Wikipedia

Bolesław I the Tall: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Bolesław I the Tall died in other place called Leśnica which is now part of city of Wrocław. The castle (rebuilt) still exist. https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C5%9Bnica_(Wroc%C5%82aw)
Monkbot (talk | contribs)
Bots
3,694,069 edits
m Task 20: replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 1);
 
(36 intermediate revisions by 26 users not shown)
Line 1:
{{Short description|Duke of Wrocław}}
{{infobox nobility▼
{{Use dmy dates|date=AugustOctober 20112020}}▼
▲{{infobox nobilitynoble
| name = Bolesław I the Tall
| image = Bolesław I Wysoki tomb effigyBolesław_I_Wysoki_tomb_effigy.PNG
| image_sizetitle = 200pxDuke of Wroclaw
| caption = Bolesław's tomb in Lubiąż
| noble family = [[Silesian Piasts]]
| father = [[Władysław II the Exile]]
| mother = [[Agnes of Babenberg]]
| spouse = [[Zvenislava of Kiev]]<br/>Christina
| issue = [[Jarosław, Duke of Opole]]<br>[[Henry the Bearded]]<br>Adelaida Zbyslava
| birth_date = 11261127
| birth_place =
| death_date = 7 or 8 December 1201
Line 15 ⟶ 17:
| burial_place = Cistercian monastery in [[Lubiąż]]
}}
'''Bolesław I the Tall''' ({{lang-pl|'''Bolesław I Wysoki'''}}) (b. 1127 – d. Leśnica (now part of City of Wrocław), 7 or 8 December 1201) was a [[Duke]] of [[Wroclaw]] from 1163 until his death in 1201.▼
 
▲'''Bolesław I the Tall''' ({{lang-langx|pl|'''Bolesław I Wysoki'''}}) (b.; 1127 – d. Leśnica (now part of City of Wrocław), 7 or 8 December 1201) was a [[Duke]] of [[Wroclaw]] from 1163 until his death in 1201.
He was the eldest son of [[Władysław II the Exile]] by his wife [[Agnes of Babenberg]], daughter of Margrave [[Leopold III, Margrave of Austria|Leopold III of Austria]] and half-sister of King [[Conrad III of Germany]].
 
==Life Early years ==
Boleslaw was the eldest son of [[Władysław II the Exile]] by his wife [[Agnes of Babenberg]], daughter of Margrave [[Leopold III, Margrave of Austria|Leopold III of Austria]],{{sfn|Davies|1982|p=64}} and half-sister of King [[Conrad III of Germany]]. Bolesław spent his childhood in the court of his grandfather and namesake, [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]], in [[Płock]]. It was not until 1138, after the death of Bolesław III, that he moved with his parents to [[Kraków]], which became the capital of the [[Seniorate Province]], ruled by his father as Highhigh Dukeduke and overlord of Poland.▼
 
The reign of Władysław II was short and extremely stormy. The conflicts began when the Highhigh Dukeduke tried to remove his half-brothers, the Juniorjunior Dukesdukes, from histheir districts. According to the chronicler [[Wincenty Kadłubek]], the confrontation between the siblings was mainly instigated by Władysław II's wife, Agnes of Babenberg, who believed that her husband, as the eldest son, was the rightful sole ruler of the whole country. On the other hand, [[Salome von Berg-Schelklingen|SalomeSalomea of Berg-Schelklingen]], widow of Bolesław III and Władysław II's stepmother, who attempted to form alliances with foreign rulers and took every opportunity to secure the reign of her sons, fearedthe thatjunior thedukes. JuniorShe feared that Dukesthey hadwould beenbe relegated from their positions to make way for Władysław II's sons, the young Bolesław and his brotherbrothers [[Mieszko I Tanglefoot|Mieszko Tanglefoot]] and [[Konrad Spindleshanks|Konrad]].▼
=== Early Years===
▲Bolesław spent his childhood in the court of his grandfather and namesake, [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]], in [[Płock]]. It was not until 1138, after the death of Bolesław III, that he moved with his parents to [[Kraków]], which became the capital of the [[Seniorate Province]], ruled by his father as High Duke and overlord of Poland.
 
