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{{redirect|Genera|the operating system|Genera (operating system)}}
{{Biological classification}}
'''Genus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|iː|n|ə|s}} plural '''genera''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ɛ|n|ər|ə|}}) is a [[taxonomic rank]] used in the [[biological classification]] of [[extant taxon|living]] and [[fossil]] organisms as well as [[Virus classification#ICTV classification|virus]]es.<ref name = "ICTV">{{Cite web|url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy|title=ICTV Taxonomy|date=2017|access-date=May 29, 2018|publisher=[[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]]|archive-date=March 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320103754/https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy|url-status=live}}</ref> In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above [[species]] and below [[family (taxonomy)|family]]. In [[binomial nomenclature]], the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.
:E.g. ''[[Panthera leo]]'' (lion) and ''[[Panthera onca]]'' (jaguar) are two species within the genus ''[[Panthera]]''. ''Panthera'' is a genus within the family [[Felidae]].
The composition of a genus is determined by [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomists]]. The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sigward |first1=J. D. |first2=M. D. |last2=Sutton |first3=K. D. |last3=Bennett |title=How big is a genus? Towards a nomothetic systematics |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=183 |issue=2 |pages=237–252 |year=2018 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx059 |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/how-big-is-a-genus-towards-a-nomothetic-systematics(939fc3e3-9067-4729-bd2a-23b32adfd556).html |doi-access=free |access-date=2018-12-22 |archive-date=2019-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530164327/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/how-big-is-a-genus-towards-a-nomothetic-systematics(939fc3e3-9067-4729-bd2a-23b32adfd556).html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gill |first1=F. B. |first2=B. |last2=Slikas |first3=F. H. |last3=Sheldon |title=Phylogeny of titmice (Paridae): II. Species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene |journal=Auk |volume=122 |issue=1 |pages=121–143 |year=2005 |doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0121:POTPIS]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86067032 }}</ref> including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful:
# [[monophyly]] – all descendants of an ancestral [[taxon]] are grouped together (i.e. [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] analysis should clearly demonstrate both monophyly and validity as a separate lineage).
# reasonable compactness – a genus should not be expanded needlessly.
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=={{anchor|Generic name|Name}}Etymology==<!-- Do not remove [[Template:Anchor]], since its terms are linked to as section titles -->
The term "genus" comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] {{Wikt-lang|el|γένος}}, a noun form [[cognate]] with ''{{lang|la|[[wikt:gigno|gignere]]}}'' ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist [[Carl Linnaeus]] popularized its use in his 1753 ''[[Species Plantarum]]'', but the French botanist [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]] (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera".<ref>{{cite book |last=Stuessy |first=T. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8CrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |title=Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=9780231147125 |edition=2nd |location=[[New York, New York]], US |page=42 |access-date=2023-03-19 |archive-date=2023-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406152109/https://books.google.com/books?id=W8CrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42 |url-status=live }}</ref>
==Use==
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An '''available''' (zoological) or '''validly published''' (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for the taxon is termed a [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]]; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names.
A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for a long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the [[World Register of Marine Species]] presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus ''[[Physeter]]'' Linnaeus, 1758,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137032|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Physeter Linnaeus, 1758|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2018-06-02|archive-date=2017-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709213325/http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137032|url-status=live}}</ref> and 13 for the bivalve genus ''[[Pecten (bivalve)|Pecten]]'' O.F. Müller, 1776.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138323|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Pecten O. F. Müller, 1776|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2018-06-02|archive-date=2018-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810174658/http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Identical names (homonyms)===
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* ''Proboscidea'' is the order of [[elephant]]s and the genus of [[Proboscidea (plant)|devil's claws]].
* The name of the genus ''[[Paramecia (alga)|Paramecia]]'' (an extinct red alga) is also the plural of the name of the genus ''[[Paramecium]]'' (which is in the SAR supergroup), which can also lead to confusion.
A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the [[Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera]] (IRMNG).<ref name ="IRMNG">{{Cite web|url=http://www.irmng.org/homonyms.php|title=IRMNG: Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera|website=www.irmng.org|access-date=2016-11-17|archive-date=2016-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117212132/http://www.irmng.org/homonyms.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Use in higher classifications===
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==Numbers of accepted genera==
The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of a total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rees |first1=Tony |last2=Vandepitte |first2=Leen |last3=Vanhoorne |first3=Bart |last4=Decock |first4=Wim |title=All genera of the world: an overview and estimates based on the March 2020 release of the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) |journal=Megataxa |volume=1 |pages=123–140 |year=2020 |issue=2 |url=https://www.mapress.com/j/mt/article/view/megataxa.1.2.3/39250 |doi=10.11646/megataxa.1.2.3 |doi-access=free |access-date=2020-04-02 |archive-date=2021-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322091308/https://www.mapress.com/j/mt/article/view/megataxa.1.2.3/39250 |url-status=live }}</ref> "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses<ref name = "ICTV" /> and prokaryotes,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bacterio.net/|title=LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature|website=www.bacterio.net|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-date=2022-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401092957/https://www.bacterio.net/|url-status=live}}</ref> while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as ''[[Index Fungorum]]'' for fungi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/|title=Index Fungorum Home Page|website=www.indexfungorum.org|access-date=2018-06-01|archive-date=2015-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205221807/http://www.indexfungorum.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Index Nominum Algarum''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/ina/|title=Index Nominum Algarum: names of algae|website=ucjeps.berkeley.edu|access-date=2020-09-06|archive-date=2020-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807001456/https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/ina/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[AlgaeBase]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.algaebase.org/|title=Algaebase :: Listing the World's Algae|website=www.algaebase.org|access-date=2020-09-06|archive-date=2020-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829085615/https://www.algaebase.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> for algae, ''Index Nominum Genericorum''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naturalhistory2.si.edu/botany/ing/|title=Index Nominum Genericorum (ING), Botany, Smithsonian Institution|website=naturalhistory2.si.edu|access-date=2019-06-07|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234638/http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?SearchWord=eggersia|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[International Plant Names Index]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipni.org/|title=International Plant Names Index|website=www.ipni.org|access-date=2020-09-06|archive-date=2020-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502112641/https://www.ipni.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and ''[[Nomenclator Zoologicus]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus/|title=Nomenclator Zoologicus|website=ubio.org|access-date=2018-02-24|archive-date=2021-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223191732/http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Index to Organism Names]] for zoological names.
Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the ''[[Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera]]'' (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom:
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Within Animalia, the largest phylum is [[Arthropod]]a, with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are [[insect]]s (class Insecta). Within Plantae, [[Tracheophyta]] (vascular plants) make up the largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are [[angiosperms]] (superclass Angiospermae).
By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the [[Catalogue of Life]] (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2018/info/ac|title=Catalogue of Life - 2018 Annual Checklist : 2018 Annual Checklist|website=www.catalogueoflife.org|access-date=2018-07-07|archive-date=2020-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212241/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2018/info/ac|url-status=live}}</ref> also including genus names only (no species) for some groups.
==Genus size==
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