Content deleted Content added
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0 |
|||
| (28 intermediate revisions by 17 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
{{about|the historic county|the iron sailing vessel (1879)|Cromartyshire (ship)}}
{{coord|57.6|-4.0|display=title}}
{{Infobox settlement
Line 4 ⟶ 5:
| name = Cromartyshire
| native_name = Siorrachd Chromba
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Shires of Scotland|Historic county]]
| image_skyline =
Line 74 ⟶ 75:
}}
'''Cromartyshire''' ({{
==History==
Cromartyshire was anciently part of the [[Provinces of Scotland|province]] of [[Ross, Scotland|Ross]]. Ross had been under [[Scandinavian Scotland|Norwegian]] overlordship in the 10th and 11th centuries, but was claimed by the [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scottish crown]] in 1098. It took many years for Scottish authority to become fully effective in the area. Unlike other areas absorbed into Scotland around that time, such as [[Province of Moray|Moray]], Ross was not initially divided into [[Shires of Scotland|shires]]. Instead, the area was placed under the nominal authority of the [[Sheriff of Inverness]]. By the mid-thirteenth century there were two small shires within Ross, based at [[Dingwall]] and [[Cromarty]], to enforce Scottish laws in the immediate vicinity of those two [[burgh]]s, but the rest of Ross remained under the sheriff of Inverness.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Alexander |editor1-last=Cowan |editor1-first=Edward J. |editor2-last=McDonald |editor2-first=R. Andrew |title=Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages |date=2000 |publisher=Tuckwell Press |location=East Linton |isbn=1-86232-151-5 |pages=98–110 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/albacelticscotla0000unse/page/98/mode/2up |access-date=28 August 2024 |chapter=The Province of Ross and the Kingdom of Alba}}</ref> The position of [[Sheriff of Dingwall]] did not endure, but the [[Sheriff of Cromarty]] did, and became a hereditary post held by [[Clan Urquhart]].<ref name="Mackenzie11" />
The medieval [[sheriffdom]] of Cromarty encompassed a single tract on the north of the [[Black Isle]] peninsula. The [[Historical development of Scottish sheriffdoms|sheriffdom was hereditary]] in [[Clan Urquhart]].<ref name="Mackenzie11" /> It comprised the [[List of Church of Scotland parishes|parish]] of [[Cromarty]]; most of the adjacent parish of Kirkmichael, excluding a portion at [[Balblair]] where a ferry crossed the [[Cromarty Firth]] to [[Invergordon]]; and a single farm in [[Cullicudden]] parish.<ref name="Mackenzie11" /> As late as the mid-nineteenth century, ownership of the moor of [[Mulbuie]] was uncertain between Cromartyshire and [[Ross-shire]].<ref name="Mackenzie11" /><ref>{{cite book | title=The Imperial gazetteer of Scotland |volume=Vol.I |year=1854 |pages=322–3 |first=John Marius |last=Wilson |authorlink=John Marius Wilson |url=https://archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee01wils#page/322/mode/2up |accessdate=7 July 2013}}</ref>▼
▲The medieval shire or [[sheriffdom]] of Cromarty encompassed a single tract on the north of the [[Black Isle]] peninsula.