The conflict erupted in 1141, when SalomeSalomea of Berg, without the knowledge of the Highhigh Dukeduke, decided to leave her sons the land of [[Łęczyca]], her [[dower]], to her sons and tried to give her youngest daughter, Agnes, in marriage to one of the sons of Grand Prince [[Vsevolod II Olgovich]], of [[Grand PrincePrincipality of [[Kiev|Kiev]]. Władysław II was faster, however, faster and gavehe thegave Grand Prince Vsevolod II several additional political advantages, asincluding a result of which the marriage ofbetween Bolesław withand theVsevolod daughterII's of Grand Prince Vsevoloddaughter, [[Zvenislava of Kiev|Zvenislava]], which took place in 1142.▼
▲The reign of Władysław II was short and extremely stormy. The conflicts began when the High Duke tried to remove his half-brothers, the Junior Dukes, from his districts. According to the chronicler [[Wincenty Kadłubek]], the confrontation between the siblings was mainly instigated by Władysław II's wife, Agnes of Babenberg, who believed that her husband, as the eldest son, was the rightful sole ruler of the whole country. On the other hand, [[Salome von Berg-Schelklingen|Salome of Berg-Schelklingen]], widow of Bolesław III and Władysław's stepmother, who attempted to form alliances with foreign rulers and took every opportunity to secure the reign of her sons, feared that the Junior Dukes had been relegated from their positions to make way for Władysław's sons, the young Bolesław and his brother Mieszko.
 
===Trip to Ruthenia===▼
▲The conflict erupted in 1141, when Salome of Berg, without the knowledge of the High Duke, decided to leave her sons the land of [[Łęczyca]] and tried to give her youngest daughter Agnes in marriage to one of the sons of [[Vsevolod II Olgovich]], Grand Prince of [[Kiev]]. Władysław was, however, faster and gave the Grand Prince several additional political advantages, as a result of which the marriage of Bolesław with the daughter of Grand Prince Vsevolod, [[Zvenislava of Kiev|Zvenislava]] took place in 1142.
The Polish-Ruthenian alliance soon proved to be extremely important in the struggle between Władysław II and the Junior Dukes. The final outbreak of the conflictconflicts took place after the death of SalomeSalomea of Berg in 1144. It seemed that thea victory overfor the High Duke - thanks to his military predominance - was just a matter of time. In fact, Władysław II was confidentso enoughconfident of winning at home that he sent Bolesław to aid the Grand Prince Vsevolod II during a revolt againstin himKiev.▼
 
HoweverUnfortunately, Bolesław's expedition to Kiev ended in a complete disaster, whenas the Grand Prince's dieddeath offrom disease. This created a general confusion in Kiev. InThen the critical year ofin 1146, heBolesław had to return quickly to Poland fast to help his father. The few troops which Bolesławhe recruited were not enough to stop the general rebellion against Władysław II, who was completely defeated by the Junior Dukes. The deposed High Duke and his family initially escaped to the [[Prague]] court of Duke [[VladislavVladislaus II, Duke and King of Bohemia|Duke Vladislav II]] inof [[PragueBohemia]] in Bohemia.▼
▲===Trip to Ruthenia===
[[Image:Bolesław I Wysoki.PNG|thumb|right|200px|Bolesław I the Tall in a drawing by [[Jan Matejko]].]]
▲The Polish-Ruthenian alliance soon proved to be extremely important in the struggle between Władysław II and the Junior Dukes. The final outbreak of the conflict took place after the death of Salome of Berg in 1144. It seemed that the victory over the High Duke - thanks to his military predominance - was just a matter of time. Władysław II was confident enough of winning at home that he sent Bolesław to aid the Grand Prince Vsevolod II during a revolt against him.
 
