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Passenger trains may be made up of a number of passenger cars hauled by one or more locomotives, or may be made up of self-propelled [[railcar]]s. Car design and the general safety of passenger trains have dramatically evolved over time, making travel by rail remarkably safe. Some passenger trains, both long-distance and short-distance, use [[Bilevel car|bi-level (double-decker)]] cars to carry more passengers per train. Passenger trains hauled by locomotives are more expensive to operate than multiple units, but have a higher passenger capacity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Connecticut Department of Transportation|date=June 2005
|title=Final Report: New Haven Hartford Springfield Commuter Rail Implementation Study
|url=https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/DOT/documents/dpolicy/NHR/docs/final/NHHSRailFinalCh8pdf.pdf?la=en
Many [[Luxury trains|prestigious passenger train services]] have been bestowed a [[Lists of named passenger trains|special name]], some of which have become famous in literature and fiction.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
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{{Main|High-speed rail}}
One notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail, which generally runs at speeds above {{convert|200|km/h|mph|-1|abbr=on}} and often operates on a dedicated track that is surveyed and prepared to accommodate high speeds.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://uic.org/passenger/highspeed | title=Intercity and High-Speed | publisher=International Union of Railways (UIC) | access-date=27 May 2022}}</ref> The first successful example of a high-speed passenger rail system was Japan's [[Shinkansen]], colloquially known as the "bullet train", which commenced operation in October 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Brasor|first1=Philip|last2=Tsubuku|first2=Masako|date=30 September 2014|title=How the Shinkansen bullet train made Tokyo into the monster it is today|url=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/sep/30/-sp-shinkansen-bullet-train-tokyo-rail-japan-50-years
In most cases, high-speed rail travel is time- and cost-competitive with air travel when distances do not exceed {{convert|500|to|600|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}}, as airport [[check-in]] and boarding procedures can add at least two hours to the overall transit time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Central Japan Railway|title=Central Japan Railway Data Book 2006|year=2006|pages=16}}</ref> Also, rail operating costs over these distances may be lower when the amount of [[jet fuel]] consumed by an [[Jet airliner|airliner]] during [[takeoff]] and [[Climb (aeronautics)|climbout]] is taken into consideration. Air travel becomes more cost-competitive as the travel distance increases because the fuel accounts for less of the overall operating cost of the airliner.
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{{Main|Commuter rail}}
Many cities and their surrounding areas are served by [[commuter train]]s (also known as suburban trains), which serve [[Commuting|commuters]] who live outside of the city they work in, or vice versa. More specifically, in the United States commuter rail service is defined as, "short-haul rail passenger transportation in metropolitan and suburban areas usually having reduced fare, multiple ride, and commuter tickets and morning and evening peak period operations".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glossary and Acronyms|url=https://www.fra.dot.gov/necfuture/pdfs/tier1_deis/c13.pdf
With the use of [[Bilevel rail car|bilevel cars]], which are tall enough to have two levels of seating, commuter rail services can haul as many as 150 commuters per train car, and over 1,000 per train, significantly outpacing the capacity of automobiles and buses.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Young|first=David|date=6 February 1994|title=DOUBLE-DECKER TRAINS CHANGED COMMUTING|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1994-02-06-9402060288-story.html
=== Railcar ===
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