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| style = [[English Gothic]]
| denomination = [[Church of England]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of London|London]]
| deanery = {{ubl|[[City of London]]|Paddington|St Margaret|St Marylebone}}
| events = Cathedral and canonry destroyed by
| bishop = [[Bishop of London]]
| dean = [[List of Deans of St Paul's|Dean of St Paul's]]
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| relief =
| map caption = Old St Paul's on a 1300 map of the [[City of London]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|51|30|49|N|0|5|54|W|type:landmark_scale:1000_region:GB-LND|display
| module = {{Infobox building
| embed = yes
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'''Old St Paul's Cathedral''' was the [[cathedral]] of the [[City of London]] that, until the [[Great Fire of London|Great Fire of 1666]], stood on the site of the present [[St Paul's Cathedral]]. Built from 1087 to 1314 and dedicated to [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]], this building was perhaps the fourth such church at this site on [[Ludgate Hill]], going back to the 7th century.<ref>Benham, 3–7.</ref>
[[File: St Alban's Abbey IMG 2742 (28883447381).jpg|thumb|right| St Erkenwald, foundational figure in the history of St Paul's Cathedral]]
Work on the cathedral began after a [[Early fires of London#Norman|fire in 1087]], which destroyed the previous church. Work took more than 200 years, and over that time the
[[File: Wenceslas_Hollar_-_St_Erkenwald_(monument)_(State_2).jpg|thumb|right|Shrine of St Erkenwald, relics removed 1550, lost as a monument in the Great Fire of London]]
The continuing presence of the shrine of the 7th century bishop [[Erkenwald|Saint Erkenwald]] made the cathedral a site of [[pilgrimage]] in the middle ages.<ref name="Milman, 22">Milman, 22.</ref> In addition to serving as the seat of the [[Diocese of London]], the building developed a reputation as a social hub, with the nave aisle, "[[Paul's walk]]", known as a business centre and a place to hear the news and gossip on the London [[Grapevine (gossip)|grapevine]]. During the [[Reformation]], the open-air pulpit in the churchyard, [[St Paul's Cross]], became the place for radical evangelical preaching and Protestant [[bookselling]].▼
▲The continuing presence of the shrine of the 7th century bishop [[Erkenwald|Saint Erkenwald]] made the cathedral a site of [[pilgrimage]] in the
The cathedral was in structural decline by the early 17th century. Restoration work begun by [[Inigo Jones]] in the 1620s was temporarily halted during the [[English Civil War]] (1642–1651). In 1666, further restoration was in progress under [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]] when the cathedral was devastated in the [[Great Fire of London]]. At that point, it was demolished, and the present cathedral was built on the site.<ref>Clifton-Taylor, 237–243.</ref>
== Construction ==
Old St Paul's Cathedral was perhaps the fourth church at [[Ludgate Hill]] dedicated to St Paul.<ref name="Milman, 22"/> A [[Early fires of London#Norman|devastating fire]] in 1087,<ref>
[[Maurice (Bishop of London)|Bishop Maurice]] oversaw preparations, although it was primarily under his successor, [[Richard de Beaumis (died 1127)|Richard de Beaumis]], that construction work fully commenced. Beaumis was assisted by [[Henry I of England|King Henry I]], who gave the bishop stone and asked that all material brought up the River Fleet for the cathedral should be free from toll. To fund the cathedral, Henry I gave Beaumis rights to all fish caught within the cathedral neighbourhood and [[tithe]]s on venison taken in the County of Essex. Beaumis also gave a site for the original foundation of [[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]].<ref name="Benham, 4">Benham, 4–5.</ref>
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After complaints from the dispossessed parishioners of St Faith's, the east end of the west crypt was allotted to them as their parish church. The congregation were also allowed to keep a detached tower with a peal of bells east of the church which had historically been used to peal the summons to the [[Cheapside]] [[Thing (assembly)|Folkmote]]. The parish later moved to the Jesus chapel during the reign of [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] and was merged with [[St Augustine Watling Street]] after the 1666 fire.<ref name=Reynolds194>Reynolds, 194.</ref>
This "New Work" was completed in 1314, although the additions had been consecrated in 1300.<ref name = "Cath1086">{{Cite web|title = 1087 cathedral|
[[Image:Funeral Procession - 15th Century - Project Gutenberg eText 16531.jpg|thumb|A 15th-century monastic funeral procession entering Old St Paul's. The coffin is covered by a blue and gold [[pall (funeral)|pall]], and the [[grave (burial)|grave]] is being dug in the foreground.]]
