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{{short description|Medieval cathedral of the City of London}}
{{useGood article}}
{{Use British English||date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox church
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| caption = Digital reconstruction giving an impression of Old St Paul's during the Middle Ages. The image is based on a model of the Cathedral in the [[Museum of London]], composited with a modern city background.
| dedication = [[Paul the Apostle|Saint Paul]]
| years built = {{ubl|{{circa|c. 604–675}}|c. 685–961|c. 962–1087|1087–1666}}
| previous cathedrals = 3
| style = [[English Gothic]]
| denomination = [[Church of England]]
| previous denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of London|London]]
| deanery = {{ubl|[[City of London]]|Paddington|St Margaret|St Marylebone}}
| events = Cathedral and canonry destroyed by fire—1087fire – 1087, 1666
| bishop = [[Bishop of London]]
| dean = [[List of Deans of St Paul's|Dean of St Paul's]]
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| relief =
| map caption = Old St Paul's on a 1300 map of the [[City of London]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|51|30|49|N|0|5|54|W|type:landmark_scale:1000_region:GB-LND|display = it}}
| module = {{Infobox building
| embed = yes
| highest_region = the world
| highest_start = the mid-14th13th century
| highest_end = 1311
| highest_prev = [[Great Pyramid of Giza]]
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}}
 
'''Old St Paul's Cathedral''' was the [[cathedral]] of the [[City of London]] that, until the [[Great Fire of London|Great Fire of 1666]], stood on the site of the present [[St Paul's Cathedral]]. Built from 1087 to 1314 and dedicated to [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]], thethis cathedralbuilding was perhaps the fourth such church at this site on [[Ludgate Hill]], going back to the 7th century.<ref>Benham, 3–7.</ref>
 
[[File: St Alban's Abbey IMG 2742 (28883447381).jpg|thumb|right| St Erkenwald, foundational figure in the history of St Paul's Cathedral]]
Work on the cathedral began after a [[Early fires of London#Norman|fire in 1087]]. Work took more than 200 years, and was delayed by another fire in 1135. The church was [[Consecration|consecrated]] in 1240, enlarged in 1256 and again in the early 14th century. At its completion in the mid-14th century, the cathedral was one of the [[List of longest church buildings in the world|longest churches in the world]], had [[List of tallest churches in the world|one of the tallest spires]] and some of the finest [[stained glass]].
Work on the cathedral began after a [[Early fires of London#Norman|fire in 1087]], which destroyed the previous church. Work took more than 200 years, and over that time the architecture of the church changed from [[Norman Romanesque]] to early [[English Gothic]]. The church was [[Consecration|consecrated]] in 1240, enlarged in 1256 and again in the early 14th century. At its completion in the mid-14th century, the cathedral was one of the [[List of longest church buildings in the world|longest churches in the world]], had [[List of tallest churches in the world|one of the tallest spires]] and some of the finest [[stained glass]].
 
[[File: Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_(monument)_(State_2).jpg|thumb|right|Shrine of St Erkenwald, relics removed 1550, lost as a monument in the Great Fire of London]]
The presence of the shrine of [[Erkenwald|Saint Erkenwald]] made the cathedral a site of [[pilgrimage]].<ref name="Milman, 22">Milman, 22.</ref> In addition to serving as the seat of the [[Diocese of London]], the building developed a reputation as a social hub, with the nave aisle, "[[Paul's walk]]", known as a business centre and a place to hear the gossip on the London [[Grapevine (gossip)|grapevine]]. After the [[Reformation]], the open-air pulpit in the churchyard, [[St Paul's Cross]], became the place for radical evangelical preaching and Protestant [[bookselling]].
 
The continuing presence of the shrine of the 7th century bishop [[Erkenwald|Saint Erkenwald]] made the cathedral a site of [[pilgrimage]] in the Middle Ages.<ref name="Milman, 22">Milman, 22.</ref> In addition to serving as the seat of the [[Diocese of London]], the building developed a reputation as a social hub, with the nave aisle, "[[Paul's walk]]", known as a business centre and a place to hear the news and gossip on the London [[Grapevine (gossip)|grapevine]]. During the [[Reformation]], the open-air pulpit in the churchyard, [[St Paul's Cross]], became the place for radical evangelical preaching and Protestant [[bookselling]].
The cathedral was already in severe structural decline by the early 17th century. Restoration work begun by [[Inigo Jones]] in the 1620s was temporarily halted during the [[English Civil War]] (1642–1651). In 1666, further restoration was in progress under [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]] when the cathedral was devastated in the [[Great Fire of London]]. At that point, it was demolished, and the present cathedral was built on the site.<ref>Clifton-Taylor, 237–243.</ref>
 
The cathedral was in structural decline by the early 17th century. Restoration work begun by [[Inigo Jones]] in the 1620s was temporarily halted during the [[English Civil War]] (1642–1651). In 1666, further restoration was in progress under [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]] when the cathedral was devastated in the [[Great Fire of London]]. At that point, it was demolished, and the present cathedral was built on the site.<ref>Clifton-Taylor, 237–243.</ref>
 