Cromartyshire originally bordered [[Inverness-shire]], but in 1504 Ross-shire was formed out of the nearest parts of Inverness-shire,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/A1504/3/105|title=Legislation: final legislation published outwith the parliamentary register|date=11 March 1504|work=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707|publisher=University of St Andrews|accessdate=12 April 2013}}</ref> and its boundaries were fixed in 1661.<ref name="Mackenzie11">Mackenzie 1810, [https://books.google.com/books?id=KBUAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA11 pp.11–13]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1661/1/197|title=Act anent the shire of Ross|date=5 April 1661 |work=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|publisher=University of St Andrews|accessdate=30 March 2013|location=Edinburgh}}</ref> In 1662, Kirkmichael and Cullicudden parishes merged to form the parish of [[Resolis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search/?action=do_search&p_type=PARISH&p_name=resolis&id=1209&p_county=ross_and_cromarty|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121105224615/http://www.scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search/?action%3Ddo_search%26p_type%3DPARISH%26p_name%3Dresolis%26id%3D1209%26p_county%3Dross_and_cromarty|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2012|title=Resolis Parish|work=ScotlandsPlaces|accessdate=28 March 2013}}</ref>▼
▲Cromartyshire originally bordered [[Inverness-shire]], but in 1504 an act of parliament purported to create the county of [[Ross-shire]]
The [[Scottish feudal barony|feudal barony]] of Cromarty, whose [[Barony (geographic)|appurtenant land]] was coterminous with the county, was purchased from the Urquharts in 1682 by the [[Clan Mackenzie|Mackenzie]]s of [[Tarbat]].<ref name="Hayton1690">{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/constituencies/cromartyshire|title=Cromartyshire 1690–1715 |last=Hayton|first=D. W.|year=2002|work=History of Parliament Online|accessdate=29 March 2013}}</ref> They owned scattered lands in Ross-shire, including the barony of Tarbat on the [[Moray Firth]] north of the Black Isle.<ref name="Hayton1690"/> In 1685 Sir [[George Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Cromartie|George Mackenzie]], recently made [[Viscount of Tarbat]] and later elevated to [[Earl of Cromartie]], secured two Acts of the [[Parliament of Scotland]] transferring his lands in [[Easter Ross]] from Ross-shire to Cromartyshire.<ref name="Mackenzie15">Mackenzie 1810, [https://books.google.com/books?id=KBUAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA15 pp.15–16]</ref> These were enumerated as:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1685/4/66 |title=Act dissolving the barony of Tarbat from the shire of Ross|date=4 June 1685|work=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|publisher=University of St Andrews|accessdate=30 March 2013|location=Edinburgh}}</ref>▼
▲The [[Scottish feudal barony|feudal barony]] of Cromarty, whose [[Barony (geographic)|appurtenant land]] was coterminous with the county, was purchased from the Urquharts in 1682 by the [[Clan Mackenzie|Mackenzie]]s of [[Tarbat]].<ref name="Hayton1690">{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1690-1715/constituencies/cromartyshire|title=Cromartyshire 1690–1715 |last=Hayton|first=D. W.|year=2002|work=History of Parliament Online|
:the barony of Tarbat and all therein incorporated, ... also Little Farness and others his lands within the barony of Delny, together with the lands of Wester St Martins, Easter Balblair and the ferry belonging to George Dallas of St Martins
And:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1685/4/67 |title=Act in favour of Sir George MacKenzie of Rosehaugh, lord advocate|date=4 June 1685|work=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|publisher=University of St Andrews|
:his lands of Pittonachie, Beneckfield, Avoch, Castleton, Auchterflow, Hauldoks, Killen, Raddery, Balmeechy, Little Suddey and his lands about Chanonry and Rosemarkie
Although this was repealed in 1686 on the grounds that some lands not belonging to Viscount Tarbat had been included,<ref name="Mackenzie15"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1686/4/35 |title=Act rescinding a former act annexing lands in Ross-shire to Cromarty|date=14 June 1686|work=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|publisher=University of St Andrews|
*{{cite web |url=http://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1690/4/108 |title=Act in favour of [George MacKenzie], viscount of Tarbat |date=19 July 1690 |work=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland |publisher=University of St Andrews |
*{{cite web |url=http://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1690/4/119 |title=Act rescinding several acts of parliament |date=19 July 1690 |work=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland |publisher=University of St Andrews |