The cathedral had one of [[List of tallest church buildings|Europe's tallest church spires]], the height of which is traditionally given as {{convert|489|ft|m}}, surpassing all but [[Lincoln Cathedral]]. The King's Surveyor, [[Christopher Wren]] (1632–1723), judged that an overestimate and gave {{convert|460|ft|m}}.<ref name="Benham, 8">Benham, 8.</ref> In 1664, Robert Hooke used a plumb-line to calculate the height of the tower as "two hundred and four feet very near, which is about sixty feet higher than it was usually reported to be."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jardine|first=Lisa|date=2001|title=Monuments and Microscopes: Scientific Thinking on a Grand Scale in the Early Royal Society|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=55|issue=2 |pages=289–308|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2001.0145 |s2cid=144311552 |via=JSTOR}}</ref>
=== Chapter house ===
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Later that year, [[William Fitz Osbern (1196)|William Fitz Osbern]] gave a speech against the oppression of the poor at Paul's Cross and incited a riot which saw the cathedral invaded, halted by a plea from [[Hubert Walter]], Archbishop of Canterbury. Osbern barricaded himself in [[St Mary-le-Bow]] and was executed, after which Paul's Cross was silent for many years.<ref>Benham, 28.</ref>
[[Arthur, Prince of Wales]], son of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]], married [[
Several kings of the Middle Ages lay in state in St Paul's before their funerals at [[Westminster Abbey]], including [[Richard II of England|Richard II]], [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] and [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]].<ref name="Benham, 36"/> In the case of Richard II, the display of his body in such a public place was to dispel rumours that he was not dead.<ref>Milman, 81.</ref> The walls were lined with the tombs of bishops and nobility. In addition to the shrine of Erkenwald, two [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] kings were buried inside: [[Sebbi of Essex|Sebbi]], King of the [[Kingdom of Essex|East Saxons]], and [[Æthelred the Unready]].<ref>Benham, 17.</ref>
A number of figures such as [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]] and [[John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp de Warwick]] had particularly large monuments constructed within the cathedral, and the building later contained the tombs of the Crown minister [[Nicholas Bacon (courtier)|Nicholas Bacon]], [[Sir Philip Sidney]], and [[John Donne]].<ref>Benham, 15–18.</ref> Donne's monument survived the 1666 fire, and is on display in the present building.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 1087 cathedral|work = St Paul's official website|url = http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History-Timeline/1087|access-date = 26 August 2013|archive-date = 16 October 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141016024819/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History/Cathedral-History-Timeline/1087|url-status = dead}}</ref>
==Paul's Walk==
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=== Spire collapse (1561) ===
[[File:Old St Pauls Cathedral Ashwell Church.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|A graffito executed on a wall of [[St Mary's Church, Ashwell, Hertfordshire|St Mary's Church, Ashwell]] in Hertfordshire is believed to show Old St Paul's Cathedral.<ref name="Ornellas2013">{{cite book|author=Kevin De Ornellas|title=The Horse in Early Modern English Culture: Bridled, Curbed, and Tamed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AlcnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA77|year= 2013|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press|isbn=978-1-61147-659-0|page=77}}</ref>]]
On 4 June 1561, the spire caught fire and crashed through the nave roof. According to a newsheet published days after the fire, the cause was a lightning strike.<ref name=report>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kLiGTV0qzv8C Pollard, A. F., ed., ''Tudor Tracts'', (1903)] pp. 401–407, from the contemporary newsheet; ''The True Report of the Burning of the Steeple and Church of St Pauls'', London (1561)</ref> In 1753, David Henry, a writer for ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'', revived a rumour in his ''Historical description of St
Whatever the cause, the subsequent conflagration was hot enough to melt the cathedral's bells and the lead covering the wooden spire "poured down like lava upon the roof", destroying it.<ref name=Reynolds194/><ref name="Benham50">Benham, 50.</ref> This event was taken by both Protestants and Catholics as a sign of God's displeasure at the other faction's actions.<ref name=Benham50/> [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]] contributed
[[File:Hollar, Wenceslaus 1658.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|alt=An engraving showing the cross-shaped plan of the cathedral.|[[Wenceslaus Hollar]]'s 1658 plan of the cathedral]]
[[File:Old St. Paul's Cathedral from the west - Project Gutenberg eText 16531.png|thumb|
=== Restoration work (1621–1666)===
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Work stopped during the [[English Civil War]], and there was much defacement and mistreatment of the building by [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] forces during which old documents and charters were dispersed and destroyed, and the nave used as a stable for cavalry horses.<ref>Kelly, 50.</ref> Much of the detailed information historians have of the cathedral is taken from [[William Dugdale]]'s 1658 ''History of St Pauls Cathedral'', written hastily during [[The Protectorate]] for fear that "one of the most eminent Structures of that kinde in the Christian World" might be destroyed.<ref name=Dugdale>{{Cite book | last = Dugdale | first = William | author-link=William Dugdale | title = The History of St Paul's Cathedral in London from its Foundation until these Times | publisher = T. Warren | year = 1658 | location = London }}</ref>
Indeed, a persistent rumour of the time suggested that [[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]] had considered giving the building to London's [[Resettlement of the Jews in England|returning Jewish community]] to become a [[synagogue]].<ref>Benham, 68.</ref> Dugdale embarked on his project due to discovering hampers full of decaying 14th and 15th century documents from the cathedral's early archives.<ref>Kelly, 56–59.</ref><ref name=artdaily>{{Cite web | title = Detailed Drawing of London's Old St
<blockquote>... so great was your foresight of what we have since by wofull experience seen and felt, and specially in the Church, (through the [[Presbyterian]] contagion, which then began violently to breake out) that you often and earnestly incited me to a speedy view of what Monuments I could, especially in the principall Churches of this Realme; to the end, that by Inke and paper, the Shadows of them, with their Inscriptions might be preserved for posteritie, forasmuch as the things themselves were so neer unto ruine.<ref name=Dugdale/></blockquote>
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After the [[Restoration (England)|restoration]] of the monarchy, [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] appointed Sir [[Christopher Wren]] to the position of Surveyor to the King's Works. He was given the task of restoring the cathedral in a style matching Inigo Jones' classical additions of 1630.<ref>Lang, 47–63.</ref> Wren instead recommended that the building be completely demolished; according to his first biographer, [[James Elmes]], Wren “expressed his surprise at the carelessness and want of accuracy in the original builders of the structure”; Wren's son described the new design as "The Gothic rectified to a better manner of architecture".<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Wightwick | first = G. | title = On the Architecture and Genius of Sir Christopher Wren | journal = The Civil Engineer & Architect's Journal | volume = 22 | page = 257 | publisher = Kent | year = 1859 }}</ref>
Both the clergy and citizens of the city opposed such a move.<ref name="
<blockquote>It must be concluded that the Tower from Top to Bottom and the adjacent parts are such a heap of deformaties that no Judicious Architect will think it corrigible by any Expense that can be laid out upon new dressing it.<ref name="Clifton-Taylor, 237">Clifton-Taylor, 237.</ref></blockquote>