== Construction ==
Old St Paul's Cathedral was perhaps the fourth church at [[Ludgate Hill]] dedicated to St Paul.<ref name="Milman, 22"/> A [[Early fires of London#Norman|devastating fire]] in 1087,<ref>"{{cite book |last=Tabor |first=Margaret E. |date=1917 |title=The City Churches" Tabor, M|url=https://archive.org/details/citychurchesshor00tabo/page/106/mode/2up p107:|location=London; |publisher=The Swarthmore Press Ltd;. 1917|page=107}}</ref> detailed in the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'', destroyed much of the cathedral.<ref>Milman, 21.</ref> [[William the Conqueror|King William I (William the Conqueror)]] donated the stone from the destroyed Palatine Tower on the [[River Fleet]] towards the construction of a [[Norman architecture|Romanesque]] Norman cathedral, an act sometimes said to be his last before death.<ref>Milman, 23.</ref><ref>Benham, 3.</ref>
 
[[Maurice (Bishop of London)|Bishop Maurice]] oversaw preparations, although it was primarily under his successor, [[Richard de Beaumis (died 1127)|Richard de Beaumis]], that construction work fully commenced. Beaumis was assisted by [[Henry I of England|King Henry I]], who gave the bishop stone and asked that all material brought up the River Fleet for the cathedral should be free from toll. To fund the cathedral, Henry I gave Beaumis rights to all fish caught within the cathedral neighbourhood and [[tithe]]s on venison taken in the County of Essex. Beaumis also gave a site for the original foundation of [[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]].<ref name="Benham, 4">Benham, 4–5.</ref>
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=== New work (1255–1314) ===
After a succession of storms, in 1255 [[Fulk Basset (bishop of London)|Bishop Fulk Basset]] appealed for money to repair the roof. The roof was rebuilt in wood, which ultimately ruined the building. At this time, the east end of the cathedral church was lengthened, enclosing the [[St Faith under St Paul's|parish church of St Faith]], which was now brought within the cathedral.<ref name=Benham5/> The eastward addition was referred to as "The New Work".<ref>Benham, 6.</ref>
 
[[File:St Paul's old. From Francis Bond, Early Christian Architecture. Last book 1913..jpg|thumb|left|450px|alt=An engraving of Old St Paul's cathedral seen from above. The building is in a cross shape, architecturally rectangular and very long west to east, with flying buttresses along the quire. In the centre is a square central tower, which in this picture has a tall spire. The building looms over the old City of London before the Great Fire.|A 1916 engraving of Old St Paul's as it appeared before the fire of 1561 in which the spire was destroyed]]
 
After complaints from the dispossessed parishioners of St Faith's, the east end of the west crypt was allotted to them as their parish church. The congregation were also allowed to keep a detached tower with a peal of bells east of the church which had historically been used to peal the summons to the [[Cheapside]] [[Thing (assembly)|Folkmote]]. The parish later moved to the Jesus chapel during the reign of [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] and was merged with [[St Augustine Watling Street]] after the 1666 fire.<ref name=Reynolds194>Reynolds, 194.</ref>
 
This "New Work" was completed in 1314, although the additions had been consecrated in 1300.<ref name = "Cath1086">{{Cite web|title = 1087 cathedral| work = St Paul's official website|url = http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History-Timeline/1087|access-date = 26 August 2014|archive-date = 16 October 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016024819/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History-Timeline/1087|url-status = dead}}</ref> Excavations in 1878 by [[Francis Penrose]] showed the enlarged cathedral was {{convert|586|ft|m}} long (excluding the porch later added by Inigo Jones) and {{convert|100|ft|m}} wide ({{convert|290|ft|m}} across the [[transept]]s and [[crossing (architecture)|crossing]]).<ref name="Clifton-Taylor, 275">Clifton-Taylor, 275.</ref>
 
[[Image:Funeral Procession - 15th Century - Project Gutenberg eText 16531.jpg|thumb|A 15th-century monastic funeral procession entering Old St Paul's. The coffin is covered by a blue and gold [[pall (funeral)|pall]], and the [[grave (burial)|grave]] is being dug in the foreground.]]
 
The cathedral had one of [[List of tallest church buildings|Europe's tallest church spires]], the height of which is traditionally given as {{convert|489|ft|m}}, surpassing all but [[Lincoln Cathedral]]. The King's Surveyor, [[Christopher Wren]] (1632–1723), judged that an overestimate and gave {{convert|460|ft|m}}.<ref name="Benham, 8">Benham, 8.</ref> In 1664, Robert Hooke used a plumb-line to calculate the height of the tower as "two hundred and four feet very near, which is about sixty feet higher than it was usually reported to be."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jardine|first=Lisa|date=2001|title=Monuments and Microscopes: Scientific Thinking on a Grand Scale in the Early Royal Society|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=55|issue=2 |pages=289–308|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2001.0145 |s2cid=144311552 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> [[William Benham (priest)|William Benham]] noted that the cathedral probably "resembled in general outline that of [[Salisbury Cathedral|Salisbury]], but it was a hundred feet longer, and the spire was sixty or eighty feet higher. The tower was open internally as far as the base of the spire, and was probably more beautiful both inside and out than that of any other English cathedral."<ref name="Benham, 8"/>
 
=== Chapter house ===
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Later that year, [[William Fitz Osbern (1196)|William Fitz Osbern]] gave a speech against the oppression of the poor at Paul's Cross and incited a riot which saw the cathedral invaded, halted by a plea from [[Hubert Walter]], Archbishop of Canterbury. Osbern barricaded himself in [[St Mary-le-Bow]] and was executed, after which Paul's Cross was silent for many years.<ref>Benham, 28.</ref>
 
[[Arthur, Prince of Wales]], son of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]], married [[CatharineCatherine of Aragon]] in St Paul's on 14 November 1501. Chroniclers are profuse in their descriptions of the decorations of the cathedral and city on that occasion. Arthur died five months later, at the age of 15, and the marriage was later proved contentious during the reign of his brother, [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]].<ref name="Benham, 36"/>
 
Several kings of the Middle Ages lay in state in St Paul's before their funerals at [[Westminster Abbey]], including [[Richard II of England|Richard II]], [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] and [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]].<ref name="Benham, 36"/> In the case of Richard II, the display of his body in such a public place was to dispel rumours that he was not dead.<ref>Milman, 81.</ref> The walls were lined with the tombs of bishops and nobility. In addition to the shrine of Erkenwald, two [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] kings were buried inside: [[Sebbi of Essex|Sebbi]], King of the [[Kingdom of Essex|East Saxons]], and [[Æthelred the Unready]].<ref>Benham, 17.</ref>
 
A number of figures such as [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]] and [[John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp de Warwick]] had particularly large monuments constructed within the cathedral, and the building later contained the tombs of the Crown minister [[Nicholas Bacon (courtier)|Nicholas Bacon]], [[Sir Philip Sidney]], and [[John Donne]].<ref>Benham, 15–18.</ref> Donne's monument survived the 1666 fire, and is on display in the present building.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 1087 cathedral|work = St Paul's official website|url = http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History-Timeline/1087|access-date = 26 August 2013|archive-date = 16 October 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016024819/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History-Timeline/1087|url-status = dead}}</ref>
 
==Paul's Walk==
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=== Spire collapse (1561) ===
[[File:Old St Pauls Cathedral Ashwell Church.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|A graffito executed on a wall of [[St Mary's Church, Ashwell, Hertfordshire|St Mary's Church, Ashwell]] in Hertfordshire is believed to show Old St Paul's Cathedral.<ref name="Ornellas2013">{{cite book|author=Kevin De Ornellas|title=The Horse in Early Modern English Culture: Bridled, Curbed, and Tamed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AlcnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77|dateyear=18 November 2013|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|isbn=978-1-61147-659-0|page=77}}</ref>]]
On 4 June 1561, the spire caught fire and crashed through the nave roof. According to a newsheet published days after the fire, the cause was a lightning strike.<ref name=report>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kLiGTV0qzv8C Pollard, A. F., ed., ''Tudor Tracts'', (1903)] pp. 401–407, from the contemporary newsheet; ''The True Report of the Burning of the Steeple and Church of St Pauls'', London (1561)</ref> In 1753, David Henry, a writer for ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'', revived a rumour in his ''Historical description of St. Paul's Cathedral,'' writing that a plumber had "confessed on his death bed" that he had "left a pan of coals and other fuel in the tower when he went to dinner."<ref>Henry, 13.</ref> However, the number of contemporary eyewitnesses to the storm and a subsequent investigation appears to contradict this.<ref name=report/>
 
Whatever the cause, the subsequent conflagration was hot enough to melt the cathedral's bells and the lead covering the wooden spire "poured down like lava upon the roof", destroying it.<ref name=Reynolds194/><ref name="Benham50">Benham, 50.</ref> This event was taken by both Protestants and Catholics as a sign of God's displeasure at the other faction's actions.<ref name=Benham50/> [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]] contributed £1,000 in gold towards the cost of repairs as well as timber from the royal estate<ref>{{cite news |last1=Simons |first1=Paul |title=Lightning strike on St Paul's Cathedral |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/lightning-strike-on-st-pauls-cathedral-2xrgwkdrr |website=The Times |access-date=20 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and the Bishop of London [[Edmund Grindal]] gave £1200, although the spire was never rebuilt.<ref name=Benham50/> The repair work on the nave roof was sub-standard, and only fifty years after the rebuilding was in a dangerous condition.<ref>Benham, 64.</ref>
 
[[File:Hollar, Wenceslaus 1658.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|alt=An engraving showing the cross-shaped plan of the cathedral.|[[Wenceslaus Hollar]]'s 1658 plan of the cathedral]]
[[File:Old St. Paul's Cathedral from the west - Project Gutenberg eText 16531.png|thumb|left|250pxupright=1.25|alt=An image of the west front of the cathedral, showing a somewhat incongruous classical-style porch added to the cathedral, with eight tall columns, looking a little like the Parthenon.|Classical-style West Front by [[Inigo Jones]], added between 1630 and 1666]]
 
=== Restoration work (1621–1666)===
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Work stopped during the [[English Civil War]], and there was much defacement and mistreatment of the building by [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] forces during which old documents and charters were dispersed and destroyed, and the nave used as a stable for cavalry horses.<ref>Kelly, 50.</ref> Much of the detailed information historians have of the cathedral is taken from [[William Dugdale]]'s 1658 ''History of St Pauls Cathedral'', written hastily during [[The Protectorate]] for fear that "one of the most eminent Structures of that kinde in the Christian World" might be destroyed.<ref name=Dugdale>{{Cite book | last = Dugdale | first = William | author-link=William Dugdale | title = The History of St Paul's Cathedral in London from its Foundation until these Times | publisher = T. Warren | year = 1658 | location = London }}</ref>
 
