Ernakulam district: Difference between revisions

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 20162024}}

| name = Ernakulam district

| other_name =

| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Kerala|District]]

| image_skyline = {{Photomontage

| map_alt =

| image_map = India Kerala Ernakulam district.svg

| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes

| map_caption = '''Location in [[Kerala]]'''

| coordinates = {{coord|10.00|N|76.33|E|region:IN-KL_type:adm3rd|display=inline,title}}

| subdivision_type = Country

| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}

| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]

| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]

| established_title = <!-- Established -->

| established_date = =1 April 01 1958

| founder =

| named_for = Rishinagakulam{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

| seat_type = Headquarters

| seat = [[Kakkanad]], Kochi

| government_type =

| leader_title = Collector

| leader_name = N.S.K. Umesh , IAS

| leader_title1 = Commissioner & IG (Kochi)

| leader_name1 = C. Nagaraju, IPS

| leader_title2 = S.P (Ernakulam Rural)

| leader_name2 = K.Karthik, IPS

| leader_title3 = DFO

| leader_name3 = A. Renjan, IFS

| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes = <ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3208_PART_B_ERNAKULAM.pdf|title=Demography -Ernakulam

| area_rank = [[List of districts of Kerala|6th]]

| area_total_km2 = 2,9243068

| elevation_footnotes =

| elevation_m =

| population_total = 3,427,659<ref name="ekmdemo_2018">{{Cite book|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report -– 2018|publisher=Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala|year=2020|location=Thiruvananthapuram|page=55|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|access-date=30 October 2020|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102023933/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

| population_rank population_as_of = 2018

| population_density_km2population_rank = 1119

| population_demonym =

| demographics_type1 population_note = Languages

| demographics1_title1 = Official

| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]]

| utc_offset1timezone1 = [[Indian Standard = +5:30Time|IST]]

| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] -->

| iso_codepostal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL-KO]], IN-KL

| registration_plate = {{bulleted_list|'''KL-07''' [[Ernakulam]]|'''KL-17''' [[Muvattupuzha]]|'''KL-39''' [[Thripunithura]]|'''KL-40''' [[Perumbavoor]]|'''KL-41''' [[Aluva]]|'''KL-42''' [[North Paravur]]|'''KL-43''' [[Mattancherry]]|'''KL-44''' [[Kothamangalam]]|'''KL-63''' [[Angamaly]]}}

| website = {{URL|https://ernakulam.nic.in}}

| footnotes =

| official_name =

| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2005)

| blank1_info_sec2 = {{increase}}0.801<ref name="unhdi-gdl">{{cite web|url=https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/hdr/human-development-reports/State_Human_Development_Reports/Kerala.html|title=Kerala &#124; UNDP in India|website=UNDP}}

| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2005)}}

'''Ernakulam''' ({{IPA-ml|erɐɳɐːguɭɐm|IPA|LL-Q36236 (mal)-Vis M-എറണാകുളം.wav}}; [[ISO]]: ''Eṟaṇākuḷaṁ'') is one of the [[List of districts of Kerala|14 districts]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Kerala]], and takes its name from the [[Ernakulam|eponymous city division]] in [[Kochi]]. It is situated in the central part of the state, spans an area of about {{convert|2924|sqkm|sqmi}}, and is home to over 9% of Kerala's population. Its headquarters are located at [[Kakkanad]]. The district includes Kochi, also known as the commercial capital of Kerala, which is famous for its ancient [[Churches of Kerala|churches]], [[Hindu temple]]s, [[List of synagogues in Kerala|synagogues]] and [[mosque]]s.

The district includes the largest metropolitan region of the state: [[Greater Cochin]]. Ernakulam district yields the highest revenue and the largest number of industries in the state.<ref name="pilgrimagebook">{{cite book | title = Pilgrimate to Temple Heritage 2019: Ernakulam district temples | access-date = 2 October 2020 | publisher = Info Kerala Communications Pvt Ltd, 2019 |year = 2019 | isbn = 9788193456781 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HL-tDwAAQBAJ&q=ernakulam+state+revenue+60%25}}</ref> Ernakulam is the thirdsecond most populous district in Kerala, after [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] (out of [[List of districts in Kerala|14 districts]]).<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book: Ernakulam |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/644/download/2224/DH_2011_3208_PART_A_DCHB_ERNAKULAM.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> The district also hosts the highest number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala state.