===Unsuccessful attemptAttempt at restoration===▼
▲However, Bolesław's expedition to Kiev ended in a complete disaster, when the Grand Prince died of disease. This created a general confusion in Kiev. In the critical year of 1146, he had to return to Poland fast to help his father. The few troops which Bolesław recruited were not enough to stop the general rebellion against Władysław II, who was completely defeated by the Junior Dukes. The deposed High Duke and his family initially escaped to the court of [[Vladislav II of Bohemia|Duke Vladislav II]] in [[Prague]] in Bohemia.
After a short time in Bohemia, Władysław II and his family moved to Germany, where his brother-in-law, King [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]] (half-brother of Agnes), offered his hospitality and assistance toward the Highhigh Dukeduke's restoration. At first, it seemed that the exile would just be for a few months, thanks to the family connections of Duchess Agnes; however, thetheir hurried and insufficiently prepared expedition failed to cross the [[Oder River]]), and finallyultimately failed because of the strong opposition of the formerfrom Władysław II's former subjects and the problems of Conrad III inhad within Germany causedas bya result of his extended travels. The Kingking gave Władysław II and his family the town of [[Altenburg]] in [[Saxony]]. This was intended as a temporary residence, but theyWładysław spentII would spend the rest of theirhis liveslife there.▼
 
Tired of a tedious life in Altenburg, Bolesław traveled to the court of his protector, King Conrad III. With him, the young Polish prince extensively took part in German political affairs. In 1148 he joined in the [[Second Crusade]] with Conrad III, during which he visited [[Constantinople]] and the [[Holy Land]]. Conrad III died in 1152 without having secured the return of Władysław II to Poland. His successor was his energetic nephew [[Frederick Barbarossa]], whose service Bolesław almost immediately joined. The first action of the new German ruler, however, was not to help Władysław II, but instead to march against Rome toand be crowned [[coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor|crowned emperor]]. Bolesław accompanied him.▼
▲===Unsuccessful attempt at restoration===
▲After a short time in Bohemia, Władysław II and his family moved to Germany, where King [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]] (half-brother of Agnes) offered his hospitality and assistance toward the High Duke's restoration. At first, it seemed that the exile would just be for a few months, thanks to the family connections of Duchess Agnes; however, the hurried and insufficiently prepared expedition failed to cross the [[Oder River]]), and finally failed because of the strong opposition of the former Władysław II's subjects and the problems of Conrad III in Germany caused by his extended travels. The King gave Władysław II and his family the town of [[Altenburg]] in [[Saxony]]. This was intended as a temporary residence, but they spent the rest of their lives there.
 
===Expedition of Frederick Barbarossa to Poland===▼
===Knight at the court of Conrad III and Frederick Barbarossa===
It was not until 1157 that the Emperoremperor finally organized an expedition against Poland. It is unknown whether WładysławBolesław, IIhis andbrothers, or his sonsfather directly participated in the expedition. However, despite the military victory and the humiliating submission of High Duke [[Bolesław IV the Curly]] to Frederick Barbarossa, Władysław II was in the end disappointed, as the Emperoremperor decided to maintain the rule of Bolesław IV and the Juniorjunior Dukesdukes in Poland, and not to restore Władysław II to the throne. Two years later, on 30 May 1159, the disappointed former Highhigh Dukeduke died in his exile in Altenburg.▼
Tired of a tedious life in Altenburg, Bolesław travelled to the court of his protector, King Conrad III. With him, the young Polish prince extensively took part in German political affairs. In 1148 he joined in the [[Second Crusade]] with Conrad III, during which he visited, among other places, [[Constantinople]] and the [[Holy Land]].
 
===Restoration of the Silesian Inheritance=inheritance==▼
▲Conrad III died in 1152 without having secured the return of Władysław II to Poland. His successor was his energetic nephew [[Frederick Barbarossa]], whose service Bolesław almost immediately joined. The first action of the new German ruler, however, was not to help Władysław II, but instead to march against Rome to be crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. Bolesław accompanied him.
Despite his dissatisfaction at the Emperoremperor's treatment of his familyfather, Bolesław remained at the side of the Emperoremperor, participating in his many wars. From 1158- to 1162 he took part in the Barbarossa's expedition to Italy, where he won fame after killing a well-known Italian knight in a duel on the walls of [[Milan]].▼
 