Indeed, a persistent rumour of the time suggested that [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]] had considered giving the building to London's [[Resettlement of the Jews in England|returning Jewish community]] to become a [[synagogue]].<ref>Benham, 68.</ref> Dugdale embarked on his project due to discovering hampers full of decaying 14th and 15th century documents from the cathedral's early archives.<ref>Kelly, 56–59.</ref><ref name=artdaily>{{Cite web | title = Detailed Drawing of London's Old St. Paul's Cathedral, to Be Sold at Sotheby's | work = www.artdaily.com | url = http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_new=39081&int_sec=2 | access-date = 5 September 2010}}</ref> In his book's dedicatory epistle, he wrote:
 
<blockquote>...&nbsp;so great was your foresight of what we have since by wofull experience seen and felt, and specially in the Church, (through the [[Presbyterian]] contagion, which then began violently to breake out) that you often and earnestly incited me to a speedy view of what Monuments I could, especially in the principall Churches of this Realme; to the end, that by Inke and paper, the Shadows of them, with their Inscriptions might be preserved for posteritie, forasmuch as the things themselves were so neer unto ruine.<ref name=Dugdale/></blockquote>
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==Great Fire of London (1666)==
{{see also|St Paul's Cathedral}}
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - John of Gaunt (monument).jpg|thumb|left|The tomb of [[John of Gaunt]] and [[Blanche of Lancaster]] in the choir of St Paul's Cathedral, as represented in an etching of 1658 by [[Wenceslaus Hollar]]. The etching includes a number of inaccuracies, for example in not showing the couple with joined hands. The tomb was lost in the Great Fire of 1666.]]
[[File:Great Fire London.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[Great Fire of London]], depicted by an unknown painter (1675), as it would have appeared from a boat in the vicinity of [[St Katharine Docks|Tower Wharf]] on the evening of Tuesday, 4 September 1666. To the left is [[London Bridge]]; to the right, the [[Tower of London]]. St Paul's Cathedral is in the distance, surrounded by the tallest flames.]]
 
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header =
| width = 250
| image1 = Old St. Paul's Cathedral in flames - Project Gutenberg eText 16531.png|Old St Paul's Cathedral in flames, 1666
| alt1 = An engraving showing huge flames leaping from the roof of the cathedral.
| caption1 = Old St Paul's Cathedral in flames, 1666
| image2 = Old.St.Pauls.Ruins.1666.png
| alt2 = A man and boy survey the ruins of the cathedral, of which the roof is gone and only a few walls are left standing.
| caption2 = Remains of the Cathedral after the fire drawn by [[Thomas Wyck]], c. 1673
}}
 
After the [[Restoration (England)|restoration]] of the monarchy, [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] appointed Sir [[Christopher Wren]] to the position of Surveyor to the King's Works. He was given the task of restoring the cathedral in a style matching Inigo Jones' classical additions of 1630.<ref>Lang, 47–63.</ref> Wren instead recommended that the building be completely demolished; according to his first biographer, [[James Elmes]], Wren “expressed his surprise at the carelessness and want of accuracy in the original builders of the structure”; Wren's son described the new design as "The Gothic rectified to a better manner of architecture".<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wightwick | first = G. | title = On the Architecture and Genius of Sir Christopher Wren | journal = The Civil Engineer & Architect's Journal | volume = 22 | page = 257 | publisher = Kent | year = 1859 }}</ref>
 
Both the clergy and citizens of the city opposed such a move.<ref name="CassellHowitt, 605">CassellHowitt, 605.</ref> In response, Wren proposed to restore the body of the gothic building, but replace the existing tower with a dome.<ref name="CassellHowitt, 605"/> He wrote in his 1666 ''Of the Surveyor's Design for repairing the old ruinous structure of St Paul's'':
 
<blockquote>It must be concluded that the Tower from Top to Bottom and the adjacent parts are such a heap of deformaties that no Judicious Architect will think it corrigible by any Expense that can be laid out upon new dressing it.<ref name="Clifton-Taylor, 237">Clifton-Taylor, 237.</ref></blockquote>
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Wren, whose uncle [[Matthew Wren]] was Bishop of Ely, admired the central lantern of [[Ely Cathedral]] and proposed that his dome design could be constructed over the top of the existing gothic tower, before the old structure was removed from within.<ref name="Clifton-Taylor, 237"/> This, he reasoned, would prevent the need for extensive scaffolding and would not upset Londoners ("Unbelievers") by demolishing a familiar landmark without being able to see its "hopeful Successor rise in its stead."<ref name="van Eck, 155-160">van Eck, 155–160.</ref>
 
The matter was still under discussion when the restoration work on St Paul's finally began in the 1660s but soon after being sheathed in wooden scaffolding, the building was completely gutted in the [[Great Fire of London]] of 1666.<ref name="CassellHowitt, 605"/> The fire, aided by the scaffolding, destroyed the roof and much of the stonework along with masses of stocks and personal belongings that had been placed there for safety.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=St Paul's. Chapter II |volume=46 |publisher=[[Chambers_(publisher)|W. & R. Chambers,]] 137|location=London |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015074998611&seq=149 |magazine=[[Chambers%27s_Edinburgh_Journal|Chambers's Journal]] |date=1869-02-27 |access-date=2024-07-19|page=137}}</ref> [[Samuel Pepys]] recalls the building in flames in his diary:<ref>{{gutenberg | author-link = Samuel Pepys | last = Pepys | first = Samuel | no = 4171 | name =Diary | year =1666 1666|bullet=none}}</ref>
 
