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{{short description|Leader of the Soviet Union from 1982 to 1984}}
{{redirect|Andropov|the city|Rybinsk}}
{{Family name hatnote|Vladimirovich|Andropov|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yuri Andropov
| native_name = {{nobold|Юрий Андропов}}
| native_name_lang = ru
| image =
| image_size = 225px
| caption = Andropov in 1980
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| successor4 = [[Vitaly Fedorchuk]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|06|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Stanitsa [[Nagutskaya]],
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|02|09|1914|06|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = Moscow
| death_cause = [[Kidney failure]]
| resting_place = [[Kremlin Wall Necropolis]], Moscow
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*Nina Ivanovna ({{abbr|div.|divorced}} 1941)
*[[Tatyana Andropova|Tatyana Filippovna]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} 1941)}}
| children = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|4}}||Evgenia Andropova|Igor Andropov|Irina Andropova|Vladimir Andropov}}
| profession =
| residence = [[Kutuzovsky Prospekt]]
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}}
'''Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov'''
Earlier in his career, Andropov served as the Soviet ambassador to Hungary from 1954 to 1957. During this period, he took part in the suppression of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|1956 Hungarian Uprising]]. Later under the leadership of [[Leonid Brezhnev]], he was appointed chairman of the KGB on 10 May 1967. After Brezhnev suffered a stroke in 1975 that significantly impaired his ability to govern, Andropov began to increasingly dictate Soviet policymaking alongside Foreign Minister [[Andrei Gromyko]], Defense Minister [[Andrei Grechko]] and Grechko's successor, Marshal [[Dmitry Ustinov]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}
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{{Main|Hungarian Revolution of 1956}}
[[File:Андропов Юрий Владимирович, партийный билет 1955.png|thumb|right|Communist party Membership card issued to Yuri Andropov in 1955.]]
In July 1954, Andropov was appointed Ambassador to Hungary. He held this position during the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|1956 Hungarian Revolution]]. Andropov played a key role in crushing the uprising. He convinced Soviet First Secretary [[Nikita Khrushchev]] that military intervention was necessary.<ref name="Andrew" /> Andropov is known as "The Butcher of Budapest" for his ruthless suppression of the uprising.<ref>{{cite journal |date=27 June 2004 |title=He may be an economic liberal, but Putin is an Andropov at heart |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/he-may-be-an-economic-liberal-but-putin-is-an-andropov-at-heart-1-1395380 |journal=[[The Scotsman]]|
After these events, Andropov suffered from a "Hungarian complex", according to historian [[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]]: "He had watched in horror from the windows of his embassy as officers of the hated Hungarian security service [the ''[[Államvédelmi Hatóság]]'' (AVH)] were strung up from lampposts. Andropov remained haunted for the rest of his life by the speed with which an apparently all-powerful Communist [[one-party state]] had begun to topple. When other Communist regimes later seemed at risk – [[Prague Spring|in Prague in 1968]], [[Soviet–Afghan War|in Kabul in 1979]], [[Martial law in Poland|in Warsaw in 1981]], he was convinced that, as in [[Budapest]] in 1956, only armed force could ensure their survival".<ref name="Andrew">[[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]] and [[Vasili Mitrokhin]], ''The [[Mitrokhin Archive]]: The KGB in Europe and the West'', Gardners Books (2000), {{ISBN|0-14-028487-7}}.</ref>
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===Suppression of dissidents===
{{See also|Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union}} Throughout his career, Andropov aimed to achieve "the destruction of dissent in all its forms" and insisted that "the struggle for human rights was a part of a wide-ranging imperialist plot to undermine the foundation of the Soviet state".<ref name="Andrew"/> To this end, he launched a campaign to eliminate all opposition in the USSR through a mixture of mass arrests, [[involuntary commitment]]s to psychiatric hospitals, and pressure on rights activists to emigrate. These measures were meticulously documented throughout his time as KGB chairman by the underground [[Chronicle of Current Events]], a [[samizdat]] publication that was itself finally forced out of existence after its 30 June 1982 issue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Chronicle of Current Events |url=https://chronicleofcurrentevents.net/ |
