Wikipedia

Gyzylarbat: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Removed sitelinks migrated to Wikidata
Tag: Removal of all interwiki links; Wikidata is live
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(67 intermediate revisions by 36 users not shown)
Line 1:
{{Short description|City in Balkan Province, Turkmenistan}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = SerdarGyzylarbat
|other_name = Kyzyl-Arvat {{small|(1881-1992)}} Кызыл-Арват {{in lang|ru}}<br /> Gyzylarbat {{small|(1992-1999)}}<br /> Serdar {{small|1999-2022}}
|native_name =
|native_name=
|image_skyline =
|image_skyline= Ahal Velayat Hippodrome - Flickr - Kerri-Jo (109).jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =
|image_map =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Turkmenistan
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize = 300
|pushpin_map_caption = =Location in Turkmenistan
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|coordinates_region = TM
|subdivision_typesubdivision_type1 = [[CountriesProvinces of the worldTurkmenistan|CountryProvince]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Turkmenistan|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Balkan Province]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Turkmenistan|District]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Balkan Province]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Gyzylarbat District]]
|subdivision_type2 =
|established_title=
|subdivision_name2 =
|established_date = 18th century
|established_title =
|government_type=
|established_date =
|leader_title=
|government_type =
|leader_name=
|leader_title =
|area_magnitude=
|leader_name =
|area_total_km2=
|area_magnitude =
|area_land_km2=
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_urban_km2=
|area_total_km2 =
|area_metro_km2=
|area_land_sq_mi =
|population_as_of = 2020
|area_land_km2 =
|population_footnotes= <ref name=allpop>[https://all-populations.com/ru/tm/population-of-serdar.html Population of Serdar], all-populations.com {{in lang|ru}}, retrieved 12 February 2022.</ref>
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|population_total = 89582
|area_urban_km2 =
|population_urban=
|area_metro_km2 =
|population_metro=
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|population_density_km2=
|population_as_of=1989 census
|timezone=
|population_footnotes = <ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng89_reg2.php Population census 1989], ''Demoscope Weekly'', No. 359-360, 1-18 January 2009 (search for Туркменская ССР) {{ru icon}}</ref>
|utc_offset=
|population_total = 33,388
|timezone_DST=
|population_urban =
|utc_offset_DST=
|population_metro =
|coordinates = {{coord|38|59|N|56|17|E|region:TM|display=inline}}
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_density_km2 =
|timezone =
|utc_offset =
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|latd=38|latm=59|lats=|latNS=N
|longd=56|longm=17|longs=|longEW=E
|elevation_footnotes=
|elevation_m =
|postal_code_type=
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code=
|postal_code_type =
|area_code = +993 246
|postal_code =
|website=
|area_code =
|footnotes=
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
 
'''SerdarGyzylarbat''' (formerly '''Serdar''' and '''Kyzyl-Arvat''' or '''Gyzylarbat''')<ref>[http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=481 Kyzyl-Arvat as the former name]</ref> and '''Farāva'''<ref name=EI>{{cite encyclopedia |title= Farāva |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Iranica |url= https://iranicaonline.org/articles/farava |access-date= 1 May 2021}}</ref>) is a locationcity subordinate to a district in [[Turkmenistan]], located north-west of the capital, [[AshkhabadAshgabat]] on the roadM37 highway to the [[Caspian Sea]]. The population of SerdarGyzylarbat is 50,000 people, mainly [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]]. The main language spoken in the region is [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]. It is near the northwest end of the line of oases on the north slope of the [[Kopet Dag]] that extends southeast to Ashgabat.<ref>[https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Turkmenistan_Geoname_Changes#Cities_with_District_Status Turkmenistan Geoname Changes/List of Current Names of Municipalities and Their Former Names/Cities with District Status]</ref><ref name=decree20221110>{{cite news|url=https://turkmenistan.gov.tm/ru/post/67749/postanovlenie-medzhlisa-milli-gengesha-turkmenistana-8 |title=Постановление Меджлиса Милли Генгеша Туркменистана |date=10 November 2022 |language=ru |publisher=Электронная газета «Золотой век»}}</ref>
 
==Name==
===Soviet Union-era and previous===
The 8th-9th-century fortification in this place was called '''Kyzyl-Rabat''', "red fortress". In the 16th-17th centuries this name was corrupted in the vernacular to '''Kyzyl-Arbat'''. In 1925, during Soviet rule, a district called '''Kizyl-Arvat'''<ref name=museum>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Card_in_History_Museum_of_Serdar_Turkmenistan_on_origin_of_city%27s_original_name.jpg Explanation card from the Museum of History in Gyzylarbat, Turkmenistan]</ref> ({{langx|ru|Кызыл-Арбат}}) was established.
 
