=theater |title=Quicksand |date=1971 |publisher=Collier Books |lccn=70-146615}}
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* {{Cite web |last=Maestri |first=Nicoletta |date=3 July 2019 |title=Tezcatlipoca: Aztec God of Night and Smoking Mirrors |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/tezcatlipoca-aztec-god-of-night-172964 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=ThoughtCo}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Margot |first1=Jean-Luc |last2=Campbell |first2=Donald B. |last3=Giorgini |first3=Jon D. |last4=Jao |first4=Joseph S. |last5=Snedeker |first5=Lawrence G. |last6=Ghigo |first6=Frank D. |last7=Bonsall |first7=Amber |date=29 April 2021 |title=Spin state and moment of inertia of Venus |journal=Nature Astronomy |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=676–683 |doi=10.1038/s41550-021-01339-7|arxiv=2103.01504 |bibcode=2021NatAs...5..676M }}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Ker |editor-first1=James |title=The values of nighttime in classical antiquity: between dusk and dawn |editor-last2=Wessels |editor-first2=Antje |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-43557-5 |series=Mnemosyne supplements |chapter=Tragedy of Darkness: The Role of Night in Euripides' Rhesus |author=Marie-Charlotte von Lehsten}}
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* {{Cite journal |last1=Ostling |first1=Michael |last2=Forest |first2=Richard |date=2014-10-02 |title='Goblins, owles and sprites': Discerning early-modern English preternatural beings through collocational analysis |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0048721X.2014.886631 |journal=Religion |language=en |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=547–572 |doi=10.1080/0048721X.2014.886631 |issn=0048-721X}}
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* {{Cite
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* {{Cite web |last=Walla |first=Emily |date=10 April 2019 |title=Powerful Particles and Tugging Tides May Affect Extraterrestrial Life |url=https://news.arizona.edu/story/powerful-particles-and-tugging-tides-may-affect-extraterrestrial-life |website=University of Arizona News |language=en}}
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* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Ker |editor-first1=James |title=The values of nighttime in classical antiquity: between dusk and dawn |editor-last2=Wessels |editor-first2=Antje |date=2020 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-43557-5 |series=Mnemosyne supplements |chapter=The Astronomer-Poet at Night: The Evolution of a Motif |first=Kathryn |last=Wilson}}
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{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Night-article.ogg|date=2006-12-10}}
* {{commons category
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|night}}
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