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'''Raikoke''' ({{lang-ru|Райкоке}}, {{lang-ja|雷公計島}}), also spelled '''Raykoke''', is, as of 2019, a Russian uninhabited [[volcanic island]] near the centre of the [[Kuril Islands]] chain in the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] in the northwest [[Pacific Ocean]], {{convert|16|km}} distant from the island of [[Matua (island)|Matua]]. Its name is derived from the [[Ainu language]], from the Hokkaido Ainu word “hellmouth"hellmouth".”{{cn|date=June 2023}}
==Geology==
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=== 2019 eruption===
[[File:Raikoke Volcano Erupts (48132762546).jpg|thumb|upright|Raikoke emits a plume of ash and volcanic gases in the 2019 eruption.]]
At approximately 4:03 am, 22 June 2019 it erupted, with a plume of ash and gas reaching between {{convert|13000|m|abbr=on}} and {{convert|17000|m|abbr=on}}, passing the [[tropopause]] and allowing [[stratospheric]] injection of [[volcanic ash|ash]] and [[sulfur dioxide]].<ref name=NASAearth>{{cite web|title=Raikoke Erupts|url=https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/145226/raikoke-erupts |access-date=26 June 2019|website=www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov|date=24 June 2019 }}</ref>
A study with the [[European Space Agency|ESA]] satellite [[Sentinel-5 Precursor|Sentinel-5P]] revealed volcano’svolcano's sulphur dioxide plume had clustered into distinct structures in the 72 hours following the eruption. One of these plumes was a swirling stratospheric mass of sulphur dioxide that circled the globe three times and ascended to an altitude of some {{Cvt|27|km}} through the [[Thermal radiation|radiative heating]] of ash. Sentinel-5P and [[NASA]]'s [[CALIPSO]] mission showed signs of [[Anticyclone|anticyclonic]] motion for this plume. The ESA satellite [[ADM-Aeolus|Aeolus]] confirmed that the structure was anticyclonic. Such self-containing and long-lived anticyclonic structures have long been associated with large [[Wildfire|wildfires]], but stable volcanic plumes are seldom reported and only form in certain conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESA's wind mission helps investigate the nature of volcanic plumes - Earth Online |url=https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/news/esa-s-wind-mission-helps-investigate-the-nature-of-volcanic-plumes |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=earth.esa.int}}</ref>
