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The wealthiest nations of the world with the highest [[standard of living]] tend to be those at the northern extreme of areas open to human habitation—including Northern Europe, the United States, and Canada. Within prosperous nations, wealth often increases with distance from the equator; for example, the [[Northeast United States]] has long been wealthier than its southern counterpart and [[northern Italy]] wealthier than [[Southern Italy|southern regions]] of the country. Even within Africa this effect can be seen, as the nations farthest from the equator are wealthier. In Africa, the wealthiest nations are the three on the southern tip of the continent, [[South Africa]], [[Botswana]], and [[Namibia]], and the countries of [[North Africa]]. Similarly, in South America, [[Argentina]], [[Southern Brazil]], [[Chile]], and [[Uruguay]] have long been the wealthiest. Within [[Asia]], [[Indonesia]], located on the equator, is among the poorest. Within Central Asia, Kazakhstan is wealthier than other former Soviet Republics which border it to the south, like Uzbekistan.<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/weorept.aspx?sy=2005&ey=2005&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C446%2C914%2C666%2C612%2C668%2C614%2C672%2C311%2C946%2C213%2C137%2C911%2C962%2C193%2C674%2C122%2C676%2C912%2C548%2C313%2C556%2C419%2C678%2C513%2C181%2C316%2C682%2C913%2C684%2C124%2C273%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C558%2C516%2C138%2C918%2C353%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C283%2C228%2C853%2C924%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C632%2C566%2C636%2C964%2C634%2C182%2C238%2C453%2C662%2C968%2C960%2C922%2C423%2C714%2C935%2C862%2C128%2C716%2C611%2C456%2C321%2C722%2C243%2C965%2C248%2C718%2C469%2C724%2C253%2C576%2C642%2C936%2C643%2C961%2C939%2C813%2C644%2C199%2C819%2C184%2C172%2C524%2C132%2C361%2C646%2C362%2C648%2C364%2C915%2C732%2C134%2C366%2C652%2C734%2C174%2C144%2C328%2C146%2C258%2C463%2C656%2C528%2C654%2C923%2C336%2C738%2C263%2C578%2C268%2C537%2C532%2C742%2C944%2C866%2C176%2C369%2C534%2C744%2C536%2C186%2C429%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698%2C941&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=56&pr1.y=10 Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita GDP in 2005]</ref> Very often such differences in economic development are linked to the [[Global North and Global South|North-South]] issue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North-South Problem |url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1971/1971-1-15.htm |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=www.mofa.go.jp}}</ref> This approach assumes an empirical division of the world into rich northern countries and poor southern countries.
In addition, the problem of heterogeneous economic development (between the industrialised north and the agrarian south) also exists within the following countries <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES |last=Alesina |first=Alberto |last2=Devleeschauwer |first2=Arnaud |last3=Easterly |first3=William |last4=Kurlat |first4=Sergio |last5=Wacziarg |first5=Romain |date=January 2003
* [[Turkistan Region|South]] and [[North Kazakhstan Region|North]] Kazakhstan
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* [[Poland A and B]]
Researchers at [[Harvard]]'s Center for International Development found in 2001 that only two tropical economies — [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]] — are classified as high-income by the [[World Bank]], while all countries within regions zoned as [[temperate]] had either middle- or high-income economies.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES |last=Sachs |first=Jeffrey |date=February 2001
==Measurement==
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