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Wren, whose uncle [[Matthew Wren]] was Bishop of Ely, admired the central lantern of [[Ely Cathedral]] and proposed that his dome design could be constructed over the top of the existing gothic tower, before the old structure was removed from within.<ref name="Clifton-Taylor, 237"/> This, he reasoned, would prevent the need for extensive scaffolding and would not upset Londoners ("Unbelievers") by demolishing a familiar landmark without being able to see its "hopeful Successor rise in its stead."<ref name="van Eck, 155-160">van Eck, 155–160.</ref>
The matter was still under discussion when the restoration work on St Paul's finally began in the 1660s but soon after being sheathed in wooden scaffolding, the building was completely gutted in the [[Great Fire of London]] of 1666.<ref name="
{{blockquote|Up by five o'clock, and blessed be God! find all well, and by water to Paul's Wharf. Walked thence and saw all the town burned, and a miserable sight of Paul's Church, with all the roof fallen, and the body of the [[Choir (architecture)|choir]] fallen into St. Faith's; Paul's School also, Ludgate, and [[Fleet Street]].}}
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[[John Evelyn]]'s account paints a similar picture of destruction:
<blockquote>September 3rd – I went and saw the whole south part of the City burning from Cheapeside to the Thames, and ... was now taking hold of St
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
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</gallery>
===
[[File:Image taken from page 122 of '(Curiosities of London ... A new edition, corrected and enlarged.)' (11067815965).jpg|right|250px|thumb|An 1871 illustration showing the positions of the old and new St Paul Cathedrals]]
Temporary repairs were made to the building. While it might have been salvageable, albeit with almost complete reconstruction, a decision was taken to build a new cathedral in a modern style instead, a step which had been contemplated even before the fire. Wren declared that it was impossible to restore the old building.<ref name="Benham, 74–75">Benham, 74–75.</ref>
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The following April, the Dean [[William Sancroft]] wrote to him that he had been right in his judgement: "Our work at the west end," he wrote, "has fallen about our ears." Two pillars had collapsed, and the rest was so unsafe that men were afraid to go near, even to pull it down. He added, "You are so absolutely necessary to us that we can do nothing, resolve on nothing without you."<ref name="Benham, 74–75"/>
Following this declaration by the Dean, demolition of the remains of the old cathedral began in 1668. Demolition of the Old Cathedral proved unexpectedly difficult as the stonework had been bonded together by molten lead.<ref>Hart, 18.</ref> Wren initially used the then-new technique of using [[gunpowder]] to bring down the surviving stone walls.<ref>Benham, 76.</ref> Like many experimental techniques, the use of gunpowder was not easy to control; several workers were killed and nearby residents complained about noise and damage. Eventually, Wren resorted to using a [[battering ram]] instead. Building work on the [[St Paul's Cathedral|new cathedral]] began in June 1675.<ref name
Wren's first proposal, the "Greek cross" design, was considered too radical by members of a committee commissioned to rebuild the church. Members of the clergy decried the design as being too dissimilar from churches that already existed in England at the time to suggest any continuity within the [[Church of England]].<ref name="Downes, 11-34">Downes, 11–34.</ref> Wren's approved "Warrant design" sought to reconcile the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] with his "better manner of architecture", featuring a portico influenced by Inigo Jones' addition to the old cathedral.<ref name="Downes, 11-34"/> However, Wren received permission from the king to make "ornamental changes" to the submitted design, and over the course of the construction made significant alterations, including the addition of the famous dome.<ref name="Downes, 11-34"/>