</ref> The transfers increased the area and [[rateable value]] of Cromartyshire by respective factors of fifteen and three.<ref name="Mackenzie15"/>
[[File:Cromartyshire 1892.jpg|thumb|400px|Detail from 1892 map of Scotland, showing Cromartyshire in purple and Ross-shire in green]]
[[Cromartyshire (Parliament of Scotland constituency)|Cromartyshire]] was the smallest constituency in the [[Parliament of Scotland]], with only five freeholders electing its two [[Commissioner (Scottish Parliament)|Commissioner]]s in 1703.<ref name="Hayton1690"/> After the [[Act of Union 1707]], [[Cromartyshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Cromartyshire sent one MP]] to Westminster alternately with [[Nairnshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Nairnshire]], a nearby small county.<ref name="Hayton1690"/>
Following the [[Jacobite rising of 1745]], the government passed the [[Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746]], returning the appointment of sheriffs to the crown in those cases where they had become hereditary positions, as had been the case for the Sheriff of Cromarty.<ref name=whetstone>{{cite journal |last1=Whetstone |first1=Ann E. |year= 1977|title=The Reform of the Scottish Sheriffdoms in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries |journal=Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=61–71 |doi=10.2307/4048219 |jstor=4048219}}</ref> The scope for a major landowner or clan chief to control the office of sheriff, which had been the major cause of Cromartyshire's exclaves being separated from Ross, was therefore greatly reduced. From 1748 the government merged the positions of Sheriff of Ross and Sheriff of Cromarty into a single position under the [[Sheriffs (Scotland) Act 1747]].<ref name="Walker2001">{{cite book|last=Walker|first=David M.|title=A legal history of Scotland|volume=6|date=2001-12-01|publisher=W. Green|isbn=9780406948540|page=356}}<!--|accessdate=29 March 2013--></ref>
The 1801 census report listed "Shire of Cromarty" and "Shire of Ross" separately, the former including only the old shire and the latter the exclaves.<ref>{{cite book |title=[1801 Census] Abstracts of the Answers and Returns Made pursuant to an Act, passed in the Forty-first Year of His Majesty King George III. Intituled, "An Act for taking an Account of the Population of Great Britain, and the Increase or Diminution thereof." Enumeration. Part II. Scotland. |series=British Parliamentary Papers |volume=1801 vi (140) 813 |date=9 June 1802 |publisher=Lake Hansard |location=Lincoln's Inn Fields, London
|pages=[http://www.histpop.org.uk/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser?path=Browse/Census%20(by%20date)/1801/Great%20Britain&active=yes&mno=2&tocstate=expandnew&tocseq=7900&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=first-nonblank 518], [http://www.histpop.org.uk/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser?path=Browse/Census%20(by%20date)/1801/Great%20Britain&active=yes&mno=2&tocstate=expandnew&tocseq=9800&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=first-nonblank 542] }}</ref> The 1811 census report listed "Ross and Cromarty" together on the ground that it was impractical to separate them.<ref>{{cite book |title=[1811 Census] Abstracts of the Answers and Returns Made pursuant to an Act, passed in the Fifty-first Year of His Majesty King George III. Intituled, "An Act for taking an Account of the Population of Great Britain, and the Increase or Diminution thereof." Enumeration Abstract. |volume=1812 xi (316) |series=British Parliamentary Papers |date=2 July 1812 |page=502 |url=http://www.histpop.org.uk/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser?path=Browse/Census%20(by%20date)/1811/Great%20Britain&active=yes&mno=5&tocstate=expandnew&tocseq=9900&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=first-nonblank |
The [[Scottish Reform Act 1832]] merged Cromartyshire's constituency with [[Ross-shire (UK Parliament constituency)|Ross-shire's]] to form [[Ross and Cromarty (UK Parliament constituency)|Ross and Cromarty]], returning one MP to Parliament.<ref name="Fisher1832"/> [[Police (Scotland) Act 1857|Police]] and ratings administration were merged similarly in the Victorian period.<ref>Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland, [http://www.electricscotland.com/history/gazetteer/vol6page615.htm Vol.6 p.615, Administration] (H.A. Webster)</ref>▼
▲The [[Scottish Reform Act 1832]] merged Cromartyshire's constituency with [[Ross-shire (UK Parliament constituency)|Ross-shire's]] to form [[Ross and Cromarty (UK Parliament constituency)|Ross and Cromarty]], returning one MP to Parliament.<ref name="Fisher1832"/> [[Police (Scotland) Act 1857|Police]] and ratings administration were merged similarly in the Victorian period.