Bolesław's faithful service to the emperor was finally rewarded in 1163, when Barbarossa succeeded through diplomacy in restoring to the descendants of Władysław II their inheritance over [[Silesia]]. By an agreement signed in [[Nuremberg]], Germany, Bolesław IV agreed to accept the return of the exiled princes. He did so because, after the death of Władysław II, his sons could not directly challenge his authority as the senior duke, and they had not yet established any support within Poland. In addition, seating them would satisfy
▲===Expedition of Frederick Barbarossa to Poland===
Barbarossa and thus keep him away from Poland.<ref name="Kalendarium Historii Polski">{{cite book | author = Andrzej Chwalba | author-link = Andrzej Chwalba | editor = Wydawnictwo Literackie| title = Kalendarium Historii Polski| year = 2000 | location = Kraków | isbn = 83-08-03136-6 | pages = 51–52|language=pl}}</ref> However Bolesław IV decided to maintain the security of his lands and retain the control over the main Silesian cities of [[Wroclaw]], [[Opole]], [[Racibórz]], [[Głogów]], and [[Legnica]].
▲It was not until 1157 that the Emperor finally organized an expedition against Poland. It is unknown whether Władysław II and his sons directly participated in the expedition. However, despite the military victory and the humiliating submission of Bolesław IV to Frederick Barbarossa, Władysław II was in the end disappointed, as the Emperor decided to maintain the rule of Bolesław IV and the Junior Dukes in Poland. Two years later, on 30 May 1159, the former High Duke died in his exile in Altenburg.
 
▲===Restoration of the Silesian Inheritance===
[[Image:POL województwo dolnośląskie COA.svg|thumb|left|200px|The black crownless eagle of the [[Silesian Piasts]].]]
▲Despite his dissatisfaction at the Emperor's treatment of his family, Bolesław remained at the side of the Emperor, participating in his many wars. From 1158-1162 he took part in the Barbarossa's expedition to Italy, where he won fame after killing a well-known Italian knight in a duel on the walls of [[Milan]].
 
Bolesław's faithful service to the Emperor was finally rewarded in 1163, when Barbarossa - this time through diplomacy: by signing an agreement in [[Nuremberg]], Germany - finally succeeded in restoring to the descendants of Władysław II their inheritance over [[Silesia]]. Bolesław IV agreed to accept the return of the exiled princes because, after the death of Władysław II, his sons, without any support in Poland which could directly affect his authority, could only count with the Imperial support and in this way, while they did not represent any concrete danger for him, the High Duke could maintain Barbarossa far away from Poland.<ref name= "Kalendarium Historii Polski">{{cite book | author = [[Andrzej Chwalba]] | editor = Wydawnictwo Literackie| title = Kalendarium Historii Polski| url = | format = | year = 2000 | publisher = | location = Kraków | isbn = 83-08-03136-6 | pages = :51–52| chapter = | chapterurl = | quote =|language=pl}}</ref>
 
However Bolesław IV decided to maintain the security of his lands and retain the control over the main Silesian cities ([[Wroclaw]], [[Opole]], [[Racibórz]], [[Głogów]] and [[Legnica]]).
 
After almost 16 years of exile, Bolesław returned to Silesia with his second wife, Christina (Zvenislava had died around 1155); his elder children, [[Jarosław, Duke of Opole|Jarosław]] and Olga; and his younger brother [[Mieszko I Tanglefoot|Mieszko Tanglefoot]]. The youngest brother, [[Konrad Spindleshanks|Konrad]], remained in Germany.
 
Bolesław and Mieszko initially ruled jointly and two years later (1165) both retook the major Silesian cities handed back by the Highhigh Dukeduke and obtained full control over all Silesia. However Bolesław, as the eldest brother, held overall authority. Three years after taking control over Silesia, Bolesław felt strong enough to lead a retaliatory expedition against the High Duke Bolesław IV, to try and recover supremacy over Poland.
 
