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{{Short description|1941 Japanese surprise attack on the US}}
{{Redirect|December 7, 1941|the date|December 1941#December 7, 1941 (Sunday)}}
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{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
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The '''attack on Pearl Harbor'''<ref group=nb>Also known as the '''Battle of Pearl Harbor'''</ref> was a surprise [[military strike]] by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] on the [[Naval Station Pearl Harbor|American naval base]] at [[Pearl Harbor]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Territory of Hawaii|Hawaii]], in the [[United States]], just before 8:00{{spaces}}a.m. (local time) on Sunday, December 7, 1941. At the time, the United States was a [[Neutral powers during World War II|neutral country]] in
The [[Empire of Japan]]'s attack on Pearl Harbor was preceded by months of negotiations between the United States and Japan over the future of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. Japanese demands included that the United States [[ABCD line|end its sanctions against Japan]], cease aiding [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|China]] in the [[Second Sino-Japanese
The attack on Pearl Harbor started at 7:48{{spaces}}a.m. Hawaiian time (6:18{{spaces}}p.m. GMT).{{refn|name=Hawaii time|In 1941, Hawaii was half an hour different from the majority of other time zones. See [[UTC−10:30]].|group=nb}} The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft (including [[fighter aircraft|fighter]]s, [[Bomber|level and dive bomber]]s, and [[torpedo bomber]]s) in two waves, launched from six [[aircraft carrier]]s.<ref name="parillo288">{{Harvnb|Parillo|2006|p=288}}</ref> Of the eight United States Navy [[battleship]]s present, all were damaged and four were sunk. All but {{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}} were later raised, and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three [[cruiser]]s, three [[destroyer]]s, an anti-aircraft training ship,{{refn|{{USS|Utah|BB-31|6}}; the former battleship ''Utah'' was moored in the space intended to have been occupied by the aircraft carrier ''Enterprise'' which, returning with a task force, had been expected to enter the channel at 0730 on December 7; delayed by weather, the task force did not reach Pearl Harbor until dusk the following day.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thomas|2007|pp=57–59}}.</ref>|group=nb}} and one [[minelayer]]. More than 180 US aircraft were destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearl Harbor attack | Date, History, Map, Casualties, Timeline, & Facts | Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Pearl-Harbor-attack |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408061328/https://www.britannica.com/event/Pearl-Harbor-attack |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> A total of 2,393 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded, making it the deadliest event ever recorded in Hawaii.<ref>{{cite web |title=The deadliest disaster to ever happen in each state |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/the-deadliest-disaster-to-ever-happen-in-each-state/ss-AA15iVyW?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=b852eb5146d44c5497c7b7a63e1e26f8&ei=70#image=12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425014953/https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/the-deadliest-disaster-to-ever-happen-in-each-state/ss-AA15iVyW?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=b852eb5146d44c5497c7b7a63e1e26f8&ei=70#image=12 |archive-date=April 25, 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=MSN}}</ref> Important base installations, such as the power station, [[dry dock]], [[Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard|shipyard]], maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of the [[Station Hypo|intelligence section]]) were not attacked. Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five [[midget submarine]]s were lost, and 129 servicemen killed.<ref name=PHFS/><ref name=Kimberly/> [[Kazuo Sakamaki]], the commanding officer of one of the submarines, was captured.
