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When the Qing [[Ten Great Campaigns#Three campaigns against the Dzungars and the pacification of Xinjiang (1755–1759)|conquered Dzungaria in 1759]], they proclaimed that the new land was absorbed into ''Dulimbai Gurun'' in a Manchu language memorial.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&dq=Dulimbai+gurun+land&pg=PA77 Dunnell 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411170150/https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&dq=Dulimbai+gurun+land&pg=PA77 |date=2023-04-11 }}, p. 77.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&dq=Dulimbai+gurun&pg=PA83 Dunnell 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411180322/https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&dq=Dulimbai+gurun&pg=PA83 |date=2023-04-11 }}, p. 83.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=steppes+mountains+rivers+Dzungar+unified+with+china&pg=PA503 Elliott 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411180227/https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&dq=steppes+mountains+rivers+Dzungar+unified+with+china&pg=PA503 |date=2023-04-11 }}, p. 503.</ref> The Qing expounded on their ideology that they were bringing together the "outer" non-Han Chinese, like the Inner Mongols, Eastern Mongols, Oirat Mongols, and Tibetans, together with the "inner" Han Chinese, into "one family" united in the Qing state, showing that the diverse subjects of the Qing were all part of one family. The Qing used the phrase "{{Zh|c=|s=|t=|p=Zhōngwài yījiā|labels=no}}" ({{Zh|c={{linktext|中外|一家}}|s=|t=|labels=no|l=China and other [countries] as one family}}) or "{{Zh|c=|s=|t=|p=Nèiwài yījiā|labels=no}}" ({{Zh|c={{linktext|內外}}一家|s=|t=|labels=no|l=Interior and exterior as one family}}), to convey this idea of "unification" of the different peoples.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&dq=Dulimbai+gurun+land&pg=PA77 Dunnell 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411170150/https://books.google.com/books?id=6qFH-53_VnEC&dq=Dulimbai+gurun+land&pg=PA77 |date=2023-04-11 }}, pp. 76-77.</ref> A Manchu-language version of a treaty with the Russian Empire concerning criminal jurisdiction over bandits called people from the Qing "people of the Central Kingdom (Dulimbai Gurun)".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qlJpAgAAQBAJ&dq=Dulimbai+gurun&pg=PA205 Cassel 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411170213/https://books.google.com/books?id=qlJpAgAAQBAJ&dq=Dulimbai+gurun&pg=PA205 |date=2023-04-11 }}, p. 205.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=t2JTJW0X6LkC&dq=Dulimbai+gurun&pg=PA205 Cassel 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411170218/https://books.google.com/books?id=t2JTJW0X6LkC&dq=Dulimbai+gurun&pg=PA205 |date=2023-04-11 }}, p. 205.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qlJpAgAAQBAJ&dq=Qing+Russian+jurisdiction+crossborder+crime+bandits&pg=PA44 Cassel 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411180504/https://books.google.com/books?id=qlJpAgAAQBAJ&dq=Qing+Russian+jurisdiction+crossborder+crime+bandits&pg=PA44 |date=2023-04-11 }}, p. 44.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=t2JTJW0X6LkC&dq=Qing+Russian+jurisdiction+crossborder+crime+bandits&pg=PA44 Cassel 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411170226/https://books.google.com/books?id=t2JTJW0X6LkC&dq=Qing+Russian+jurisdiction+crossborder+crime+bandits&pg=PA44 |date=2023-04-11 }}, p. 44.</ref> In the Manchu official [[Tulisen]]'s Manchu language [[Narrative of the Chinese Embassy to the Khan of the Tourgouth Tartars|account of his meeting]] with the [[Kalmyk people|Torghut Mongol]] leader [[Ayuka Khan|Ayuki Khan]], it was mentioned that while the Torghuts were unlike the Russians, the "people of the Central Kingdom" (''dulimba-i gurun/''{{Zh|c=|s=|t=中國|labels=no|p=Zhōngguó}}) were like the Torghut Mongols, and the "people of the Central Kingdom" referred to the Manchus.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&dq=Dulimbai+gurun&pg=PA218 Perdue 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411170151/https://books.google.com/books?id=J4L-_cjmSqoC&dq=Dulimbai+gurun&pg=PA218 |date=2023-04-11 }}, p. 218.</ref>
The geography textbooks published in the late Qing period gave detailed descriptions of China's regional position and territorial space. They generally emphasized that China was a large country in Asia, but not the center of the world. For example, the "Elementary Chinese Geography Textbook" (蒙學中國地理教科書) published in 1905 described the boundaries of China's territory and neighboring countries as follows: "The western border of China is located in the center of Asia, bordering the (overseas) territories of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] and [[Russian Empire|Russia]]. The terrain is humped, like a hat. So all mountains and rivers originate from here. To the east, it faces [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] across the [[East China Sea]]. To the south, it
The Qing enacted the first [[Chinese nationality law]] in 1909, which defined a Chinese national ({{zh|c=中國國籍|p=Zhōngguó Guójí|links=no}}) as any person born to a Chinese father. Children born to a Chinese mother inherited her nationality only if the father was [[statelessness|stateless]] or had unknown nationality status.<ref name="Shao5">{{cite journal |last=Shao |first=Dan |title=Chinese by Definition: Nationality Law, Jus Sanguinis, and State Succession, 1909–1980 |journal=Twentieth-Century China |year=2009 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=4–28 |doi=10.1353/tcc.0.0019 |s2cid=201771890}}</ref> These regulations were enacted in response to a 1907 statute passed in [[The Netherlands]] that retroactively treated all Chinese born in the [[Dutch East Indies]] as Dutch citizens. ''[[Jus sanguinis]]'' was chosen to define Chinese nationality so that the Qing could counter foreign claims on [[overseas Chinese]] populations and maintain the perpetual allegiance of its subjects living abroad through paternal lineage.<ref name="Shao5" /> A Chinese word called ''xuètǒng'' ({{zhi|c=血統}}), which means "bloodline" as a literal translation, is used to explain the descent relationship that would characterize someone as being of Chinese descent and therefore eligible under the Qing laws and beyond, for Chinese citizenship.<ref name=Claytonp108>{{cite book |title=[[Sovereignty at the Edge: Macau & the Question of Chineseness]]|first=Cathryn H. |last=Clayton |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2alTUjb6SX8C&pg=PA108 108] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=2010|isbn=978-0-674-03545-4 }}</ref>
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