The most commonly spoken language in Ernakulam is [[Malayalam]]. English is widely used, mostly in business circles. Ernakulam became India's first district to have 100 percent banking or full "meaningful financial inclusion" in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ernakulam to be declared first district with 100% banking |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/ernakulam-to-be-declared-first-district-with-100-banking/article4098347.ece |access-date=27 February 2013 |newspaper=TheBusiness Hindu BusinesslineLine|location=Chennai |date=15 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201202306/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/ernakulam-to-be-declared-first-district-with-100-banking/article4098347.ece |archive-date=1 February 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Soundarapandian|first=Mookkiah|title=Literacy Campaign in India|year=2000|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|location=New Delhi|page=21|isbn=9788171415533|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVhHEC449yoC&q=ernakulam+district+first+fully+literate+district&pg=PA21}}</ref>

Ernakulam has a high [[Human Development Index]] of 0.801 (UNHDP report 2005), which is one of the highest in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/hdr/human-development-reports/State_Human_Development_Reports/Kerala.html|title=Kerala|website=UNDP in India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>

[[Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary]] is located at the centre of [[Kochi]]. It covers {{Convert|2.74|ha|acres|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Kerala Tourism Development Corporation]]|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/mangalavanam-bird-sanctuary/181/|title=Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> supports many species of [[mangroves]] and is a nesting ground for a variety of [[migratory bird]]s. The Managalavanam is called the "green lung of Kochi",<ref>{{cite web |title=Green Lung of Kochi|url=http://www.cochin.org.uk/excursions/mangalavanam.html| publisher= cochin.org| access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> considering its role in controlling the city's air pollution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary|url=http://kochiservnet.com/hangouts/hangouts_action.php/45/Mangalavanam-Bird-sanctuary/| publisher= Kochi Servnet| access-date=12 November 2015|archive-date=23 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923065856/http://kochiservnet.com/hangouts/hangouts_action.php/45/Mangalavanam-Bird-sanctuary/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Its M.G. Road is home to some of [[Kerala]]'s most prestigious enterprises. Kochi is also the headquarters of some large companies like [[Lulu Group International]], [[Federal Bank]], [[Geojit Financial Services|Geojit]], [[V-Guard Industries|V-Guard]], and [[Muthoot]].

There are three prominent universities in Ernakulam: [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]] in [[Kalady]], [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] in [[Kalamassery]], and [[Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies]] in [[Kochi]]. The district has the most educational institutions in the state; as of 2019, there are 476 fully high-tech schools in Ernakulam.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/now-ernakulam-has-476-fully-high-tech-schools/article30226214.ece|title=Now, Ernakulam has 476 fully high-tech schools|newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 December 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

In 2017, Ernakulam district administration launched the Roshni project, which aims to provide Malayalam education to migrant children. It supported 1,265 migrant workers’workers' children from lower primary to high school.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/934120/in-keralas-ernakulam-district-a-programme-is-helping-migrant-children-stay-in-school|title=In Kerala's Ernakulam district, a programme is helping migrant children stay in school|first=IndiaSpend com|last=Shreehari Paliath|website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

A criticism that has been centered around this fact is that despite municipalities like Aluva, Kalamassery, Thrikkakara, Maradu, Tripunithura and Eloor becoming assimilated into Kochi city, they still exist as individual municipalities instead of being under [[Kochi Corporation]]. Surprisingly the corporation has not amended its limits for over half a century, since 1967 to be precise. The corporation was the largest in area and population when it was formed, and all these regions were panchayaths back then. Instead of adding them to the corporation when these regions started developing due to the urban expansion of Kochi city, they were made into separate municipalities thus largely handicapping the corporation. Now the call to expand these outdated limits for a better unified administration for the entire city of Kochi is a strong public demand.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/kochi/2021/jan/12/chamber-calls-for-expansion-of-kochi-corp-2248723.html| title = Chamber calls for expansion of Kochi Corp -– The New Indian Express}}</ref>

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=6,46,235|13=1911|14=7,35,267|15=1921|16=7,89,311|17=1931|18=9,82,731|19=1941|20=11,72,292|21=1951|22=13,93,679|23=1961|24=17,02,740|25=1971|26=21,70,820|27=1981|28=25,49,255|29=1991|30=28,40,279|31=2001|32=31,05,798|33=2011|34=32,82,388|35=2018|36=34,27,659|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|websitepublisher=www.censusindia.gov.inRegistrar General and Census Commissioner of India}}</ref>|align=center}}

