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{{
|name = ASDEX Upgrade
|fullname = Axially Symmetric Divertor Experiment Upgrade
|type = [[Tokamak]]▼
|image =
|
▲|type = [[Tokamak]]
|city = [[Garching bei München|Garching]]
|field = 3.1 [[Tesla (unit)|T]] (toroidal)▼
|state =
|country = [[Germany]]
|affiliation = [[Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics]]
|major_radius = {{cvt|1.65|m}}
|minor_radius = {{cvt|0.5| - |0.8|m}}
|volume = {{val|13|ul=m3}}
|heating = {{val|27|ul=MW}}
|power = <!-- {{val|00|ul=MW}} -->
|time = {{val|10|ul=s}} (pulse)
|current = {{val|2|ul=MA}}
|temperature = <!-- {{val|00|e=6|ul=K}} -->
|construction_date =
|operation_start_year = 1991
|operation_end_year =
|ongoing = yes
|prev = ASDEX
|next =
|related =
|website = <!-- {{url|insert here}} -->
|other_links =
}}
[[File:ASDEX Upgrade model.jpg|thumb|right|ASDEX Upgrade model]]
[[File:Oliver Mark - Alexander Bradshaw, Garching 2006.jpg|thumb|Physicist [[Alexander Bradshaw]] photographed by [[Oliver Mark]] in the ASDEX Upgrade, Garching 2006]]
'''ASDEX Upgrade''' ('''''A'''xially '''S'''ymmetric '''D'''ivertor '''
== Overview ==
To make experiments under reactor-like conditions possible, essential [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] properties, particularly the plasma density and pressure and the wall load, have been adapted in ASDEX Upgrade to the conditions that will be present in a future fusion power plant.
ASDEX Upgrade is, compared to other international tokamaks, a midsize tokamak experiment. It began operation in 1991 and it succeeds the '''ASDEX''' experiment, which was in operation from 1980 until 1990.
One innovative feature of the ASDEX Upgrade experiment is its all-[[tungsten]] first wall; tungsten is a good choice for the [[first wall]] of a tokamak because of its very high [[melting point]] (over 3000 degrees Celsius) which enables it to stand up to the very high heat fluxes emanating from the hot plasma at the heart of the tokamak; however there are also problems associated with a tungsten first wall, such as tungsten's tendency to [[ionise]] at high temperatures, "polluting" the plasma and diluting the [[deuterium]]-[[tritium]] fuel mix. Furthermore, as a high [[atomic number|''Z'']] material, radiation from fully ionized tungsten in the plasma is several orders of magnitude higher than that of other proposed first wall components such as [[carbon fibre composites]] (CFCs) or [[beryllium]]. This result allows for far less tungsten to "contaminate" a proposed break-even plasma. ASDEX Upgrade will examine ways to overcome this problem, in preparation for the construction of [[ITER]]'s first wall.
The experiment has an overall radius of 5 metres, a gross weight of 800 [[metric ton]]s, a maximum magnetic field strength of 3.1 [[tesla (unit)|tesla]], a maximum plasma current of 1.6 [[ampere|megaampere]] and maximum heating power of up to 27 [[watt|megawatt]]. Plasma heating and current drive in the ASDEX Upgrade is derived from several sources, namely 1 MW of [[ohmic heating]], 20 MW of [[neutral beam injection]], 6 MW via [[ion cyclotron resonance]] heating (ICRH) at frequencies between 30 and 120 [[hertz|megahertz]], and 2 x 2 MW of [[electron cyclotron resonance]] heating (ECRH) at 140 [[hertz|gigahertz]]. It has 16 toroidal field coils and 12 poloidal field coils.
Three large [[flywheel generator]]s feed the 580 MVA pulsed power supply system for the magnetic confinement and plasma heating.<ref name=Kasemann2015>{{cite book |chapter=Pulsed power supply system of the ASDEX upgrade Tokamak research facility |doi=10.1109/EEEIC.2015.7165545 |year=2015|title=2015 IEEE 15th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC) |pages=237–242 |last1=Kasemann |first1=C.-P. |last2=Grois |first2=E. |last3=Stobbe |first3=F. |last4=Rott |first4=M. |last5=Klaster |first5=K. |isbn=978-1-4799-7993-6 |s2cid=30544871 }}</ref>
==ASDEX==
ASDEX (with a major radius R=1.65m, minor radius a=0.4m, and plasma current Ip≤500kA) started operation in 1980.<ref>M. Keilhacker, "The ASDEX divertor tokamak", Nuclear Fusion, vol. 25, no. 9, 1985</ref> In 1991, it was dismantled by personnel of the Southwestern Institute of Physics (SWIP), transported to Chengdu, China, and its main components were used to build the [[HL-2A]].<ref>Y. Liu et al., "Recent advances in the HL-2A tokamak experiments", Nuclear Fusion, vol. 45, no. 10, 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipp.mpg.de/ippcms/eng/presse/archiv/11_02_pi|title=ASDEX – German fusion device now re-operating in China|author=Isabella Milch|date=2002-12-02}}</ref>
The [[High-confinement mode|H-mode]] was discovered in ASDEX in 1982.
{{Expand section|date=March 2017}}
== See also ==
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* [[List of fusion experiments]]
* [[Edge-localized mode]]
* [[Ball-pen probe]]
== External links ==
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{{fusion experiments}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Tokamaks]]
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