On 3 July 1967, Andropov proposed to establish the KGB's Fifth Directorate to deal with the political opposition<ref name="Nuti">{{cite book|last=Nuti|first=Leopoldo|title=The Crisis of Détente in Europe: From Helsinki to Gorbachev, 1975–1985|year=2009|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-0-415-46051-4|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3k9ednYVbwC}}</ref>{{rp|29}} (ideological [[Counterintelligence|coun{{shy}}ter{{shy}}in{{shy}}tel{{shy}}li{{shy}}gence]]).<ref name="Albats">{{cite book|last=Albats|first=Yevgenia|title=KGB: state within a state|year=1995|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-85043-995-0|page=177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeYEhcHWjEUC}}</ref>{{rp|177}} At the end of July, the directorate was established and entered in its files cases of all Soviet dissidents, including [[Andrei Sakharov]] and [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]].<ref name="Nuti"/> In 1968, as KGB chairman, Andropov issued the order "On the tasks of State security agencies in combating the ideological sabotage by the adversary", calling for struggle against dissidents and their imperialist masters.<ref name="Andrew"/>
[[File:RIAN archive 101740 Yury Andropov, Chairman of KGB.jpg|thumb|left|Andropov in 1974 as [[List of chairmen of the KGB|KGB Chairman]]]]
After the [[Attempted assassination of Leonid Brezhnev|assassination attempt against Brezhnev]] in January 1969, Andropov led the interrogation of the captured gunman, [[Viktor Ilyin|Viktor Ivanovich Ilyin]].<ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2009 |title=Eurasian Secret Services Daily Review |url=http://www.axisglobe.com/article.asp?article=1742 |
The repression of dissidents<ref name=letter>Letter by Andropov to the Central Committee (10 July 1970), [http://www.yale.edu/annals/sakharov/sakharov_english_txt/e014.txt English translation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311040614/http://www.yale.edu/annals/sakharov/sakharov_english_txt/e014.txt |date=11 March 2007 }}.</ref><ref name="Bruno">{{Cite web|url=http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/pdfs/dis80/lett83-1.pdf|title=Order to leave the message by Kreisky without answer; facsimile, in Russian. (Указание оставить без ответа ходатайство канцлера Бруно Крейского (Bruno Kreisky) об освобождении Орлова (29 июля 1983)|access-date=6 May 2007|archive-date=14 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614130337/http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/pdfs/dis80/lett83-1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> was a big part of Andropov's agenda and targeted such prominent figures as [[Andrei Sakharov]] and [[Roy Medvedev]]. Some believe that Andropov was behind the deaths of [[Fyodor Kulakov]] and [[Pyotr Masherov]], the two youngest members of the Soviet leadership.<ref>{{cite book|author =Seliktar, Ofira|title=Politics, Paradigms, and Intelligence Failures: Why So Few Predicted the Collapse of the Soviet Union|publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYApu5aBVboC|page=95|isbn=978-0-7656-1464-3}}</ref> A declassified document revealed that as KGB director, Andropov gave the order to prevent unauthorized gatherings mourning [[Murder of John Lennon|John Lennon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/113935|title=Memorandum from the KGB Regarding the Planning of a Demonstration in Memory of John Lennon |publisher=Wilson Center Digital Archive|date=20 December 1980|access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref>
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From 1980 to 1982, while still chair of the KGB, Andropov opposed plans to occupy [[Poland]] after the emergence of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity movement]] and promoted reform-minded party cadres, including [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].<ref name="Century Communism 2010"/> Andropov was the longest-serving KGB chairman and did not resign as head of the [[KGB]] until May 1982, when he was again promoted to the Secretariat to succeed [[Mikhail Suslov]] as secretary responsible for ideological affairs.
==Leader of the Soviet Union (1982-1984)==
{{Further|History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)}}
[[File:1982 Ceausescu la Moscova la 60 de ani de la formarea URSS.JPG|thumb|right|Andropov (seated second from right in the front row) presides over the USSR's 60th Anniversary shortly after succeeding Brezhnev as its [[List of leaders of the Soviet Union|leader]].]]
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[[File:Černěnko.jpg|thumb|upright|Konstantin Chernenko, Yuri Andropov's successor as [[List of leaders of the Soviet Union|leader of The Soviet Union]].]]
