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{{Short description|Type of urban growth}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2018}}
[[File:Inn river running through the Tyrol west of Innsbruck.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Mountain valleys of industrialised countries (e.g. [[Inn valley]]) are often periurbanised.]]
[[File:Rangierbahnhof Limmattal 071.jpg|thumb|270px|right|The periurbanised Swiss [[Limmat valley]].]]
[[File:Hospital de Cabueñes3.jpg|thumb|Hospital in a peri-urban area in [[Gijón]].]]
'''Peri-urbanisation''' relates to thosethe processes of scattered and dispersive [[urbanUrban sprawl|dispersive urban growth]] that create hybrid [[landscape]]s of fragmented and mixed urban and rural characteristics. Such areas may be referred to as the '''rural–urban fringe''', the '''outskirts''' or the '''urban hinterland'''.
 
== OriginEtymology ==
The expression originates from the [[French language|French]] word ''{{lang|fr|périurbanisation}}'' ("peri-urban" meaning "around urban"), which is even used by the [[Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques|INSEE]]<ref>http{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/methodesmetadonnees/default.asp?page=definitionsdefinition/couronnec1305|title=Définition -periurbaine.htm INSSECouronne Définition&#124; Insee|website=www.insee.fr}}</ref> (the French statistics agency) to describe spaces—between the city and the countryside—that are shaped by the fragmented urbanisation of former rural areas in the [[urban fringe]], both in a qualitative (e.g. diffusion of urban lifestyle) and in a quantitative (e.g. new residential zones) sense. It is frequently seen as a result of [[post-modernity]] (not [[post-modernism]]). In science, the term was used initially in [[France]] and [[Switzerland]].
 
== Structure and function ==
Peri-urban areas (also called ''rurbanurban space'', ''outskirts'' or the ''hinterland'') are defined by the structure resulting from the process of peri-urbanisation. It can be described as the ''landscape interface or [[ecotone]] between town and country''countryside,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://edepot.wur.nl/572178|title=ECOTONE URBANISM|first=Timon|last=Verstoep|journal=Wageningen University Landscape Architecture Group|year=2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teignbridge.gov.uk/index.cfm?Articleid=2803 |title=Archived copy |accessdateaccess-date=2011-07-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311091656/http://www.teignbridge.gov.uk/index.cfm?Articleid=2803 |archivedatearchive-date=2007-03-11 }}</ref> or also as the ''rural—urban transition zone'' where urban and rural uses and functions mix and often clash.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Griffiths |first1=Michael B. |last2=Chapman |first2=Malcolm |last3=Christiansen |first3=Flemming |title=Chinese consumers: The Romantic reappraisal |journal=Ethnography |date=2010 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=331–357 |doi=10.1177/1466138110370412|s2cid=144152261 }}</ref> It can thus be viewed as a new landscape type in its own right, one forged from an interaction of urban and rural [[land use]]. ▼
{{Main|Rural–urban fringe}}
 
Its definition shifts depending on the global location, but typically in [[Europe]] where urbansuburban areas are intensively managed to prevent [[urban sprawl]] and protect agricultural land, the urban fringe will be characterised by certain land uses which have either purposely moved away from the urban area, or require much larger tracts of land. As examples:▼
▲Peri-urban areas (also called ''rurban space'', ''outskirts'' or the ''hinterland'') are defined by the structure resulting from the process of peri-urbanisation. It can be described as the ''landscape interface between town and country'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teignbridge.gov.uk/index.cfm?Articleid=2803 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-07-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311091656/http://www.teignbridge.gov.uk/index.cfm?Articleid=2803 |archivedate=2007-03-11 }}</ref> or also as the ''rural—urban transition zone'' where urban and rural uses mix and often clash.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Griffiths |first1=Michael B. |last2=Chapman |first2=Malcolm |last3=Christiansen |first3=Flemming |title=Chinese consumers: The Romantic reappraisal |journal=Ethnography |date=2010 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=331–357 |doi=10.1177/1466138110370412}}</ref> It can thus be viewed as a landscape type in its own right, one forged from an interaction of urban and rural [[land use]].
 
▲Its definition shifts depending on the global location, but typically in [[Europe]] where urban areas are intensively managed to prevent [[urban sprawl]] and protect agricultural land, the urban fringe will be characterised by certain land uses which have either purposely moved away from the urban area, or require much larger tracts of land. As examples:
 
* Roads, especially [[motorway]]s and bypasses
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* Factories
* Large out-of-town shopping facilities, e.g. large supermarkets
* High-density residential buildings
 
Despite these urban uses, the fringe remains largely open with the majority of the land for agricultural, woodland or other rural useuses. However, theThe quality of living of the countryside around urban areas tends to be low with severance between areas of open land and badlypoorly maintained woodlands and hedgerows with the scattered urban facilities.
 
Apart from the structural definition dominating English"Peri-speakingurbanisation" literature,is the concept isalso sometimes used to fill the gap between [[suburbanization|suburbanisation]] and [[exurbanization|exurbanisation]], and thus relates moreover to the movement of people in space. In this case, peri-urbanisationit is seen asimplies the expansion of functional rural-urban linkages such as by [[commuting]].
 
In the [[United States]] urban areas are defined as contiguous territory having a density of at least 1,000 persons per square mile, though in some areas the density may be as low as 500 per square mile. Urban areas also include outlying territory of less density if it is connected to the core of the contiguous area by road and within 2.5 road miles of that core, or within 5 road miles but separated by water or other undevelopable territory. Territory with population density below 1,000 people per square mile is included in the urban fringe if it eliminates an enclave or closes an indentation in the boundary of the urbanized area.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/reference/fedreg/fedregv76n164.pdf| title=Urban Area Criteria for the 2010 Census; Notice| author=Department of Commerce - Census Bureau| work=Federal Register| publisher=National Archives and Records Administration| date=August 24, 2011| access-date=August 3, 2017}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
* [[Peri-urban agricultureDesakota]]
* [[Peri Urban Regions Platform Europe]]▼
* [[Urban village]]▼
* [[FEDENATUR - European Association of Periurban Parks]]
▲* [[Peri Urban Regions Platform Europe]]
* [[Peri-urban agriculture]]
* [[Urban sprawl]]
▲* [[Urban village]]
* [[Urban vitality]]
 
== References ==
{{reflistReflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Astrade |first1=Laurent |last2=Lutoff |first2=Céline |last3=Nedjai |first3=Rachid |last4=Philippe |first4=Céline |last5=Loison |first5=Delphine |last6=Bottollier-Depois |first6=Sandrine |title=Periurbanisation and natural hazards |journal=Revue de géographie alpine |date=2007 |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=19–28 |doi=10.4000/rga.132|url=http://rga.revues.org/index132.html|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Zasada |first1=Ingo |last2=Fertner |first2=Christian |last3=Piorr |first3=Annette |last4=Nielsen |first4=Thomas Sick |title=Peri-urbanisation and multifunctional adaptation of agriculture around Copenhagen |journal=Danish Journal of Geography |date=2011 |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=59–72 |doi=10.1080/00167223.2011.10669522|s2cid=53548764 |url=http://rdgs.dk/djg/pdfs/111/1/DJG_1-2011_WEB_59-72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719130934/http://rdgs.dk/djg/pdfs/111/1/DJG_1-2011_WEB_59-72.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}
* [http://www.metropolitiques.eu/The-mis-measurement-of.html Anne Lambert 2011: The (mis)measurement of periurbanization. In: Metropolitics, 11 May 2011. URL: ''http://www.metropolitiques.eu'']
 
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[[Category:Urbanization]]
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