[[File:The old court house (geograph 6600836).jpg|thumb|[[Cromarty Courthouse]]: County's courthouse, built 1773, which also served as meeting place for the Cromartyshire [[Commissioners of Supply]] and the town council for the burgh of Cromarty]]
Despite sharing a sheriff from 1748, Ross-shire and Cromartyshire remained legally separate counties. They retained separate [[Commissioners of Supply]], and from 1794 each appointed their own [[lord-lieutenant]]s, with Cromartyshire overseen by the [[Lord Lieutenant of Cromarty]]. From 1860 the commissioners of supply for the two counties were directed to work together on delivering some functions, notably relating to prisons.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Collection of the Public General Statutes |date=1860 |page=784 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGFFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA784 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="gaz1892crom">Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland, [http://www.electricscotland.com/history/gazetteer/vol2page310.htm Vol.2 p.310–1, Cromartyshire]</ref>
The [[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889]] provided that "the counties of Ross and Cromarty shall cease to be separate counties, and shall be united for all purposes whatsoever, under the name of the county of Ross and Cromarty." The new county of [[Ross and Cromarty]] came into being from the passing of the act in August 1889. The act also established elected county councils, which came into being in May 1890. The 1889 Act also triggered a review of boundaries to eliminate remaining exclaves and cases where parishes straddled county boundaries, which saw Ross and Cromarty absorb an exclave of [[Nairnshire]] and a near-exclave of Inverness-shire; the former was the barony of [[Ferintosh, Black Isle|Ferintosh]] and the latter an exclave of [[Kilmorack]] parish around [[Muir of Ord railway station]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Shennan |first=Hay |title=Boundaries of Counties and Parishes in Scotland: as settled by the Boundary Commissioners under the Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1889 |year=1892 |publisher=William Green & Sons |location=Edinburgh |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_meygAAAAMAAJ/page/n169/mode/2up |pages=132–134 |via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
==Geography==
[[File:Tarbat Ness from across the Firth - geograph.org.uk - 248519.jpg|thumb|left|Tarbat Ness from the south across the Moray Firth]]
Given the scattered nature of the county it is difficult to generalise. The original shire consisted of a portion of the [[Black Isle]] peninsula bordering on [[Cromarty Firth]], across which lay the
To the west Sources tend to number the tracts added to Cromartyshire at between eight and eleven;<ref name="gaz1892crom"/><ref name="Britannica1859">{{cite book|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WlBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA425|edition=8th|volume=XIX|year=1859|publisher=Black|page=425|chapter=Ross and Cromarty}}</ref><ref name="Bryceltd.)1862">{{cite book|last=Bryce|first=James|title=The family gazetteer and atlas of the world. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmkDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA272|
===Ordnance Survey list===
{{GeoGroup|section=Ordnance Survey list}}
The 1881 index to the [[Ordnance Survey]]'s first edition lists 22 detached parts, and the original "old shire", all of whose areas are given on the six-inch map.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Adams|first=Brian|title=The scattered county of Cromartyshire|journal=Sheetlines|issue=29|pages=31–32 [original pagination; reprint p.70] |url=https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/charlesclose/Sh28-3.pdf#page=14}}</ref> The total measured area of Cromartyshire was 217321.186 acres, or {{convert|339,.56|sqmi|sqkm}}.<ref>Sum of the areas of the 23 parcels listed in the table.</ref><ref name=OSindex>{{cite web |title=Index to the Ordnance Survey of Ross-shire and Cromartyshire (c. 1878–1883) |url=https://maps.nls.uk/view/74400925 |website=National Library of Scotland |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=7 September 2024}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