A four-day period of mourning across the USSR was announced. [[Syria]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/11/world/syria-orders-7-days-of-mourning.html | title=Syria Orders 7 Days of Mourning | newspaper=The New York Times | date=11 February 1984 }}</ref> declared seven days of mourning; [[Cuba]] declared four days of mourning;<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/02/11/andropov-death-of-a-soviet-leader/fba54f56-0733-48f1-87fd-e9e921c5f637/ |title=ANDROPOV: DEATH OF A SOVIET LEADER |date=11 February 1984 |author1=Michael Dobbs |author2=Washington Post Foreign Service |author3=Also contributing to this story were correspondents Peter Osnos in London |author4=William Drozdiak in Bonn |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |place=Washington, D.C. |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=1330888409}}</ref> [[India]] declared three days of mourning;<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/> [[People’s Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]],<ref>Указ № 428 от 10 февруари 1984 г. Обн. ДВ. бр. 13 от 14 февруари 1984 г.</ref> [[North Korea]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT6kLwt349MC&q=north+korea+declared+nine+day+of+mourning+for+mao&pg=PA60 | title=North Korean Foreign Policy: Security Dilemma and Succession | isbn=9780739148648 | last1=Kim | first1=Yongho | date=16 December 2010 | publisher=Lexington Books }}</ref> and [[Zimbabwe]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT7cAAAAMAAJ&q=declared+three+day+of+mourning+andropov+death34&pg=RA2-PA | title=Strategic Review | year=1984 }}</ref> declared two days of mourning; [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://chrudimsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/polsko_tragedie_mse_hradec_20100413-36ab.html | title=Polská tragédie: Hradec vyvěsí vlajky na půl žerdi | newspaper=Chrudimský Deník | date=14 April 2010 | last1=Šprinc | first1=Radek }}</ref> and [[Costa Rica]]<ref name="MourningCR">{{cite web|title=Decretos Ejecutivos sobre Duelo Nacional|website=cijulenlinea.ucr.ac.cr|url=https://cijulenlinea.ucr.ac.cr/portal/descargar.php?q=MjgxMA==}}</ref> declared one day of mourning. Andropov had a [[state funeral]] in [[Red Square]], in a service attended by numerous foreign leaders, such as U.S. Vice President [[George H. W. Bush]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mrs. Thatcher will attend Andropov funeral|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/02/11/Mrs-Thatcher-will-attend-Andropov-funeral/2611445323600/|access-date=30 May 2021|website=UPI|language=en}}</ref> British Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Press Conference after Andropov's funeral {{!}} Margaret Thatcher Foundation|url=https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105620|access-date=30 May 2021|website=www.margaretthatcher.org}}</ref> West German Chancellor [[Helmut Kohl]], Italian President [[Sandro Pertini]], East German First Secretary [[Erich Honecker]], Polish First Secretary [[Wojciech Jaruzelski]], Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], Cuban President [[Fidel Castro]], and Irish President [[Patrick Hillery]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The funeral of President Yuri Andropov gave Western leaders...|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/02/14/The-funeral-of-President-Yuri-Andropov-gave-Western-leaders/8160445582800/|access-date=30 May 2021|website=UPI|language=en}}</ref> Eulogists were Chernenko, Ustinov, Gromyko, [[Georgi Markov (writer)|Georgi Markov]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Похороны Юрия Владимировича Андропова|url=http://smena-online.ru/stories/pokhorony-yuriya-vladimirovicha-andropova|access-date=30 May 2021|website=Журнал «Смена»}}</ref> (head of the [[Union of Soviet Writers]]), and Ivan Senkin (First Secretary of the [[Karelian Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Karelian Regional Committee]] of the CPSU).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Burns|first=John F.|date=15 February 1984|title=ANDROPOV BURIED AMID SOMBER MARTIAL GRANDEUR|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/15/world/andropov-buried-amid-somber-martial-grandeur.html|access-date=30 May 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Andropov was buried in the [[Kremlin Wall Necropolis]], in one of the 12 tombs between the [[Lenin Mausoleum]] and the [[Kremlin wall]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=USSR: New Soviet Leader Konstantine Chernenko Pledges To Continue Reforms Started By His Predecessor Yuri Andropov |url=https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/2884 |access-date=
Andropov was succeeded by [[Konstantin Chernenko]], who seemed to mirror Andropov's tenure. Chernenko had already been afflicted with severe health problems when he ascended to the USSR's top spot, and served even less time in office (13 months). Like Andropov, Chernenko spent much of his time hospitalized, and also died in office, in March 1985. Chernenko was succeeded by [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], who implemented [[perestroika]] and [[glasnost]] policies to reform the Soviet Union politically and economically. On 26 December 1991, [[Post-Soviet states|the USSR was dissolved]].
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==Personal life==
[[File:Andropov House.jpg|thumb|Andropov's House]]
Andropov lived at 26 [[Kutuzovsky Prospekt]], the same building in which Suslov and Brezhnev lived.<ref>{{cite book|title=The House of Government: A Saga of the Russian Revolution|last=Slezkine|first=Yuri|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2017|page=926|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_KnDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA926|isbn=978-06911-927-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/history/329294-russian-leader-homes-peter-great-gorbachev|title=Peter I's cottage to Gorbachev's lavish dacha: Russian leaders' residences in pictures|author=Tommy O'callaghan|date=10 October 2018
Tatyana and Andropov had two children, Igor and Irina.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Annual Obituary |date=1985 |publisher=St. Martin's |isbn=978-0-912289-53-3 |page=74 |language=en}}</ref> Igor joined the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs and served as ambassador to Greece.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.passport-collector.com/ussr-diplomatic-passport-igor-y-andropov/|title=USSR Diplomatic Passport – Igor Y. Andropov|first=Tom|last=Topol|date=2 May 2022}}</ref>
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According to his former subordinate [[Securitate]] general [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]]:
<blockquote>In the West, if Andropov is remembered at all, it is for his brutal suppression of political dissidence at home and for his role in planning the [[Prague Spring|1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia]]. By contrast, the leaders of the former [[Warsaw Pact]] intelligence community, when I was one of them, looked up to Andropov as the man who substituted the KGB for the Communist party in governing the Soviet Union, and who was the godfather of Russia's new era of deception operations aimed at improving the badly damaged image of Soviet rulers in the West.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040922034710/http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/pacepa200409200814.asp No Peter the Great. Vladimir Putin is in the Andropov mold], by [[Ion Mihai Pacepa]], ''[[National Review]]'', 20 September 2004.</ref></blockquote>
Despite Andropov's hard-line stance in [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungary]] and the numerous banishments and intrigues for which he was responsible as head of the KGB, many commentators regard him as a reformer, especially in comparison with the [[Era of Stagnation|stagnation]] and corruption of Brezhnev's later years. A "throwback to a tradition of Leninist asceticism",<ref name = "D"/> Andropov was appalled by the corruption of Brezhnev's regime, and ordered investigations and arrests of the most flagrant abusers. The investigations were so frightening that several members of Brezhnev's circle "shot, gassed or otherwise did away with themselves."<ref name="D"/> He was generally regarded as inclined to more gradual and constructive reform than was Gorbachev; most of the speculation centers on whether Andropov would have reformed the USSR in a manner that did not result in its [[dissolution of the Soviet Union|eventual dissolution]].
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==Attitudes toward Andropov==
[[File:Артимарка Юрий Андропов 2014.jpg|thumb|2014 Postage stamp commemorating the 100th Anniversary of his Birth]]
In a message read at the opening of a new exhibition dedicated to Andropov, [[Vladimir Putin]] called him "a man of talent with great abilities."<ref>{{cite news |author
According to [[Natalya Gorbanevskaya]], after Andropov came to power the dissident movement went into decline, not on its own but because it was strangled.<ref name=Kashin>{{cite journal|author =Кашин, Олег|title=Хроника утекших событий. Наталья Горбаневская: немонотонная речь|journal=Русская жизнь|date=22 May 2008|url=http://rulife.ru/mode/article/725/|trans-title=A Chronicle of Past Events. Natalya Gorbanevskaya: non-monotonous speech|language=ru}}</ref> In the late 1970s and early 1980s, repression was most severe; many people were arrested a second time and sentenced to longer terms. The camp regime was not strict but specific, and when Andropov became [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]], he introduced an Article under which violations of camp regime resulted in a punishment cell and an additional term up to three years. For two or three remarks a person could be sent to another camp with non-political criminals.<ref name=Kashin/> In those years, there were many deaths in camps from disease and lack of medical care.<ref name=Kashin/>
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* {{cite book|title=Ленинизм – неисчерпаемый источник революционной энергии и творчества масс. Избранные речи и статьи|trans-title=Leninism is an inexhaustible source of revolutionary energy and creativity of masses. Selected speeches and articles|date=1984|publisher=Издательство политической литературы|location=Moscow|language=ru}}
* {{cite journal|title=The birth of ''samizdat''|journal=[[Index on Censorship]]|date=1995|volume=24|issue=3|pages=62–63|doi=10.1080/03064229508535948|last1=Andropov|first1=Y.V.|s2cid=146988437|doi-access=free}}
* Supreme Soviet -
* Speech against the use of atomic Bombs - {{Circa|December 1982}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atomic explosion and blast, Andropov's speech against atomic bombs,... |url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/atomic-explosion-and-blast-andropovs-speech-against-news-footage/120900850 |access-date=2 September 2023
== Notes ==
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