{{blockquote|Up by five o'clock, and blessed be God! find all well, and by water to Paul's Wharf. Walked thence and saw all the town burned, and a miserable sight of Paul's Church, with all the roof fallen, and the body of the [[Choir (architecture)|choir]] fallen into St. Faith's; Paul's School also, Ludgate, and [[Fleet Street]].}}
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[[John Evelyn]]'s account paints a similar picture of destruction:
 
<blockquote>September 3rd – I went and saw the whole south part of the City burning from Cheapeside to the Thames, and&nbsp;... was now taking hold of St. Paule's Church, to which the scaffolds contributed exceedingly.<br />September 7th – I went this morning on foote from White-hall as far as London Bridge, thro' the late Fleete-streete, Ludgate Hill, by St. Paules&nbsp;... At my returne I was infinitely concern'd to find that goodly Church St. Paules now a sad ruine, and that beautiful portico&nbsp;... now rent in pieces, flakes of vast stone split asunder, and nothing now remaining intire but the inscription in the architrave, shewing by whom it was built, which had not one letter of it defac'd. It was astonishing to see what immense stones the heate had in a manner calcin'd, so that all the ornaments, columns, freezes, capitals, and projectures of massie Portland-stone flew off, even to the very roofe, where a sheet of lead covering a great space (no less than six akers by measure) was totally mealted; the ruines of the vaulted roofe falling broke into St. Faith's, which being fill'd with the magazines of bookes belonging to the Stationers, and carried thither for safety, they were all consum'd, burning for a weeke following. It is also observable that the lead over the altar at the East end was untouch'd, and among the divers monuments, the body of one Bishop remain'd intire. Thus lay in ashes that most venerable Church, one of the most antient pieces of early piety in the Christian world.<ref>Quoted in Benham, 74–75.</ref></blockquote>
 
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
{{multiple image
File:Wenceslas Hollar - John of Gaunt (monument).jpg|The tomb of [[John of Gaunt]] and [[Blanche of Lancaster]] in the choir of St Paul's Cathedral, as represented in an etching of 1658 by [[Wenceslaus Hollar]]. The etching includes a number of inaccuracies, for example in not showing the couple with joined hands. The tomb was lost in the Great Fire of 1666.
| align = right
File:Great Fire London.jpg|The [[Great Fire of London]], depicted by an unknown painter (1675), as it would have appeared from a boat in the vicinity of [[St Katharine Docks|Tower Wharf]] on the evening of Tuesday, 4 September 1666. To the left is [[London Bridge]]; to the right, the [[Tower of London]]. St Paul's Cathedral is in the distance, surrounded by the tallest flames.
| direction = vertical
File:Old St. Paul's Cathedral in flames - Project Gutenberg eText 16531.png|alt=An engraving showing huge flames leaping from the roof of the cathedral.|Old St Paul's Cathedral in flames, 1666
| header =
File:Old.St.Pauls.Ruins.1666.png|alt=A man and boy survey the ruins of the cathedral, of which the roof is gone and only a few walls are left standing.|Remains of the Cathedral after the fire drawn by [[Thomas Wyck]], c. 1673
| width = 250
File:St Paul's - the warrant design.jpg|alt=A prototype drawing of Christopher Wren's new cathedral, with a very different central tower, looking like a large upturned funnel.|[[Sir Christopher Wren]]'s approved "warrant design"
| image1 = St Paul's - the warrant design.jpg
File:St Paul's - the final design.jpg|alt=Christopher Wren's drawing of his new St Paul's. The building is quite fat, with two fussy pinacle towers at the west end. In the middle is a huge dome, which looks a bit like a breast on a wedding cake.|Sir Christopher Wren's final design for the new cathedral
| alt1 = A prototype drawing of Christopher Wren's new cathedral, with a very different central tower, looking like a large upturned funnel.
</gallery>
| caption1 = [[Sir Christopher Wren]]'s approved "warrant design"
| image2 = St Paul's - the final design.jpg
| alt2 = Christopher Wren's drawing of his new St Pauls. The building is quite fat, with two fussy pinacle towers at the west end. In the middle is a huge dome, which looks a bit like a breast on a wedding cake.
| caption2 = Sir Christopher Wren's final design for the new cathedral
}}
 
=== Aftermath ===
[[File:Image taken from page 122 of '(Curiosities of London ... A new edition, corrected and enlarged.)' (11067815965).jpg|right|250px|thumb|An 1871 illustration showing the positions of the old and new St Paul Cathedrals]]
Temporary repairs were made to the building. While it might have been salvageable, albeit with almost complete reconstruction, a decision was taken to build a new cathedral in a modern style instead, a step which had been contemplated even before the fire. Wren declared that it was impossible to restore the old building.<ref name="Benham, 74–75">Benham, 74–75.</ref>
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The following April, the Dean [[William Sancroft]] wrote to him that he had been right in his judgement: "Our work at the west end," he wrote, "has fallen about our ears." Two pillars had collapsed, and the rest was so unsafe that men were afraid to go near, even to pull it down. He added, "You are so absolutely necessary to us that we can do nothing, resolve on nothing without you."<ref name="Benham, 74–75"/>
 