According to the [[Vital statistics (government records)|2018 Statistics Report]], Ernakulam has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,427,659.<ref name="ekmdemo_2018"/> The [[2011 Censuscensus of India]] reports that the district is ranked 104th most populous in India out of 640.<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district has a population density of {{convert| 1,072 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] in 2001–2011 was 5.69%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Ernakulam has a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 1027 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 95.89%. 68.07% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 8.18% and 0.50% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" />

According to the [[2011 Censuscensus of India|2011 census]], 96.70% of the population spoke Malayalam, 0.97% Konkani and 0.94% Tamil as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

According to the 2011 Census of India, Ernakulam District also houses the largest city (UA) in the state (17th largest in the country) -– [[Kochi Urban Agglomeration]]. Kochi UA spans across 843km2 with a population of 2,119,724 (2.12 million),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mohua.gov.in/cms/number-of-cities--towns-by-city-size-class.php |title=आवासन और शहरी कार्य मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार |publisher=Mohua.gov.in |date= |access-date=2022-05-07}}</ref> thereby housing approximately two thirds of the population of Ernakulam District. Government of Kerala have also marked Kochi UA as the only "first order UA" in the state, which has its influence spread across the entire state unlike the other smaller cities.

The district also houses another smaller urban agglomeration -– [[Kothamangalam]], which has an area of 81.42 km2&nbsp;km² housing over 1,14, 639 people. The towns of [[Kothamangalam]] and [[Muvattupuzha]] form a major chunk of the Kothamangalam UA.

!style="background-color: dodgerblue;" |Christians

[[HinduHindus]]s (46%) accounts for the largest community, followed by [[Christians]] (38%) ([[Latin Catholic]], [[Syro-Malabar]], [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church|Jacobites]], [[Pentecostals]] and [[Malankara Orthodox]]) and [[MuslimMuslims]]s (15.7%).<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |dateyear=2011 |title=Table C-01: Population by religious community: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11379/download/14492/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> A small population of [[Jainism in Kerala|Jains]], [[Jew]]s, and [[SikhSikhs]]s reside in Kochi.<ref>[http://www.ernakulam.nic.in/district_profile.htm Official Ernakulam District Profile] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165413/http://www.ernakulam.nic.in/district_profile.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> Ernakulam once had a vibrant Jewish population, with [[List of synagogues in Kerala|several synagogues]], known as the [[Cochin Jews|Malabar Jews]] who used to dominate the trade and commercial activities in the district. After the state of Israel was formed in 1945, the entire community made [[aliyah]] to Israel in the 1950s. Today they number 8000 in Israel but very few Jews remain in the district. After a direct flight service was established between [[Kochi]] and [[Tel Aviv]] they have retained ties with the state with annual visits and gatherings.

Ernakulam also has a significant [[Konkani people|Konkani Hindu]] population who migrated from Goa during the [[Goa Inquisition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/oct/18/exploring-kochi-through-a-goan-lens-1677623.html|title=Exploring Kochi through a Goan lens|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> There is a small [[Jain]] community in Ernakulam district, concentrated mainly in Kochi city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/jain-festival-celebrated-in-city/articleshow/54386779.cms|title=Jain festival celebrated in city &#124; Kochi News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The [[Cochin Sikhs|Sikh community]] in Ernakulam is also concentrated mainly in Kochi. There are more than 25 Sikh families in [[Kochi]] and there is one [[gurdwara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/the-sikhs-here-love-kochi/articleshow/16961391.cms|title=Sikh families: The Sikhs here love Kochi &#124; Kochi News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

*[[Kuzhippilly Beach]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuzhupillybeach.com/|title=Kuzhupilly Beach|website=www.kuzhupillybeach.com}}</ref>

*[[Abraham Barak Salem]] (Jewish Gandhi))

*[[Swami Chinmayananda]] (Indian spiritual leader and geetacharya )

*[[K. J. Yesudas]] (singer)

*[[Malayattoor Ramakrishnan|Malayattoor ramakrishnan]] (novelist)

| title= District Census Handbook -– Ernakulam (Part-A) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala

| title= District Census Handbook -– Ernakulam (Part-B) 2011 | publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala