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Changing short description from "1941 surprise attack by Japan against the United States" to "1941 Japanese surprise attack on the US" |
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{{Short description|1941 Japanese surprise attack
{{Redirect|December 7, 1941|the date|December 1941#December 7, 1941 (Sunday)}}
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The '''attack on Pearl Harbor'''<ref group=nb>Also known as the '''Battle of Pearl Harbor'''</ref> was a surprise [[military strike]] by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] on the [[Naval Station Pearl Harbor|American naval base]] at [[Pearl Harbor]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Territory of Hawaii|Hawaii]], in the [[United States]], just before 8:00{{spaces}}a.m. (local time) on Sunday, December 7, 1941. At the time, the United States was a [[Neutral powers during World War II|neutral country]] in [[World War II]]. The attack on Hawaii and other U.S. territories led the United States to formally enter World War II on the side of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] the day following the attack, on December 8, 1941. The [[Imperial General Headquarters|Japanese military leadership]] referred to the attack as the '''Hawaii Operation''' and '''Operation AI''',{{refn|For the Japanese designator of Oahu.{{sfn|Wilford|2002|p=32 fn. 81}}|group=nb}} and as '''Operation Z''' during its planning.{{sfn|Fukudome|1955b}}{{sfn|Goldstein|Dillon|2000|pp=17ff}}{{sfn|Morison|2001|pp=101, 120, 250}}
The [[Empire of Japan]]'s attack on Pearl Harbor was preceded by months of negotiations between the United States and Japan over the future of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. Japanese demands included that the United States [[ABCD line|end its sanctions against Japan]], cease aiding [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|China]] in the [[Second Sino-Japanese
The attack on Pearl Harbor started at 7:48{{spaces}}a.m. Hawaiian time (6:18{{spaces}}p.m. GMT).{{refn|name=Hawaii time|In 1941, Hawaii was half an hour different from the majority of other time zones. See [[UTC−10:30]].|group=nb}} The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft (including [[fighter aircraft|fighter]]s, [[Bomber|level and dive bomber]]s, and [[torpedo bomber]]s) in two waves, launched from six [[aircraft carrier]]s.<ref name="parillo288">{{Harvnb|Parillo|2006|p=288}}</ref> Of the eight United States Navy [[battleship]]s present, all were damaged and four were sunk. All but {{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}} were later raised, and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three [[cruiser]]s, three [[destroyer]]s, an anti-aircraft training ship,{{refn|{{USS|Utah|BB-31|6}}; the former battleship ''Utah'' was moored in the space intended to have been occupied by the aircraft carrier ''Enterprise'' which, returning with a task force, had been expected to enter the channel at 0730 on December 7; delayed by weather, the task force did not reach Pearl Harbor until dusk the following day.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thomas|2007|pp=57–59}}.</ref>|group=nb}} and one [[minelayer]]. More than 180 US aircraft were destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearl Harbor attack | Date, History, Map, Casualties, Timeline, & Facts | Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Pearl-Harbor-attack |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408061328/https://www.britannica.com/event/Pearl-Harbor-attack |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> A total of 2,393 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded, making it the deadliest event ever recorded in Hawaii.<ref>{{cite web |title=The deadliest disaster to ever happen in each state |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/the-deadliest-disaster-to-ever-happen-in-each-state/ss-AA15iVyW?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=b852eb5146d44c5497c7b7a63e1e26f8&ei=70#image=12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425014953/https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/the-deadliest-disaster-to-ever-happen-in-each-state/ss-AA15iVyW?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=b852eb5146d44c5497c7b7a63e1e26f8&ei=70#image=12 |archive-date=April 25, 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=MSN}}</ref> Important base installations, such as the power station, [[dry dock]], [[Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard|shipyard]], maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of the [[Station Hypo|intelligence section]]) were not attacked. Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five [[midget submarine]]s were lost, and 129 servicemen killed.<ref name=PHFS/><ref name=Kimberly/> [[Kazuo Sakamaki]], the commanding officer of one of the submarines, was captured.
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===Ex-battleship (target/AA training ship)===
*{{USS|Utah|BB-31|2}}: hit by two torpedoes, capsized; total loss, salvage stopped. 64 dead. Later [[USS Utah (BB-31)#Memorial|memorialized]].
===Cruisers===
*{{USS|Helena|CL-50|2}}: hit by one torpedo; returned to service January 1942. 20 dead.
*{{USS|Raleigh|CL-7|2}}: hit by one torpedo; returned to service February 1942.<ref>{{cite DANFS| url= https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/r/raleigh-iii.html| title= Raleigh III (CL-7) | publisher= [[Naval History and Heritage Command]]| date= 26 August 2015 | access-date= 30 January 2024| ref= {{sfnRef|DANFS|2015}} }}</ref>
*{{USS|Honolulu|CL-48|2}}: near miss, light damage; remained in service.
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[[Category:Attacks on military installations in the 1940s]]
[[Category:History of Oahu]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in the United States]]
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