Following this declaration by the Dean, demolition of the remains of the old cathedral began in 1668. Demolition of the Old Cathedral proved unexpectedly difficult as the stonework had been bonded together by molten lead.<ref>Hart, 18.</ref> Wren initially used the then-new technique of using [[gunpowder]] to bring down the surviving stone walls.<ref>Benham, 76.</ref> Like many experimental techniques, the use of gunpowder was not easy to control; several workers were killed and nearby residents complained about noise and damage. Eventually, Wren resorted to using a [[battering ram]] instead. Building work on the [[St Paul's Cathedral|new cathedral]] began in June 1675.<ref name = "Demolition">{{Cite web | title = 1668 —– The Demolition | work = St Paul's official website | url = http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History-Timeline/1668 | access-date = 26 August 2013}}</ref>
 
Wren's first proposal, the "Greek cross" design, was considered too radical by members of a committee commissioned to rebuild the church. Members of the clergy decried the design as being too dissimilar from churches that already existed in England at the time to suggest any continuity within the [[Church of England]].<ref name="Downes, 11-34">Downes, 11–34.</ref> Wren's approved "Warrant design" sought to reconcile the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] with his "better manner of architecture", featuring a portico influenced by Inigo Jones' addition to the old cathedral.<ref name="Downes, 11-34"/> However, Wren received permission from the king to make "ornamental changes" to the submitted design, and over the course of the construction made significant alterations, including the addition of the famous dome.<ref name="Downes, 11-34"/>
 
The [[topping out]] of [[St Paul's Cathedral|the new cathedral]] took place in October 1708 and the cathedral was declared officially complete by Parliament in 1710. The consensus on the finished building was mixed; James Wright (1643–1713) wrote "Without, within, below, above the eye/ Is filled with unrestrained delight."<ref>{{Cite book | last = Wright | first = James | title = The Choire | year = 1697 | location = London }} Quoted in Baron, 117–119.</ref> Meanwhile, others were less approving, noting its similarity to [[St Peter's Basilica]] in Rome: "There was an air of [[Popery]] about the gilded capitals, the heavy arches&nbsp;... They were unfamiliar, un-English."<ref>Tinniswood, 31.</ref>
 
== Notable burials in Old St Paul's ==
[[Nicholas Stone]]'s 1631 monument to [[John Donne]] survived the fire. It depicts the poet, standing upon an urn, dressed in a [[Shroud|winding cloth]], rising for the moment of judgment. This depiction, Donne's own idea, was sculpted from a painting for which he posed.<ref>{{cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7819|last=White|first=Adam|title=Nicholas Stone|date=7 July 2019|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7819 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }}</ref>
[[File:John Donne sculpture St. Paul's.jpg|thumb|170px|Memorial to John Donne, St Paul's Cathedral]]
[[File:St Pauls Max Gill.png|thumb|170px|A memorial listing those buried or<br />memorialised in the old cathedral]]
 
No further memorials or tombs survive of the many famous people buried at Old St Paul's. In 1913 the [[Letter cutting|letter-cutter]] [[MacDonald Gill]] and [[Mervyn Macartney]] created a new tablet with the names of lost burials which was installed in Wren's cathedral:<ref>{{cite book|last=Weaver|first=Lawrence|author-link=Lawrence_Weaver|title=Memorials & Monuments – Old and New: Two hundred subjects chosen from seven centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsmonumen00weaviala|location=London|publisher=[[Country_Life_(magazine)|Country Life]]|date=1915|page=[https://archive.org/details/memorialsmonumen00weaviala/page/349 349]}}</ref>
[[Nicholas Stone]]'s 1631 monument to [[John Donne]] survived the fire. It depicts the poet, standing upon an urn, dressed in a [[Shroud|winding cloth]], rising for the moment of judgment. This depiction, Donne's own idea, was sculpted from a painting for which he posed.<ref>{{cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7819|last=White|first=Adam|title= Nicholas Stone|date=7 July 2019|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7819 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }}</ref>
 