===Rebellion of Mieszko Tanglefoot===
[[Image:Silesia 1172-1177.jpg|thumb|right|200pz200px|Fragmentation of the Duchy of Silesia begins. Period 1172/3-11773–1177<br/>{{legend|orange|Bolesław I the Tall}}<br/>{{legend|green|Jarosław Opolski}}<br/>{{legend|yellow|Mieszko I Tanglefoot}}]]
Bolesław's exercise of overall power at the expense of his younger brother caused thea revolt ofby Mieszko Tanglefoot in 1172. In a major disturbance in the Silesian ducal family, Mieszko supported Jarosław, the eldest son of Bolesław, who was resentful against his father because had been forced to become a priest due to the intrigues of his stepmother Christina, who wished for her sons to be the only heirs. The rebellion was a complete surprise to Bolesław, who was forced to escape to [[Erfurt]], Germany. This time, Frederick Barbarossa decided to support Bolesław with a strong armed intervention to restore him to his Duchy. Eventually Mieszko III the Old was sent by the Highhigh Dukeduke to calm the fury of the Emperoremperor and keep him away from Polish affairs. Mieszko III gave Barbarossa 8000 pieces of silver and promised him the restoration of Bolesław, who finally returned home at the beginning of 1173. However, despite his reconciliation with his brother and son, he was forced to divide Silesia and create the Duchiesduchies of Racibórz (granted to Mieszko) and Opole (to Jarosław).
 
===Rebellion against Mieszko III the Old===
Four years later, it seemed that Bolesław was closean toalien from achievingMars the main objective of his life, the recovery of the Seniorate Province, and with this the title of Highhigh Dukeduke. He conspired with his uncle [[Casimir II the Just]] and his cousin [[Odon of Greater Poland|Odon]] (Mieszko III's eldest son) to deprive [[Mieszko III the Old]] of the government. The coup gained the support of [[Lesser Poland]], which was mastered{{Clarify|date=August 2011}} by Casimir and shortly afterwards the [[Greater Poland]] sided with Odon. However, Bolesław, however, suffered a sudden and surprising defeat byat the hands of his brother Mieszko and his own son Jarosław; thiswho had allied with Mieszko III. This left the way free for Casimir II to be proclaimed High Duke;, and Bolesław again escapedhad to escape to Germany. Thanks to the mediation of Casimir II, Bolesław returned to his Duchy without major troubles in 1177; however, he suffered a further diminution of his authority when he was compelled to give Głogów to his youngest brother Konrad.
 
===Retirement from political affairs===
After this defeat, Bolesław retired from the Polish political scene and concentrated his efforts on the rule over his Duchyduchy. TheHis deathbrother ofKonrad's hisdeath brotherwithout Konradissue in 1190 withoutresulted issue made possiblein the return of Głogów to his domains.
 
During the last years of his reign, Bolesław devoted himself to economic and business activity. Colonization, initially from poor German areas, substantially accelerated the economic development of the Duchyduchy, and was continued by his son [[Henry I the Bearded]]. Bolesław founded the Cistercian [[Abbatia Lubensis abbey]] in [[Lubiąż]] with the collaboration of monks from [[Pforta]], across the [[Saale River]] in [[Thuringia]]. Later the abbey became the Silesian Ducalducal burial place.
 
===Papal Bullbull and death===
To safeguard his lands from other [[Piast]] princes, in 1198 Bolesław obtained a protective [[Papal bull|Bullbull]] from [[Pope Innocent III]] in 1198. There was a reconciliation between Bolesław and his eldest son, Jarosław, recentlywho was elected [[List of bishops of Wrocław|Bishopbishop of Wrocław]]. This enabled him, after Jarosław's death on 22 March 1201, to inherit Opole, which was again reunited with his lands.
 
Bolesław survived his son by only nine months, however, and died on 7 or 8 December 1201 in his {{ill|castle ofin [[Leśnica]]|pl|Zamek w Leśnicy}}, west of Wrocław. He was buried in the [[Lubiąż]] Cistercian [[Abbatia Lubensis abbey|monastery]] which he had founded.
 
==Marriage and issue==
In 1142 Bolesław married his first wife [[Zvenislava of Kiev|Zvenislava]] (d. ca. 1155), daughter of Grand Prince [[Vsevolod II Olgovich]], Grand Prince of [[Kiev]].<ref>{{MLCC sfn|warning=1 Raffensperger|url=http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/RUSSIA,%20Rurik.htm#SvenislavaVsevolodovnadied11551163 2018|title-datep= |title= RUSSIA, RURIKIDS|date=August 2012114}}</ref> They had two children:
#[[Jarosław, Duke of Opole|Jarosław]] (b. aft. 1143 – d. 22 March 1201)
#Olga (b. ca. 1155 – d. 27 June 1175/1180)
 
By 1157, Bolesław married his second wife Christina (d. 21 February 1204/1208), a German; according to the historian [[Kazimierz Jasiński]], she was probably a member of the [[comital]] house of [[Everstein]], [[House of Homburg|Homburg]], or [[Pappenheim]]. They had seven children:<ref>{{citecitation web |last=Marek |first=Miroslav |url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/piast/piast4.html |title= Complete Genealogy of the House of Piast |publisher= Genealogy.EU}}{{Self-published source|date=August 2012}}{{Better sourceneeded|date=AugustFebruary 20122020}}</ref>
#Boleslaw (b. 1157/63 – d. 18 July 1175/1181)
#Adelaida Zbyslava (b. aft. 1165 – d. 29 March aft. 1213), married in 1177/82 to [[Děpolt II|Děpolt IIIII]], a [[Přemyslid princedynasty|Přemyslid]]. prince
#Konrad (b. 1158/68 – d. 5 July 1175/1190)
#Jan (b. 1161/69 – d. bef. 10 March 1174)
#Berta (b. ca 1167 – d. 7 May aft. 1200?)
#[[Henry I the Bearded]] (b. 1165/70 – d. Krosno Odrzanske, 19 March 1238){{sfn|Davies|1982|p=64}}
#Władysław (b. aft. 1180 – d. 4 June bef. 1199)
 
==Controversies==
In PolishGerman and GermanPolish historiography there exists a controversy about the relations between [[Silesia]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in the early Medievalmedieval period. According to some German historians<ref>[http://slaskwroclaw.info/indexe.php Silesian duchies: www.slaskwroclaw.info] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101155558/http://slaskwroclaw.info/indexe.php |date=1 January 2009 }}</ref> the date of 1163, when Bolesław and his brothers were allowed to return to Silesia, is considered to be the moment when Silesia separated from Poland and became part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
 
On the other hand, Polish historians claim that [[Władysław II the Exile|Exile]]'s]] sons, who were allowed to return by the [[High Duke of Poland]] Bolesław IV the Curly, were simply typical Piast dukes who ruled in the divided [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]].<ref>[http://www.wroclaw.pl/m6852/ Official site of the city of Wrocław]</ref> (see more in [[Silesian Piasts#Differing views of the Silesian Piasts in Polish and German historiographyPoland|Differing views of the Silesian Piasts]]).
 
==See also==
* [[Piast Dynastydynasty]]
* [[Silesian Piasts]]
* [[Dukes of Silesia]]
Line 100 ⟶ 93:
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
==Sources==
*{{cite book |title=God's Playground: A History of Poland |first=Norman |last=Davies |volume=I: The Origins to 1795 |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1982 }}
*{{cite book |title=Conflict, Bargaining, and Kinship Networks in Medieval Eastern Europe |first=Christian |last=Raffensperger |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishing |year=2018 }}
 
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Piast]]||1127|8 December|1201}}
|-
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="1"| Preceded by<br>new creation<br>'''[[Bolesław IV the Curly]] as KingDuke of Poland'''
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[Dukes of Silesia|Duke of Wroclaw]]'''<br> '''''with Mieszko I Tanglefoot until 1173'''''<br> 1163–1201
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="3" | Succeeded by<br>'''[[Henry I the Bearded]]'''
Line 113 ⟶ 110:
|-
| width="30%" align="center" | Preceded by<br>'''[[Jarosław, Duke of Opole|Jarosław]]'''
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[Dukes of Silesia|Duke of Opole]]'''<br>1201
|-
{{s-end}}
 
▲{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}
{{Authority control}}
 
Line 124 ⟶ 121:
[[Category:Medieval nobility of the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:12th-century Polish people]]
[[Category:13th-century Polish peoplenobility]]
[[Category:Dukes of Wrocław]]
[[Category:Dukes of Opole]]
[[Category:People of Byzantine descent]]
[[Category:Christians of the Second Crusade]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolesław_I_the_Tall"