Line 135 ⟶ 142:
| [http://maps.nls.uk/os/view/?sid=74490617 94] SE and [http://maps.nls.uk/os/view/?sid=74490614 93] NW
| [[Cromarty]], [[Jemimaville]], [[Cullicudden]]
| Encloses an exclave of Ross-shire at
|-
| {{nts|1}}
Line 168 ⟶ 175:
| [http://maps.nls.uk/os/view/?sid=74490617 94]
|
| Mills near
|-
| {{nts|4}}
Line 190 ⟶ 197:
| [http://maps.nls.uk/os/view/?sid=74490617 94]
| [[Portmahomack]]
| [[Tarbat Ness Lighthouse]]. Encloses an exclave of Ross-shire at
|-
| {{nts|6}}
| {{nts|832.897}}<ref group="a">[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/mapsheet.aspx?compid=55172&sheetid=7557&ox=0&oy=0&zm=1&czm=10&x=115&y=156 Det pt. 6]</ref>
| Meikle
| Barony
| [[Easter Ross]] east; [[Moray Firth]] coast of Tarbat peninsula
Line 205 ⟶ 212:
| {{nts|7}}
| {{nts|1211.256}}{{#tag:ref|Area is written across two sheets: 1211... in one<ref group="a">[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/mapsheet.aspx?compid=55172&sheetid=7556&ox=4675&oy=2646&zm=1&czm=1&x=639&y=216 Det pt. 7: Sheet 42]</ref> and ....256 in the other.<ref group="a">[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/mapsheet.aspx?compid=55172&sheetid=7557&ox=0&oy=0&zm=1&czm=10&x=11&y=350 Det pt. 7: Sheet 43]</ref>|group=n}}
|
| Estate
| [[Easter Ross]] east; [[Moray Firth]] coast of Tarbat peninsula
Line 212 ⟶ 219:
| [http://maps.nls.uk/os/view/?sid=74490617 94]
|
| [[Hilton of Cadboll]] is across the border but [[Hilton of Cadboll Stone|Hilton of Cadboll]] Stone was in this exclave
|-
| {{nts|8}}
Line 218 ⟶ 225:
| Priesthill
|
| [[Easter Ross]] east; East of [[Kilmuir, Easter Ross|Kilmuir]] by
| [[Kilmuir, Easter Ross|Kilmuir Easter]]
| {{coord|57.74|N|4.13|W|type:adm2nd_scale:100000_region:GB-HLD|name=8: Priesthill}}
| [http://maps.nls.uk/os/view/?sid=74490617 94]
|
|
|-
Line 317 ⟶ 324:
| Ach'-n-ivie
| [[Shieling]]
| Interior; Northwest of
| Lochbroom
| {{coord|57.82|N|5.37|W|type:adm2nd_scale:100000_region:GB-HLD|name=16: Ach'-n-ivie}}
Line 340 ⟶ 347:
| Sheep-farm
| Interior; northeast from Loch an Nid to the head of [[Loch Broom]]
| [[Lochbroom, Highland|Lochbroom]]
| {{coord|57.75|N|5.13|W|type:adm2nd_scale:100000_region:GB-HLD|name=18: Nid}}
| [http://maps.nls.uk/os/view/?sid=74490611 92]
|
|
|-
Line 384 ⟶ 391:
===Other sources===
Some places not included within Cromartyshire in the Ordnance Survey map are stated by earlier sources to have been within it. The 1859 edition of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' asserts that Royston Park (now [[Caroline Park]]) outside [[Edinburgh]], the city residence of the Viscount Tarbat, was also considered part of Cromartyshire.<ref name="Britannica1859" /> Nimmo's 1807 list includes:<ref name="Mackenzie16"/>
* "the [[mortmain|mortified]] lands of the town of [[Fortrose]]",
*
* salmon-fishing rights on the [[River Conon]].
Line 394 ⟶ 401:
*[[Badenscallie]]
*[[Cromarty]]
*[[Inver, Highland|Inver]]
*[[Jemimaville]]
Line 402 ⟶ 408:
*[[Polglass]]
*[[Portmahomack]]
*[[Strathpeffer]]
*[[Ullapool]]
Line 408 ⟶ 413:
==References==
===Sources===
* {{cite book|last=Mackenzie|first=Sir George Steuart|title=General View of the Agriculture of the Counties of Ross and Cromarty: With Observations on the Means of Their Improvement|url=https://
* {{cite book|last=Groome |first=Francis H. |title=Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland |url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/gazetteer/index.htm |date=1892–1896 |edition=Revised |publisher=William McKenzie |location=London}}
Line 420 ⟶ 425:
==External links==
{{commons category|Cromartyshire}}
* {{cite web |publisher=GB Historical GIS |location=University of Portsmouth |title=History of Cromartyshire, in Highland and Scotland |work=A Vision of Britain through Time |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/place/21290 |
* [http://wikishire.co.uk/map/#cromartyshire Cromartyshire on the interactive map of the counties of Great Britain and Ireland] —
* [https://maps.nls.uk/view/74400925 Index to the Ordnance Survey of Ross-shire and Cromartyshire ca. 1878-1883] indicates all detached parts of Cromartyshire
{{Scotland counties}}
| |||