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Racism in Poland: Difference between revisions

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*{{cite book|chapter=The concept of genocide in the trials of Nazi criminals before the Polish Supreme National Tribunal|first=Marcinko|last=Marcin|editor1=Bergsmo Morten|editor2=Wui Ling Cheah|editor3=Ping Yi|title=Historical origins of international criminal law|volume=2|year=2014|publisher=Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher|pages=639–696|isbn=978-82-93081-13-5|series=FICHL Publication Series; 21|chapter-url=http://www.fichl.org/fileadmin/fichl/documents/FICHL_PS_21_web.pdf}}
*{{cite book|title=Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations. Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945|first=Hannibal|last=Travis|pages=78–80|publisher=Routledge|year=2013}}
*{{cite book|title=Reassessing the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Transitional Justice, Trial Narratives, and Historiography|pages=104–133|first=Alexa|last=Stiller|chapter=Semantics of Extermination. The Use of the New Term of Genocide in the Nuremberg Trials and the Genesis of a Master Narrative|editor1=[[Kim C. Priemel|editor-link=Kim C. Priemel]]|editor2=Alexa Stiller|date=2012|jstor=j.ctt9qd0zg.10|isbn=9780857455307|publisher=Berghahn Books}}
*{{cite book |last=Berghahn |first=Volker R. |year=1999 |chapter=Germans and Poles 1871–1945 |editor1=Bullivant, K. |editor2=Giles, G. J. |editor3=Pape, W. |title=Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-9042006881 |pages=32 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j6VCNno2DVMC&pg=PA15}}</ref> [[Robert Gellately]] has called the [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|Nazi racial policy]] of [[cultural genocide|cultural eradication]] and [[Extermination camp|mass extermination]] of people based on [[ethnicity]] a ''serial genocide'', since in its broader formulation it targeted multiple ethnic groups who the Nazis deemed "[[Untermensch|sub-human]]", including [[Ukrainians]], [[Belarusians|Belorusian]]s, Poles and Jews.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Robert Gellately|editor2=Ben Kiernan|first=Robert|last=Gellately|chapter=The Third Reich, the Holocaust, and Visions of Serial Genocide|title=The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe|chapter-url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511819674.011|pages=241–264|isbn=9780521527507|url=https://archive.org/details/specterofgenocid00robe/page/241}}</ref>{{rp|253, 256}}
 
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==Jews==
{{DetailsFurther|History of the Jews in Poland}}
 
[[File:Gwiazda-dawida-szubienica-lublin.JPG|thumb|Antisemitic graffiti in [[Lublin]] depicting a [[Star of David]] hanging from [[gallows]], c. 2012]]
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==Countering racism==
===Government action===
In 2004, the government took some initiatives in order to tackle the problem of racism. It adopted the "National Programme to Prevent Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance 2004-2009" ("Krajowy Program Przeciwdziałania Dyskryminacji Rasowej, Ksenofobii i Związanej z Nimi Nietolerancji 2004 – 2009"<ref>http://wiadomosci.ngo.pl/files/rownosc.ngo.pl/public/prawo_polskie/KP_przec_dyskr_ras.pdf Krajowy Program Przeciwdziałania Dyskryminacji Rasowej, Ksenofobii i Związanej z Nimi Nietolerancji 2004 – 2009 (retrieved December 8, 2016)</ref>) and also established the Monitoring Team on Racism and Xenophobia within the [[Ministry of Interior and Administration (Poland)|Ministry of Interior and Administration]]. The Implementation Report (2010)<ref>[http://www.spoleczenstwoobywatelskie.gov.pl/sites/default/files/sprawozdanie_przyjete_przez_rm_7_maja_proram_.pdf "SPRAWOZDANIE Z REALIZACJI KRAJOWEGO PROGRAMU PRZECIWDZIAŁANIA DYSKRYMINACJI RASOWEJ, KSENOFOBII I ZWI�ZANEJZWIZANEJ Z NIMI NIETOLERANCJI ZA LATA 2004-2009"] (retrieved December 8, 2016)</ref> stated that the programme suffered from various obstacles, including lacking and unclear funding, and eventually some planned tasks were completed, while others were not.<ref>[http://www.stiftung-evz.de/fileadmin/user_upload/EVZ_Uploads/Publikationen/Studien/Uebersicht-gefoerderte-Studien/Stop-Hate-Crime/poland_helsinki_english.pdf Racism in Poland: Report on Research Among Victims of Violence with Reference to National, Racial, or Ethnic Origin], by Agnieszka Mikulska, {{ill|Helsinki Human Rights Foundation|pl|Helsińska Fundacja Praw Człowieka}}, 2010 (retrieved December 8, 2016)</ref>
 
In 2013 Polish Prime Minister [[Donald Tusk]] started The Council Against Racial Discrimination and Xenophobia, but it was shut down by the new [[Law and Justice]] government in May 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Narkowicz |first1=Kasia |title=Re-emerging Racisms: Understanding Hate in Poland |url=https://discoversociety.org/2016/06/01/re-emerging-racisms-understanding-hate-in-poland/ |website=Discover Society |access-date=29 August 2019|date=June 2016 }}</ref>
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