The [[topping out]] of [[St Paul's Cathedral|the new cathedral]] took place in October 1708 and the cathedral was declared officially complete by Parliament in 1710. The consensus on the finished building was mixed; James Wright (1643–1713) wrote "Without, within, below, above the eye/ Is filled with unrestrained delight."<ref>{{Cite book |
==
[[Nicholas Stone]]'s 1631 monument to [[John Donne]] survived the fire. It depicts the poet, standing upon an urn, dressed in a [[Shroud|winding cloth]], rising for the moment of judgment. This depiction, Donne's own idea, was sculpted from a painting for which he posed.<ref>{{cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-7819|last=White|first=Adam|title=
No further memorials or tombs survive of the many famous people buried at Old St Paul's. In 1913 the [[Letter cutting|letter-cutter]] [[MacDonald Gill]] and [[Mervyn
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Sæbbi of Essex|Sæbbi King of Essex]] (d. 695)
* [[Æthelred the Unready|King Æthelred II ("the Unready")]] (d. 1016)
* [[Edward the Exile]] (d. 1057), exiled son of [[Edmund Ironside]]
* [[Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln]] (d. 1311), confidant of King Edward I
* [[John de Pulteney|Sir John de Pulteney]] (d. 1349), four times Mayor of London
* [[John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Warwick]] (d. 1360), Knight of the Order of the Garter
* [[Paon de Roet|Sir Paon de Roet]] (d. 1380), herald and knight for Edward III
* [[Alan Buxhull|Sir Alan Buxhull]] (d. 1381), Knight of the Order of the Garter and Constable of the Tower of London
* [[John of Gaunt|John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster]] (d. 1399), and his first wife, [[Blanche of Lancaster]] (d. 1368)
* [[Henry Barton|Sir Henry Barton]] (d. 1435), twice Lord Mayor of London
* [[Robert Morton (bishop)|Robert Morton]] (d. 1497), Bishop of Worcester
* [[Thomas Murfyn|Sir Thomas Murfyn]] (''fl.'' 1510s), Sheriff and Lord Mayor of London
* [[John Colet]] (d. 1519), Dean of St Paul's, [[Christian humanism|Christian humanist]] and founder of [[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]]
* [[Thomas Linacre]] (d. 1524), physician, founder of the [[Royal College of Physicians]]
* [[William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1570)|William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke]] (d. 1570), courtier
* [[Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper)|Sir Nicholas Bacon]] (d. 1579), Lord Keeper of the Great Seal
* [[Philip Sidney|Sir Philip Sidney]] (d. 1586), poet, courtier, scholar, and soldier
* [[Francis Walsingham|Sir Francis Walsingham]] (d. 1590), spymaster for Elizabeth I
* [[Christopher Hatton|Sir Christopher Hatton]] (d. 1591), Lord Chancellor of England
* [[Thomas Heneage|Sir Thomas Heneage]] (d. 1595), politician and courtier
* [[Thomas Baskerville (general)|Sir Thomas Baskerville]] (d. 1597), commanded the English Army at the [[Siege of Amiens (1597)]]
* [[Ursula St Barbe]] (d. 1602), lady at court, wife of Sir Francis Walsingham
* [[Robert Hare (antiquary)|Robert Hare]] (d. 1611), antiquary and chancellor of the exchequer
* [[William Dethick|Sir William Dethick]] (d. 1612), officer at the [[College of Arms]]
* [[William Cockayne|Sir William Cockayne]] (d. 1626), Lord Mayor of the City of London
* [[John Donne]] (d. 1631), poet and Dean of St Paul's
* [[John Howson]] (d. 1632), Bishop of Durham
* [[Anthony van Dyck|Sir Anthony van Dyck]] (d. 1641), painter
* [[Brian Walton (bishop)|Brian Walton]] (d. 1661), Bishop of Chester
}}
<gallery widths="150px" heights="200px">
File:John Donne sculpture St. Paul's.jpg|Memorial to [[John Donne]], St Paul's Cathedral
File:St Pauls Max Gill.png|A memorial listing those buried or memorialised in the old cathedral
</gallery>
==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[Children of Paul's]], associated theatre troupe
* [[List of demolished buildings and structures in London]]
* [[List of tallest structures built before the 20th century]]
* [[Montfichet's Tower]], a Norman fortress on Ludgate Hill in London
==References==
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===Bibliography===
