Biotechnology: Difference between revisions

[[File:Faculty of Food Engineering and Biotechnology 4.jpg|thumb|FacultyA ofbiologist Foodconducting Engineeringresearch andin Biotechnologya biotechnology laboratory]]

The concept of biotechnology encompasses a wide range of procedures for [[genetic engineering|modifying]] living [[organism]]s for human purposes, going back to [[domestication]] of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and [[hybrid (biology)|hybridization]]. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering, as well as [[cell culture|cell]] and [[tissue culture]] technologies. The [[American Chemical Society]] defines ''biotechnology'' as the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning about the [[list of life sciences|science of life]] and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms, such as pharmaceuticals, crops, and [[livestock]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=1188&content_id=CTP_003377&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=5a1c54a6-ff5a-4f69-84c1-763835d11162 |title=Biotechnology |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |website=portal.acs.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107072612/http://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true |archive-date=November 7, 2012 |access-date=2013-03-20}}</ref> As per the [[European Federation of Biotechnology]], biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nvsrochd.gov.in/s_club/biology/ch11_bilas.pdf |title=BIOTECHNOLOGY-PRINCIPLES & PROCESSES |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807020753/http://nvsrochd.gov.in/s_club/biology/ch11_bilas.pdf |archive-date=August 7, 2015 |access-date=2014-12-29}}</ref> Biotechnology is based on the [[basic research|basic]] [[biology|biological sciences]] (e.g., [[molecular biology]], [[biochemistry]], [[cell biology]], [[embryology]], [[genetics]], [[microbiology]]) and conversely provides methods to support and perform basic research in biology.{{cn|date=May 2024}}

The [[MOSFET]] (metal–oxide–semiconductorinvented field-effectat transistor)Bell wasLabs inventedbetween by1955 [[Mohamedand M.1960,<ref>{{Cite Atalla]]patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation andof [[Dawonsemiconductive Kahng]]surfaces infor 1959controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref><ref name="computerhistory:02">{{Cite journal |last1=Huff |first1=Howard |last2=Riordan |first2=Michael |date=2007-09-01 |title=1960Frosch and Derick: MetalFifty OxideYears SemiconductorLater (MOSForeword) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://wwwiopscience.computerhistoryiop.org/siliconenginearticle/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated10.1149/2.F02073IF |journal=The SiliconElectrochemical Engine:Society AInterface Timeline|volume=16 of|issue=3 Semiconductors|pages=29 in Computers|doi=10.1149/2.F02073IF |publisherissn=[[Computer1064-8208}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Historyjournal Museum]]|last1=Frosch |access-datefirst1=AugustC. 31,J. 2019|last2=Derick |first2=L |archive-date=October1957 27,|title=Surface 2019Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |archive-url=https://webiopscience.archiveiop.org/webarticle/2019102704555410.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://www.computerhistorydoi.org/siliconengine10.1142/metal9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-oxide981-semiconductor02-mos0209-transistor-demonstrated5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |urllast=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-statusVerlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=live978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref><ref name="Lojek1202">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> Two years later, [[Leland C. Clark]] and Champ Lyons invented the first [[biosensor]] in 1962.<ref name="Park">{{Cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Jeho |last2=Nguyen |first2=Hoang Hiep |last3=Woubit |first3=Abdela |last4=Kim |first4=Moonil |s2cid=55557610 |date=2014 |title=Applications of Field-Effect Transistor (FET){{ndash}}Type Biosensors |journal=[[Applied Science and Convergence Technology]] |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=61–71 |doi=10.5757/ASCT.2014.23.2.61 |issn=2288-6559|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Leland C. |last2=Lyons |first2=Champ |date=1962 |title=Electrode Systems for Continuous Monitoring in Cardiovascular Surgery |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=29–45 |bibcode=1962NYASA.102...29C |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13623.x |issn=1749-6632 |pmid=14021529 |s2cid=33342483 |author1-link=Leland Clark}}</ref> [[Bio-FET|Biosensor MOSFETs]] were later developed, and they have since been widely used to measure [[physics|physical]], [[chemistry|chemical]], [[biological]] and [[Ecology|environmental]] parameters.<ref name="Bergveld">{{Cite journal |last=Bergveld |first=Piet |date=October 1985 |title=The impact of MOSFET-based sensors |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11473091.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11473091.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=Sensors and Actuators |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=109–127 |bibcode=1985SeAc....8..109B |doi=10.1016/0250-6874(85)87009-8 |issn=0250-6874 |author1-link=Piet Bergveld}}</ref> The first BioFET was the [[ion-sensitive field-effect transistor]] (ISFET), invented by [[Piet Bergveld]] in 1970.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chris Toumazou |last2=Pantelis Georgiou |date=December 2011 |title=40 years of ISFET technology:From neuronal sensing to DNA sequencing |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260616066 |journal=[[Electronics Letters]] |access-date=May 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Bergveld1970">{{Cite journal |last=Bergveld |first=P. |date=January 1970 |title=Development of an Ion-Sensitive Solid-State Device for Neurophysiological Measurements |journal=[[IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering]] |volume=BME-17 |issue=1 |pages=70–71 |doi=10.1109/TBME.1970.4502688 |pmid=5441220}}</ref> It is a special type of MOSFET,<ref name="Bergveld" /> where the [[metal gate]] is replaced by an [[ion]]-sensitive [[membrane]], [[electrolyte]] solution and [[reference electrode]].<ref name="Schoning">{{Cite journal |last1=Schöning |first1=Michael J. |last2=Poghossian |first2=Arshak |date=September 10, 2002 |title=Recent advances in biologically sensitive field-effect transistors (BioFETs) |url=http://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/16078/files/12968.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/16078/files/12968.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=Analyst |volume=127 |issue=9 |pages=1137–1151 |bibcode=2002Ana...127.1137S |doi=10.1039/B204444G |issn=1364-5528 |pmid=12375833}}</ref> The ISFET is widely used in [[biomedical]] applications, such as the detection of [[DNA hybridization]], [[biomarker]] detection from [[blood]], [[antibody]] detection, [[glucose]] measurement, [[pH]] sensing, and [[genetic technology]].<ref name="Schoning" />