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
No further memorials or tombs survive of the many famous people buried at Old St Paul's. In 1913 the [[Letter cutting|letter-cutter]] [[MacDonald Gill]] and Mervyn MacCartney created a new tablet with the names of lost burials which was installed in Wren's cathedral:<ref>{{cite book|last=Weaver|first=Lawrence|title=Memorials & Monuments Old and New: Two hundred subjects chosen from seven centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsmonumen00weaviala|location=London|publisher=Country Life|date=1915|page=[https://archive.org/details/memorialsmonumen00weaviala/page/349 349]}}</ref>
* [[Sæbbi of Essex|Sæbbi King of Essex]] (d. 695)
* [[Æthelred the Unready|King Æthelred II ("the Unready")]] (d. 1016)
* [[Edward the Exile]] (d. 1057), exiled son of [[Edmund Ironside]]
* [[Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln]] (d. 1311), confidant of King Edward I
* [[John de Pulteney|Sir John de Pulteney]] (d. 1349), four times Mayor of London
* [[John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Warwick]] (d. 1360), Knight of the Order of the Garter
* [[Paon de Roet|Sir Paon de Roet]] (d. 1380), herald and knight for Edward III
* [[Alan Buxhull|Sir Alan Buxhull]] (d. 1381), Knight of the Order of the Garter and Constable of the Tower of London
* [[John of Gaunt|John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster]] (d. 1399), and his first wife, [[Blanche of Lancaster]] (d. 1368)
* [[Henry Barton|Sir Henry Barton]] (d. 1435), twice Lord Mayor of London
* [[Robert Morton (bishop)|Robert Morton]] (d. 1497), Bishop of Worcester
* [[Thomas Murfyn|Sir Thomas Murfyn]] (''fl.'' 1510s), Sheriff and Lord Mayor of London
* [[John Colet]] (d. 1519), Dean of St Paul's, [[Christian humanism|Christian humanist]] and founder of [[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]]<ref name=dimock>{{cite book|last1=Dimock|first1=Arthur|title=The Cathedral Church of St Paul|date=1900|publisher=[[George Bell & Sons]]|location=London|page=20|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25266/25266-h/25266-h.htm#CHAPTER_II}}</ref>
* [[Thomas Linacre]] (d. 1524), physician, founder of the [[Royal College of Physicians]]
* [[William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1570)|William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke]] (d. 1570), courtier
* [[Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper)|Sir Nicholas Bacon]] (d. 1579), Lord Keeper of the Great Seal
* [[Philip Sidney|Sir Philip Sidney]] (d. 1586), poet, courtier, scholar, and soldier
* [[Francis Walsingham|Sir Francis Walsingham]] (d. 1590), spymaster for Elizabeth I
* [[Christopher Hatton|Sir Christopher Hatton]] (d. 1591), Lord Chancellor of England
* [[Thomas Heneage|Sir Thomas Heneage]] (d. 1595), politician and courtier
* [[Thomas Baskerville (general)|Sir Thomas Baskerville]] (d. 1597), commanded the English Army at the [[Siege of Amiens (1597)]]
* [[Ursula St Barbe]] (d. 1602), lady at court, wife of Sir Francis Walsingham<ref>{{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=Robert|title=Elizabeth's Spy Master: Francis Walsingham and the Secret War that Saved England|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=978-0-297-84613-0|date=2007|page=297}}</ref>
* [[Robert Hare (antiquary)|Robert Hare]] (d. 1611), antiquary and chancellor of the exchequer
* [[William Dethick|Sir William Dethick]] (d. 1612), officer at the [[College of Arms]]
* [[William Cockayne|Sir William Cockayne]] (d. 1626), Lord Mayor of the City of London
* [[John Donne]] (d. 1631), poet and Dean of St Paul's
* [[John Howson]] (d. 1632), Bishop of Durham
* [[Anthony van Dyck|Sir Anthony van Dyck]] (d. 1641), painter
* [[Brian Walton (bishop)|Brian Walton]] (d. 1661), Bishop of Chester
}}
 
<gallery widths="150px" heights="200px">
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
File:John Donne sculpture St. Paul's.jpg|Memorial to [[John Donne]], St Paul's Cathedral
* [[Sæbbi of Essex|Sæbbi King of Essex]] (d.695)
File:St Pauls Max Gill.png|A memorial listing those buried or memorialised in the old cathedral
* [[Æthelred the Unready|King Æthelred II ("the Unready")]] (d.1016)
</gallery>
* [[Edward the Exile]] (d.1057), exiled son of [[Edmund Ironside]].
* [[Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln]] (d.1311), confidant of King Edward I.
* [[John de Pulteney|Sir John de Pulteney]] (d.1349), four times Mayor of London.
* [[John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Warwick]] (d.1360), Knight of the Order of the Garter
* [[Paon de Roet|Sir Paon de Roet]] (d.1380), herald and knight for Edward III.
* [[Alan Buxhull|Sir Alan Buxhull]] (d.1381), Knight of the Order of the Garter and Constable of the Tower of London
* [[John of Gaunt|John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster]] (d.1399), and his first wife, [[Blanche of Lancaster]] (d.1368).
* [[Henry Barton|Sir Henry Barton]] (d.1435), twice Lord Mayor of London.
* [[Robert Morton (bishop)|Robert Morton]] (d.1497), Bishop of Worcester.
* [[Thomas Murfyn|Sir Thomas Murfyn]] (''fl.'' 1510s), Sheriff and Lord Mayor of London.
* [[John Colet]] (d.1519), Dean of St Paul's, [[Christian humanism|Christian humanist]] and founder of [[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]].<ref name=dimock>{{cite book|last1=Dimock|first1=Arthur|title=The Cathedral Church of St Paul|date=1900|publisher=George Bell & Sons|location=London|page=20|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25266/25266-h/25266-h.htm#CHAPTER_II}}</ref>
* [[Thomas Linacre]] (d.1524), physician, founder of the [[Royal College of Physicians]].
* [[William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1570)|William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke]] (d.1570), courtier.
* [[Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper)|Sir Nicholas Bacon]] (d.1579), Lord Keeper of the Great Seal.
* [[Philip Sidney|Sir Philip Sidney]] (d.1586), poet, courtier, scholar, and soldier.
* [[Francis Walsingham|Sir Francis Walsingham]] (d.1590), spymaster for Elizabeth I.
* [[Christopher Hatton|Sir Christopher Hatton]] (d.1591), Lord Chancellor of England.
* [[Thomas Heneage|Sir Thomas Heneage]] (d.1595), politician and courtier.
* [[Thomas Baskerville (general)|Sir Thomas Baskerville]] (d.1597), commanded the English Army at the [[Siege of Amiens (1597)]].
* [[Ursula St Barbe]] (d.1602), lady at court, wife of Sir Francis Walsingham.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=Robert|title=Elizabeth's Spy Master: Francis Walsingham and the Secret War that Saved England|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=978-0-297-84613-0|date=2007|page=297}}</ref>
* [[Robert Hare (antiquary)|Robert Hare]] (d.1611), antiquary and chancellor of the exchequer.
* [[William Dethick|Sir William Dethick]] (d.1612), officer at the [[College of Arms]]
* [[William Cockayne|Sir William Cockayne]] (d.1626), Lord Mayor of the City of London
* [[John Donne]] (d.1631), poet and Dean of St Paul's.
* [[John Howson]] (d.1632), Bishop of Durham.
* [[Anthony van Dyck|Sir Anthony van Dyck]] (d.1641), painter.
* [[Brian Walton (bishop)|Brian Walton]] (d.1661), Bishop of Chester.
}}
 
== See also ==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[Children of Paul's]], associated theatre troupe
* [[List of demolished buildings and structures in London]]
* [[List of tallest structures built before the 20th century]]
* [[Montfichet's Tower]], a Norman fortress on Ludgate Hill in London.
*[[Children of Paul's]], associated theatre troupe
 
==References==
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===Bibliography===
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*{{Cite book |last=Cassell |first=John |title=John Cassell's Illustrated History of England |volume=4 |publisher=W. Kent and Co. |year=1860 |location=Oxford }}
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{{Gutenberg |last=Earle |first=John |author-link=John Earle (bishop) |no=26425 |name=Microcosmography or, a Piece of the World Discovered |year=1628 | }}
*{{Cite book |editor-last=Gollancz |editor-first=Israel |title=Saint Erkenwald: an alliterative poem |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1922 |location=London}}
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*{{Cite book |last=Hart |first=Vaughan |title=St. Paul's Cathedral: Sir Christopher Wren |publisher=Phaidon Press |year=1995 |location=London |isbn=978-0-7148-2998-2}}
*{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=John |author-link=John Harvey (historian) |title = The Perpendicular Style | publisher = Batsford | year = 1978 | location = London | isbn = 978-0-7134-1610-7}}
*{{Cite book |last=Henry |first=David | title = An Historical Description of St. Paul's Cathedral | publisher = J. Newbery | year = 1753 | location = London }}
*{{Cite book |last=Huelin Howitt|first=Gordon William|title=VanishedJohn ChurchesCassell's of theIllustrated CityHistory of LondonEngland |volume=4 |publisher=Guildhall[[Cassell_(publisher)|Cassell, Petter Library& PublishingGalpin]] | year = 19961860 | location = London |author-link=William_Howitt isbn |url= 0-900422-42-4https://archive.org/details/johncassellsillu04smit/page/n5/mode/2up}}
*{{Cite book |last=Huelin |first=Gordon |title=Vanished Churches of the City of London |publisher=Guildhall Library Publishing |year=1996 |location=London |isbn=0-900422-42-4}}
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*{{Cite book |last=Jonson |first=Ben |editor-last=Ostovich |editor-first=Helen |chapter=Introduction |title=Every Man out of His Humour |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2001 |location=Manchester |isbn=0-7190-1558-8}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=Susan |title=Charters of St Paul's, London |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-726299-3}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kerry |first=Adrian |title=Sir Christopher Wren: the Design of St. Paul's Cathedral |publisher=Trefoil Publications |year=1987|location=London |isbn=978-0-86294-091-1}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lang |first=Jane |title=Rebuilding St. Paul's after the Great Fire of London |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1956 |location=Oxford }}
*{{Cite book |last=Meyer |first=Ann Raftery |title=Medieval Allegory and the Building of the new Jerusalem |publisher=DS Brewer |year=2000 |location=London |isbn=978-0-85991-796-4}}
*{{Cite book |last=Milman |first=Henry Hart |title=Annals of St. Paul's Cathedral |publisher=Murray |year=1868 |location=London }}
*{{Cite book |last=Notestein |first=Wallace |author-link=Wallace Notestein |title=Four Worthies: John Chamberlain, Lady Anne Clifford, John Taylor, Oliver Heywood |publisher=Jonathan Cape |year=1956 |location=London |oclc=1562848 }}
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*{{Cite book |last=Tinniswood |first=Adrian |title=His Invention so Fertile: A Life of Christopher Wren |publisher=Pimlico |year=2002 |location=London|isbn=978-0-7126-7364-8}}
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==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.stpauls.co.uk/ Official website], with history of Old St. Paul's
*[https://vpcathedral.chass.ncsu.edu/ Virtual St Paul's Cathedral Project]
 
{{St Paul's Cathedral}}
{{Churches in the City of London}}
{{good article}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Pauls Cathedral, Old}}
[[Category:1314 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1666 disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1314]]
[[Category:Pre-Reformation Roman Catholic cathedrals]]
[[Category:Churches in the City of London]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in London]]
[[Category:Former buildings and structures in the City of London]]
[[Category:Former cathedrals in London]]
[[Category:Pre-Reformation Roman Catholic cathedrals]]
[[Category:St Paul's Cathedral|Old]]
[[Category:1314 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1666 disestablishments in England]]
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