===After independence===
On 29 December 1999 the town was renamed from Kizyl-Arvat to Serdar.<ref name=museum /> The word ''serdar'' is a loan word from Persian meaning "leader" and is a reference to the first [[President of Turkmenistan]], [[Saparmurat Niyazov]]. The town also shared a name with the third [[President of Turkmenistan]], [[Serdar Berdimuhamedow]], but had no relation. By decree of the Turkmen parliament on 9 November 2022, the old name was restored in the form ''Gyzylarbat''.<ref name=decree20221110/> The same decree downgraded Gyzylarbat from a city with district status to a city subordinate to a district, and renamed the district to Gyzylarbat, as well.<ref name=decree20221110 />
 
==Location==
The city is located on the edge of the [[Karakum Desert]] at the foot of the [[Kopet-Dag]] ridge.<ref name=EI/>
 
==History==
===Persian city of Farava===
In ancient times, the region was inhabited by the [[Dahae]],{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian people]]. Gyzylarbat is at the site of the old Persian city of [[Farava|Farāva]] (Parau;<ref name=EI/> فراوه in [[Persian language|Persian]]). Before the immigration of the Turkmens to these regions, Farava's population was Persian.<ref name=Bulliet>Bulliet, Richard W. 2011. Cotton, climate, and camels in early Islamic Iran. New York: Columbia University Press. p.98</ref>
 
===Turkic settlement===
Serdar is close to the old Persian city of [[Farava]]. The region was inhabited by the Iranian [[Dahae]] people.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}
When the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]], under the command of [[Seljuk Empire#Tughril and Chaghri|Tughril and Chaghri]], lost a battle against Sultan [[Mahmud of Ghazna]] (r. 998–1030), they submitted to the sultan, requesting him to allow them to cross the waters of the [[Oxus]] and settle somewhere between [[Nisa, Turkmenistan|Nisa]] and [[Abivard]]. Sultan Mahmud acceded to their request and allotted them the grazing grounds in the steppe near [[Sarahs]], Abivard and Farava.<ref name=Bulliet/>
 
===Russian and Soviet periods===
The modern city was established in 1881 with a station on the [[Trans-Caspian Railway]].<ref>''Columbia-Lippincott Gazeteer'', p. 958</ref>
During the Russian conquest several exploratory expeditions reached here, but the main battle was at [[Geok Tepe]] (see [[Battle of Geok Tepe (1879)]] and [[Battle of Geok Tepe]] (1881)). The modern city was established in 1881 with a station on the [[Trans-Caspian Railway]].<ref>''Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer'', p. 958</ref>
 
In July 1918, following his declaration of [[martial law]] in [[Ashgabat]], Commissar V. Frolov, head of the [[Tashkent]] [[Cheka]], came to Kyzyl-Arvat to impose the authority of the [[Tashkent Soviet]]. However the [[railway]] workers had heard of his execution of [[Strike action|strike]] leaders in Ashgabat and organised an armed response. He was shot with some of his followers and the rest were disarmed. This action opened the way to the formation of the [[Transcaspian Government]].<ref>''The British Intervention in Transcaspia, 1918-19191918–1919'' by C. H. Ellis, University of California Press, 1963 p26p. 26</ref>
 
On 25 June 1957, the Soviet [[58th Motor Rifle Division]] was established in Kyzyl-Arvat, from the 58th Rifle Division which had arrived years earlier.<ref name=Rifle>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/army/msd/58msd.htm|title=58th Motorised Rifle Division|last=Michael Holm|website=www.ww2.dk|access-date=2016-03-18}}</ref>
==Climate==
 
===After independence (1991)===
Serdar has a cool [[desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWk''), with cool winters and very hot summers. Rainfall is generally light and erratic, and occurs mainly in the winter and autumn months.
During the rule of President [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov]] (2007–2022), the city expanded to the north-west: a house of culture, a carpet factory, a secondary school, a kindergarten, an art school, a shopping center, a sports complex with a stadium, a swimming pool and playgrounds for various sports were erected. In addition, the infrastructure of the city was updated. In particular, a new railway and bus station, a flyover bridge, a collector for absorbing mudflows, sewage treatment plants, and a number of other engineering facilities were built here.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
 
Private construction of the northern outskirts of the city is planned. Urban road infrastructure has been upgraded in recent years.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
 
==Population==
{{Historical populations
|percentages=pagr
|align=left
|source=<ref name=bse>{{GSEn|061018|Кизил-Арват}}</ref><ref>[http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng89_reg2.php 1989 census USSR], listed as "г. Кизыл-Арват"</ref><ref name=city>[https://www.citypopulation.de/Turkmenistan.html Turkmenistan], citypopulation.de</ref><ref name="allpop"/>
|1970|22000
|1989|33388
|1999|51000
|2020|89582
}}
 
==Transportation==
The rail station is on the [[Trans-Caspian railway]]. Construction began in 1879 of a narrow-gauge railway to Gyzylarbat in connection with the Russian conquest of Transcaspia under General [[Mikhail Skobelev]].{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
 
Road transport includes two bus routes.<ref>[https://turkmenportal.com/blog/28799/v-gorode-serdar-zapushchen-novyi-avtobusnyi-marshrut В городе Сердар запущен новый автобусный маршрут]</ref> Small [[Pavlovo Bus Factory|PAZ]] buses serve the local population.
 