*{{Cite book |last=Baron |first=Xavier |title=London 1066–1914: Literary Sources and Documents |publisher=Helm Information |year=1997 |location=London |isbn=978-1-873403-43-3}}
*{{Gutenberg |no=16531 |first=William |last=Benham |author-link=William Benham |name=Old St
*{{Cite book |last=Clifton-Taylor |first=Alec |title=The Cathedrals of England |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1967 |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-20062-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologische00stargoog }}
*{{Cite book |last=Cook |first=George Henry |title=Old St
*{{Cite book |last=Cummings |first=E. M. |title=The Companion to St
*{{Cite book |last1=van Eck |first1=Caroline |last2=Anderson |first2=Christy |title=British Architectural Theory, 1540–1750: an anthology of texts |publisher=Ashgate |year=2003 |location=London |isbn=978-0-7546-0315-3}}
*{{Cite book |last=Dugdale |first=William |author-link=William Dugdale |title=The History of St Pauls Cathedral in London from its Foundation until these Times |
{{Gutenberg |last=Earle |first=John |author-link=John Earle (bishop) |no=26425 |name=Microcosmography or, a Piece of the World Discovered |year=1628 | }}
*{{Cite book |editor-last=Gollancz |editor-first=Israel |title=Saint Erkenwald: an alliterative poem |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1922 |location=London}}
*{{Cite book |last=Harbens |first=H. A. |title=A Dictionary of London: being notes topographical and historical relating to the streets and principal buildings in the City of London |publisher=Herbert Jenkins |year=1918 |location=London }}
*{{Cite book |last=Hart |first=Vaughan |title=St
*{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=John |author-link=John Harvey (historian) |title
*{{Cite book |last=Henry |first=David |
*{{Cite book |last=
*{{Cite book |last=Huelin |first=Gordon |title=Vanished Churches of the City of London |publisher=Guildhall Library Publishing |year=1996 |location=London |isbn=0-900422-42-4}}
*{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=William |title=History and Mystery of Precious Stones |publisher=Bentley and Son, BiblioBazaar (reprint) |orig-year=1880 |year=2009 |location=London |isbn=978-1-103-10942-5 |oclc=84564730 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Jonson |first=Ben |editor-last=Ostovich |editor-first=Helen |chapter=Introduction |title=Every Man out of His Humour |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2001 |location=Manchester |isbn=0-7190-1558-8}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kelly |first=Susan |title=Charters of St Paul's, London |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-726299-3}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kerry |first=Adrian |title=Sir Christopher Wren: the Design of St
*{{Cite book |last=Lang |first=Jane |title=Rebuilding St
*{{Cite book |last=Meyer |first=Ann Raftery |title=Medieval Allegory and the Building of the new Jerusalem |publisher=DS Brewer |year=2000 |location=London |isbn=978-0-85991-796-4}}
*{{Cite book |last=Milman |first=Henry Hart |title=Annals of St
*{{Cite book |last=Notestein |first=Wallace |author-link=Wallace Notestein |title=Four Worthies: John Chamberlain, Lady Anne Clifford, John Taylor, Oliver Heywood |publisher=Jonathan Cape |year=1956 |location=London |oclc=1562848 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Oggins |first=Robin S. |title=Cathedrals |publisher=Sterling Publishing |year=1996 |location=New York |isbn=1-56799-346-X |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/cathedrals0000oggi }}
*{{Cite book |
*{{cite book |editor-first=John |editor-last=Schofield |year=2011 |title=St Paul's Cathedral before Wren |publisher=English Heritage |place=Swindon |isbn=978-1-848020-56-6 }}
*{{Cite book |editor-last=
*{{Cite book |last=Tinniswood |first=Adrian |title=His Invention so Fertile: A Life of Christopher Wren |publisher=Pimlico |year=2002 |location=London|isbn=978-0-7126-7364-8}}
*{{Cite book |last=Webb |first=Diana |title=Pilgrimage in Medieval England
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.stpauls.co.uk/ Official website], with history of Old St
*[https://vpcathedral.chass.ncsu.edu/ Virtual St Paul's Cathedral Project]
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