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In 1940, [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina|Japan invaded French Indochina]], attempting to stymie the flow of supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, [[machine tool]]s, and [[Avgas|aviation gasoline]] to Japan, which the latter perceived as an unfriendly act.{{refn|After it was announced in September that iron and steel scrap export would also be prohibited, Japanese Ambassador Horinouchi protested to Secretary Hull on October 8, 1940, warning this might be considered an "unfriendly act".<ref name="PaW-96">{{Harvnb|Department of State|1943|p=96}}</ref>|group=nb}} The United States did not stop oil exports, however, partly because of the prevailing sentiment in Washington that given Japanese dependence on American oil, such an action was likely to be considered an extreme provocation.{{sfn|Worth|2014}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref name="PaW-94">{{Harvnb|Department of State|1943|p=94}}</ref>
In mid-1940, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] moved the Pacific Fleet from [[San Diego]] to Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Belair |first=Felix Jr. |date=June 23, 1940 |title=Shift of Our Fleet to Atlantic Studied |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/06/23/113094328.pdf |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 28, 2018 }}. "Except for the Atlantic Battle Squadron, the entire fleet is now in the Pacific, based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii."</ref> He also ordered a military buildup in the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippines]], taking both actions in the hope of discouraging Japanese aggression in the Far East. Because the Japanese high command was
The United States finally ceased oil exports to Japan in July 1941, following the seizure of French Indochina<ref>[https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html Chapter V: The Decision for War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525064812/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html|date=May 25, 2013}} Morton, Louis. ''Strategy and Command: The First Two Years'' 1961</ref> after the [[Fall of France]], in part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption.<ref name="PaW-125">{{Harvnb|Department of State|1943|p=125}}</ref> Because of this decision, Japan proceeded with [[Dutch East Indies campaign|plans to take the oil-rich Dutch East Indies]].{{refn|This was mainly a Japanese Navy preference; the Japanese Army would have chosen to attack the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Hayashi|1959}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}|group=nb}} On August 17, Roosevelt warned Japan that America was prepared to take opposing steps if "neighboring countries" were attacked.{{sfn|Matloff|Snell|1980}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
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Preliminary planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor to protect the move into the "Southern Resource Area", the Japanese term for the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally, began early in 1941 under the auspices of Admiral [[Isoroku Yamamoto]], then commanding Japan's [[Combined Fleet]].<ref name=Gailey1997p68>{{Harvnb|Gailey|1997|p=68}}</ref><ref>[https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/japanese-announcement-attack-pearl-harbor-1941 ''Japanese announcement of the attack at Pearl Harbor, 1941.''], "History Resources", The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, New York (USA), retrieved 18. Dezember 2023.</ref> He won assent to formal planning and training for an attack from the [[Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff]] only after much contention with Naval Headquarters, including a threat to resign his command.<ref name=Gailey1997p70>{{Harvnb|Gailey|1997|p=70}}</ref> Full-scale planning was underway by early spring 1941, primarily by Rear Admiral [[Ryūnosuke Kusaka]], with assistance from Commander [[Minoru Genda]] and Yamamoto's Deputy Chief of Staff, Captain Kameto Kuroshima.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lord|1957|pp=12–14}}</ref> The planners studied the [[Battle of Taranto|1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet]] at [[Taranto]] intensively.{{refn|"The Dorn report did not state with certainty that Kimmel and Short knew about Taranto. There is, however, no doubt that they did know, as did the Japanese. Lieutenant Commander Takeshi Naito, the assistant [[Military attaché|naval attaché]] to Berlin, flew to Taranto to investigate the attack first hand, and Naito subsequently had a lengthy conversation with Commander [[Mitsuo Fuchida]] about his observations. Fuchida led the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941."<ref>{{Harvnb|Borch|Martinez|2005|pp=53–54}}.</ref>|group=nb}}{{refn|"A [[torpedo bomber]] needed a long, level flight, and when released, its conventional torpedo would plunge nearly a hundred feet deep before swerving upward to strike a hull. Pearl Harbor deep averages 42 feet. But the Japanese borrowed an idea from the British carrier-based torpedo raid on the Italian naval base of Taranto. They fashioned auxiliary wooden tail fins to keep the torpedoes horizontal, so they would dive to only 35 feet, and they added a breakaway "nosecone" of soft wood to cushion the impact with the surface of the water."<ref>{{Harvnb|Gannon|1996|p=49}}</ref>|group=nb}}
Over the next several months, pilots were trained, equipment was adapted, and intelligence was collected. Despite these preparations, Emperor [[Hirohito]] did not approve the attack plan until November 5, after the third of four [[Gozen Kaigi|Imperial Conferences]] called to consider the matter.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wetzler|1998|p=39}}.</ref> At first, he hesitated to engage in war but eventually authorized the Pearl Harbor strike despite dissent from certain advisors.<ref name = "nuclearm">{{cite web | url=https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/profile/emperor-hirohito/#:~:text=The%20emperor%27s%20office%20signed%20off,his%20ability%20to%20do%20so | title=Emperor Hirohito - Nuclear Museum }}</ref> Final authorization was not given by the emperor until December 1, after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him the Hull note would "destroy the fruits of the China incident, endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea".<ref>{{Harvnb|Bix|2000|p=417}}, citing the Sugiyama memo</ref>
By late 1941, many observers believed that hostilities between the United States and Japan were imminent. A [[Gallup poll]] just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52% of Americans expected war with Japan, 27% did not, and 21% had no opinion.<ref name="cipo19411208">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RPcuAAAAIBAJ&pg=5721%2C1471377 |title=Gallup Poll Found 52 p.c. of Americans Expected War |work=Ottawa Citizen |date=December 8, 1941 |access-date=November 28, 2011 |author=The Canadian Institute of Public Opinion |page=1 |url-status=live |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812143117/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RPcuAAAAIBAJ&pg=5721%2C1471377}}</ref> While American Pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions, officials doubted Pearl Harbor would be the first target; instead, they expected the Philippines to be attacked first. This presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout the country and the naval base at Manila posed to sea lanes, as well as to the shipment of supplies to Japan from territory to the south.{{refn|Noted by [[Arthur MacArthur Jr.|Arthur MacArthur]] in the 1890s.{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}}|group=nb}} They also incorrectly believed that Japan was not capable of mounting more than one major naval operation at a time.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
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A third midget submarine, ''[[HA. 19 (Japanese Midget Submarine)|Ha-19]]'', grounded twice, once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of Oahu, where it was captured on December 8.<ref>{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|pp=59–61}}</ref> Ensign [[Kazuo Sakamaki]] swam ashore and was captured by [[Hawaii National Guard]] Corporal [[David Akui]], becoming the first Japanese [[prisoner of war]].{{refn|While the nine sailors who died in the attack were quickly lionized by the Japanese government as ''Kyūgunshin'' ("The Nine War Heroes"), the news of Sakamaki's capture, which had been publicized in American news broadcasts, was kept secret. Even after the war, however, he received recriminating correspondence from those who despised him for not sacrificing his own life.|group=nb}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Kazuo Sakamaki, 81, Pacific P.O.W. No. 1 |date=December 21, 1999 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/21/world/kazuo-sakamaki-81-pacific-pow-no-1.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=March 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911011213/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/21/world/kazuo-sakamaki-81-pacific-pow-no-1.html |url-status=live |archive-date=September 11, 2020}}</ref> A fourth had been damaged by a [[depth charge]] attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes.<ref>{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|pp=61–62}}</ref> It was found outside the harbor in 1960. Japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00:41 on December 8 claiming to have damaged one or more large warships inside Pearl Harbor.<ref name="USSBSp19">{{harvnb|United States Strategic Bombing Survey|1946|p=19}}</ref>
In 1992, 2000, and 2001 [[Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory]]'s submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside Pearl Harbor. The wreck was in the debris field where much surplus American equipment had been dumped after the war, including vehicles and landing craft. Both of its torpedoes were missing. This correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the [[light cruiser]] {{USS|St. Louis|CL-49|2}} at 10:04 at the entrance of Pearl Harbor, and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer {{USS|Helm|DD-388|2}} at 08:21.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimm|2011|pp=330–341}}</ref> There is dispute over this official chain of events though. The "torpedo" that ''St. Louis'' saw was also reportedly a porpoising minesweeping float being towed by the destroyer {{USS|Boggs|DD-136|2}}.<ref>Owen, RAdm USN, Thomas B. (1989). Memories of the War Years. Vol. I. Washington: Unpublished memoir.</ref>
<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rhbN9NOSag Pearl Harbor midget sub attack: Photographic Evidence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rhbN9NOSag |date=March 23, 2023 }}. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref> Others dispute this theory.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Zimm|2011|pp=350}}</ref>
===Japanese declaration of war===
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===Ex-battleship (target/AA training ship)===
*{{USS|Utah|BB-31|2}}: hit by two torpedoes, capsized; total loss, salvage stopped. 64 dead. Later [[USS Utah (BB-31)#Memorial|memorialized]].
===Cruisers===
*{{USS|Helena|CL-50|2}}: hit by one torpedo; returned to service January 1942. 20 dead.
*{{USS|Raleigh|CL-7|2}}: hit by one torpedo; returned to service February 1942.<ref>{{cite DANFS| url= https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/r/raleigh-iii.html| title= Raleigh III (CL-7) | publisher= [[Naval History and Heritage Command]]| date= 26 August 2015 | access-date= 30 January 2024| ref= {{sfnRef|DANFS|2015}} }}</ref>
*{{USS|Honolulu|CL-48|2}}: near miss, light damage; remained in service.
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=== Coverage in Japan ===
News of the attack was first broadcast at 11:30 AM ([[Japan Standard Time|Japanese Standard Time]]), however it had already been announced "shortly after" 7 AM (Japanese Standard Time) that Japan had "entered into a situation of war with the United States and Britain in the Western Pacific before dawn." There was no further elaboration or explanation, and the attacks were already finished by that time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hotta |first=Eri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOS_5EfYtEEC |title=Japan 1941: Countdown to Infamy |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=2013 |chapter=PROLOGUE: What A Difference a Day Makes |isbn=978-0-385-35051-8 |access-date=February 22, 2024 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The attack on Pearl Harbor was eventually covered in the Japanese press, but press in wartime Japan was heavily censored.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kunii |first=Maiko |url=https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7744&context=etd_theses |title=Asahi Shimbun and The New York Times: Framing Pearl Harbor and the 9/11 Attacks |publisher=San Jose State University |year=2012 |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref> One Japanese newspaper, [[The Asahi Shimbun|The ''Asahi Shimbun'']] did report on the attack the day it occurred, and from that point onward their editorials began to back governmental decisions regardless of what they were.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yoshimoto |first=Hideko |url=https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1813&context=etd_theses |title=Media treatment of World War II in Japan and the United States, 1931-1945: a propaganda theory approach (unpublished) |publisher=San Jose State University |year=1994 |pages=81–83 |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref> The Asahi Shimbun also reported the declaration of war on the United States after the attacks, framing it as an Imperial Order, with most Japanese people taking it that way.
==Aftermath==
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*[[List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor]]
*[[National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day]]
*[[Operation K]] (1942 raid on Pearl Harbor)
*[[Pearl Harbor National Memorial]]
*[[Pearl Harbor Survivors Association]]
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*{{Citation |last=Manchester |first=William |year=1978 |title=[[American Caesar]]}}
*{{Citation |last=McCaffrey |first=Stephen C. |date=2004 |title=Understanding International Law |pages=210–229 |author-link=Stephen McCaffrey |publisher=[[AuthorHouse]]}}
*{{cite book |last= Melber |first= Takuma |title= Pearl Harbour |accessdate= |edition= 2 |origyear= 2016 |year= 2021 |publisher= PolityPress |location= Cambridge, England |isbn= 978-1-5095-3720-4 |oclc= |page= |pages= }} (first published in German; 2016)
*{{Citation |last=Miller |first=Edward S. |date=2007 |title=War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945 |edition=New |orig-date=1991 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-59114-500-4}}
*{{Citation |last=Morison |first=Samuel Eliot |date=2001 |title=The Rising Sun in the Pacific, 1931 – April 1942 |series=[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]] |volume=III |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |isbn=0-252-06973-0 |author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison}}
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*{{cite journal |mode=cs2 |last=Caravaggio |first=Angelo N. |title='Winning' the Pacific War: The Masterful Strategy of Commander Minoru Genda |journal=Naval War College Review |date=Winter 2014 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=85–118 |url=https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/59d3fa3c-3a53-49f6-9f28-6f0358389db8/-Winning--the-Pacific-War--The-Masterful-Strategy-.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190848/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/59d3fa3c-3a53-49f6-9f28-6f0358389db8/-Winning--the-Pacific-War--The-Masterful-Strategy-.aspx |archive-date=July 14, 2014 }}
*{{Cite journal |mode=cs2 |last=Lauren |first=Paul Gordon |date=1978 |title=Human Rights in History: Diplomacy and Racial Equality at the Paris Peace Conference |journal=Diplomatic History |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=257–278 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x |jstor=24909920 |s2cid=154765654 |issn=0145-2096}}
*{{Cite journal |mode=cs2 |last=Wilford |first=Timothy |title=Decoding Pearl Harbor: USN Cryptanalysis and the Challenge of JN-25B in 1941 |journal=[[The Northern Mariner]] |volume=XII |number=1 |pages=17–37 |date=January 2002 |doi=10.25071/2561-5467.571 |s2cid=247550000 |url=https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol12/nm_12_1_17to37.pdf |access-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705080832/https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol12/nm_12_1_17to37.pdf |url-status=live | issn = 1183-112X}}
*{{cite journal |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command/[[United States Naval War College]] ([[United States Department of the Navy]]) |publication-place=[[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], [[Rhode Island]], United States of America |issn=0028-1484 |lccn=75617787 |oclc=01779130 |date=21 March 2010 |title=Reflecting on Fuchida or "A Tale of Three Whoppers" |jstor=26397106 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=127–138 |access-date=15 August 2021 |first=Jonathan |last=Parshall |journal=Naval War College Review |url=http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/612aa0c4-47a1-4107-afbb-17fa992adf59/Reflecting-on-Fuchida,-or--A-Tale-of-Three-Whopper |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127070529/http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/612aa0c4-47a1-4107-afbb-17fa992adf59/Reflecting-on-Fuchida,-or--A-Tale-of-Three-Whopper |archive-date=27 November 2011 }}
*{{cite journal |mode=cs2 |last=Potter |first=Joseph V. |date=Winter 1982 |title=A Handful of Pilots |journal=Journal of American Aviation Historical Society |pages=282–285 |url=http://aviation.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/A-Handful-of-Pilots.pdf |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093542/http://aviation.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/A-Handful-of-Pilots.pdf |url-status=live }}
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100818203925/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq66-1.htm Overview](archived) from [[Naval History and Heritage Command]]
*[http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/pearl-harbor Account (with Video)] on History.com
*[http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/Attack-Pearl-Harbor.htm The Attack on Pearl Harbor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203013415/http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/Attack-Pearl-Harbor.htm |date=February 3, 2017 }} on ThoughtCo.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190614081536/https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/18arizona/18arizona.htm ''"Remembering Pearl Harbor:The USS Arizona Memorial"'' — Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan] (archived) from National Park Service
*[https://manoa.hawaii.edu/library/research/collections/archives/manuscript-collections/hawaii-war-records-depository/ Hawaii War Records Depository], Archives & Manuscripts Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa Library
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*[http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675029979_attack-on-Pearl-Harbor_Harbor-installations_USS-Arizona-burns_black-smoke-rises Historic footage of Pearl Harbor during and immediately following attack on December 7, 1941] on CriticalPast
* Emily DeLetter: [https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/pearl-harbor-remembrance-day-historical-photos-show-the-dec-7-1941-attack-in-hawaii/ar-AA1l7Znw?ocid=socialshare ''Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day - 82 years later.''] Historical photos show and video of the Dec. 7, 1941 attack in Hawaii, [[USA Today]], 7 December 2023
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gb7XUDlhz6k December 7th (long version)]
===Historical documents===
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{{World War II}}
{{World War II city bombing}}
{{US history}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Attacks on military installations in the 1940s]]
[[Category:History of Oahu]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in the United States]]
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