==Climate==
Gyzylarbat has a cool [[desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWk''), with cool winters and very hot summers. Rainfall is generally light and erratic, and occurs mainly in the winter and autumn months.
 
<div style="width:75%;">
{{Weather box
|width=auto
|location=Serdar
|location=Gyzylarbat (1991–2020, extremes 1883–present)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C = 26.4
|Feb record high C = 28.16
|Mar record high C = 36.6
|Apr record high C = 3940.74
|May record high C = 45.7
|Jun record high C = 46.8
|Jul record high C = 47.3
|Aug record high C = 4647.2
|Sep record high C = 44.6
|Oct record high C = 3839.53
|Nov record high C = 3134.94
|Dec record high C = 29.0
|Jan high C = 57.63
|Feb high C = 89.56
|Mar high C = 1416.72
|Apr high C = 23.05
|May high C = 30.37
|Jun high C = 3536.63
|Jul high C = 38.27
|Aug high C = 3637.97
|Sep high C = 31.59
|Oct high C = 2223.96
|Nov high C = 14.01
|Dec high C = 78.41
|Jan mean C = 02.68
|Feb mean C = 34.16
|Mar mean C = 810.74
|Apr mean C = 1617.31
|May mean C = 2324.41
|Jun mean C = 2829.6
|Jul mean C = 3132.30
|Aug mean C = 2930.7
|Sep mean C = 2324.87
|Oct mean C = 1516.78
|Nov mean C = 8.29
|Dec mean C = 34.0
|Jan low C = -30.18
|Feb low C = -10.25
|Mar low C = 35.75
|Apr low C = 1011.35
|May low C = 1617.69
|Jun low C = 2123.40
|Jul low C = 2425.47
|Aug low C = 2223.59
|Sep low C = 1618.70
|Oct low C = 910.58
|Nov low C = 3.4.5
|Dec low C = -0.76
|Jan record low C = -26.0
|Feb record low C = -26.3
|Mar record low C = -2118.59
|Apr record low C = -2.7
|May record low C = 2.6
Line 136 ⟶ 165:
|Nov record low C = -15.3
|Dec record low C = -22.1
|Jan precipitation mmcolour = 23.0green
|FebJan precipitation mm = 24.322
|MarFeb precipitation mm = 29.828
|AprMar precipitation mm = 24.533
|MayApr precipitation mm = 22.028
|JunMay precipitation mm = 10.818
|JulJun precipitation mm = 7.75
|AugJul precipitation mm = 4.85
|SepAug precipitation mm = 5.28
|OctSep precipitation mm = 14.93
|NovOct precipitation mm = 19.213
|DecNov precipitation mm = 23.922
|Dec precipitation mm = 21
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 8.9
Line 185 ⟶ 215:
|Nov sun = 174.1
|Dec sun = 110.3
|Jand sun = 3.8
|source 1 = climatebase.ru<ref name="climatebase">{{cite web|title=Gyzylarbat, Turkmenistan|url=ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/TX/38763.TXT|publisher=Climatebase.ru|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref>
|Febd sun = 4.9
|source 2 = NOAA (1961-1990)<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web|title=Climate Normals for Gyzylarbat|url=ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/TX/38687.TXT|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref>
|Mard sun = 5.8
|date=February 2013
|Aprd sun = 7.5
}}
|Mayd sun = 9.5
</div>
|Jund sun = 11.5
 
|Juld sun = 11.4
{{Coord|38|59|N|56|17|E|region:TM_type:city|display=title}}
|Augd sun = 11.1
|Sepd sun = 9.9
|Octd sun = 7.6
|Novd sun = 5.8
|Decd sun = 3.6
|yeard sun = 7.7
|source 1 =Pogoda.ru.net,<ref name=pogoda>
{{cite web|url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate.php?id=38763|script-title=ru:КЛИМАТ УЛАН-БАТОРА|publisher=Pogoda.ru.net|language=ru|access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> climatebase.ru (precipitation days-humidity)<ref name=climatebase>{{cite web|title=Gyzylarbat, Turkmenistan|url=ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/TX/38763.TXT|publisher=Climatebase.ru|accessdate=9 February 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010064342/http://ftp%23fifa.ns1.ensim.hu/|archivedate=10 October 2007}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (sun 1961–1990),<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web|title=Climate Normals for Gyzylarbat|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/TX/38687.TXT|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|accessdate=9 February 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010064342/http://ftp%23fifa.ns1.ensim.hu/|archivedate=10 October 2007 |date=February 2013}}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (daily sun 1961-1990)<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_442590_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Gyzylarbat / Turkmenistan
| publisher = Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure
| access-date = September 17, 2016}}
</ref>}}
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Cities of Turkmenistan}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Serdar (City)}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Populated places in Turkmenistan]]
{{Coord|38|59|N|56|17|E|region:TM_type:city|display=title}}
[[Category:Balkan Province]]
 
[[Category:Populated places in Balkan Region]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1881]]
[[Category:1881 establishments in Asia]]
 
{{Cities of Turkmenistan}}
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyzylarbat"