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{{about|the British horse race}}
{{Short description|English steeplechase horse race that takes place at Aintree Racecourse, Merseyside, England}}
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{{Use British English|date=March 2020}}
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The '''Grand National''' is a [[National Hunt racing|National Hunt]] [[Horse racing|horse race]] held annually at [[Aintree Racecourse]], Aintree, Merseyside, England. First run in [[1839 Grand National|1839]], it is a [[Handicap (horse racing)|handicap]] [[Steeplechase (horse racing)|steeplechase]] over an official distance of about 4 miles and 2½ furlongs ({{convert|4|mi|514|yd|km}}), with horses jumping 30 fences over two laps.<ref name=BRR-167 >''[[British Racing and Racecourses]]'' ({{ISBN|978-0950139722}}) by [[Marion Rose Halpenny]] – Page 167</ref> It is the most valuable jump race in Europe, with a prize fund of £1 million in 2017.<ref name=prizemoney>
The course over which the race is run features much larger fences than those found on conventional National Hunt tracks. Many of these fences, particularly [[Becher's Brook]], [[The Chair (Aintree Racecourse)|The Chair]] and the [[Canal Turn]], have become famous in their own right and, combined with the distance of the event, create what has been called "the ultimate test of horse and rider".<ref name=fencesguide>{{cite web |url=http://www.aintree.co.uk/pages/aintree-helicopter-course-fly-over/ |title=Official Grand National fences guide |publisher=Aintree Racecourse |access-date=8 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513224933/http://www.aintree.co.uk/pages/aintree-helicopter-course-fly-over/ |archive-date=13 May 2013
The Grand National has been broadcast live on [[free-to-air]] terrestrial television in the United Kingdom since [[1960 Grand National|1960]]. From then until [[2012 Grand National|2012]] it was broadcast by the [[BBC]]. [[Channel 4]] broadcast the event between [[2013 Grand National|2013]] and [[2016 Grand National|2016]]: UK broadcasting rights were transferred to [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] from [[2017 Grand National|2017]].<ref name=gnbroadcasting>{{cite web
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The Grand National was founded by William Lynn, a syndicate head and proprietor of the [[Waterloo Hotel]], on land he leased in [[Aintree]] from [[William Molyneux, 2nd Earl of Sefton]].<ref>[http://www.tbheritage.com/TurfHallmarks/racecharts/Steeplechase/GrandNationalEarly.html Grand National History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412193356/http://www.tbheritage.com/TurfHallmarks/racecharts/Steeplechase/GrandNationalEarly.html |date=12 April 2010 }}. Tbheritage.com. Retrieved on 11 March 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.grand-national-world.co.uk/gnw/the_race/history.html The history of the Grand National] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716140155/http://www.grand-national-world.co.uk/gnw/the_race/history.html |date=16 July 2011 }}. Grand-national-world.co.uk. Retrieved on 11 March 2011.</ref><ref name=aintreehistory>{{cite web |url=http://www.aintree.co.uk/pages/history-of-the-grand-national/ |title=History of the Grand National - The Worlds Greatest Jump Race |access-date=4 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202020717/http://www.aintree.co.uk/pages/history-of-the-grand-national/ |archive-date=2 February 2011
In 1838 and 1839 three significant events occurred to transform the race from a small local affair to a national event. Firstly, the Great St. Albans Chase, which had clashed with the steeplechase at Aintree, was not renewed after 1838,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sportinglandmarks.co.uk/?author=1&paged=2 |first=Ian |last=Volans |title=BBC SPOTY 2010 – the nominees |publisher=sportinglandmarks.co.uk |access-date=11 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827190419/http://sportinglandmarks.co.uk/?author=1&paged=2 |archive-date=27 August 2011 }}</ref> leaving a major hole in the chasing calendar. Secondly, the railway, opened from Manchester to Liverpool in 1830, was linked to a line from London and Birmingham in 1839 enabling rail transport to the Liverpool area from large parts of the country for the first time. Finally, a committee was formed to better organise the event.<ref>[http://www.tbheritage.com/TurfHallmarks/Jumphiststeeple.html Steeplechasing Notes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724100059/http://www.tbheritage.com/TurfHallmarks/Jumphiststeeple.html |date=24 July 2017 }}. Tbheritage.com. Retrieved on 11 March 2011.</ref> These factors led to a more highly publicised race in 1839 which attracted a larger field of top quality horses and riders, greater press coverage, and increased attendance on race day. Over time the first three runnings of the event were quickly forgotten to secure the [[1839 Grand National|1839 race]] its place in history as the first official Grand National.
The 1839 race was won by rider [[Jem Mason]] on the aptly named, [[Lottery (horse)|Lottery]].<ref name="the-grand-national.co.uk" /><ref name="nostalgia">Haywood, Linda. (4 April 2008) [http://www.popular-nostalgia.com/a-big-long-history-of-the-grand-national-258/ A Big Long History of the Grand National] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141420/http://www.popular-nostalgia.com/a-big-long-history-of-the-grand-national-258/ |date=6 October 2014 }}. Popular Nostalgia. Retrieved on 11 March 2011.</ref><ref name="grandnationalhistory">
By the 1840s, Lynn's ill-health blunted his enthusiasm for Aintree. Edward Topham, a respected handicapper and prominent member of Lynn's syndicate, began to exert greater influence over the National. He turned the chase into a handicap in [[1843 Grand National|1843]]<ref name=nostalgia/> after it had been a weight-for-age race for the first four years, and took over the land lease in 1848. One century later, the Topham family bought the course outright.<ref name=aintreehistory/>
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During this period, [[Red Rum]] was breaking all records to become the most successful racehorse in Grand National history. Originally bought as a yearling in 1966 for 400 [[Guinea (British coin)|guineas]] (£420),<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.aintree.co.uk/pages/history-of-the-grand-national-red-rum/ |title=Ginger McCain and Red Rum - History of The Grand National |access-date=18 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803191351/http://www.aintree.co.uk/pages/history-of-the-grand-national-red-rum/ |archive-date=3 August 2014
Red Rum became, and remains as of 2018, the only horse to have won the Grand National three times, in [[1973 Grand National|1973]], [[1974 Grand National|1974]], and [[1977 Grand National|1977]]. He also finished second in the two intervening years, [[1975 Grand National|1975]] and [[1976 Grand National|1976]].<ref>[https://www.thejockeyclub.co.uk/aintree/about/history/ The Grand National History] Aintree Racecourse History, The Jockey Club on 13 September 2018</ref>
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In [[2010 Grand National|2010]] the National became the first horse race to be televised in [[High-definition television|high-definition]] in the UK.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2010/03_march/29/grand.shtml Press Office – 2010 Grand National in HD – a first for UK horse racing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411005129/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2010/03_march/29/grand.shtml |date=11 April 2010 }}. BBC (29 March 2010). Retrieved on 11 March 2011.</ref>
In August 2013 [[Crabbie's]] was announced as the new sponsor of the Grand National. The three-year deal between the alcoholic ginger beer producer and Aintree saw the race run for a record purse of £1 million in [[2014 Grand National|2014]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23852597 |title=Grand National to be sponsored by Crabbie's ginger beer |date=28 August 2013 |work=BBC News |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123022737/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23852597 |archive-date=23 November 2013
In March 2016 it was announced that [[Randox Health]] would take over from Crabbie's as official partners of the Grand National festival from [[2017 Grand National|2017]], for at least five years.
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===Fences===
There are 16 fences on the National Course topped with spruce from the [[Lake District]]. The cores of 12 fences were rebuilt in 2012 and they are now made of a flexible plastic material which is more forgiving than the traditional wooden core fences. They are still topped with at least {{convert|14|in|cm}} of spruce for the horses to knock off. Some of the jumps carry names from the history of the race. All 16 are jumped on the first lap, but on the final lap, the runners bear to the right onto the run-in for home, avoiding The Chair and the Water Jump. The following is a summary of all 16 fences on the course:<ref name=gnguide>[http://www.grand-national-guide.co.uk/grand-national-info.php About The Grand National] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009134634/http://www.grand-national-guide.co.uk/grand-national-info.php |date=9 October 2011 }}. Grand-national-guide.co.uk. Retrieved on 11 March 2011.</ref><ref name=fences>[http://www.aintree-grand-national.net/grand-national-fences.php Grand National Fences – Beechers Brook – The Chair] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024021027/http://www.aintree-grand-national.net/grand-national-fences.php |date=24 October 2010 }}. Aintree-grand-national.net. Retrieved on 11 March 2011.</ref><ref name=grandnationalfencemap>[https://www.thejockeyclub.co.uk/aintree/events-tickets/grand-national/racing/course-map/ Aintree Course and Fences] The Jockey Club and The Grand National.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aintree.co.uk/docLib/Grand-National/Grand_National_Map.pdf |title=Grand National Map |access-date=7 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725014508/http://www.aintree.co.uk/docLib/Grand-National/Grand_National_Map.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2008
;Fence 1 & 17
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A plain obstacle which precedes the most famous fence on the course. It was bypassed on the final lap for the first time in 2012 so that medics could treat a jockey who fell from his mount on the first lap and had broken a leg.
;Fence 6 & 22 – [[Becher's Brook]]
Height: {{convert|5|ft|m|2}}, with the landing side {{convert|6|in|cm}} to {{convert|10|in|cm}} lower than the takeoff side<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aintree.co.uk/news/changes_to_the_grand_national_course_to_enhance_safety/ |title=changes_to_the_grand_national_course_to_enhance_safety |access-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325051342/http://www.aintree.co.uk/news/changes_to_the_grand_national_course_to_enhance_safety/ |archive-date=25 March 2012
The drop at this fence often catches runners by surprise. Becher's has always been a popular vantage point as it can present one of the most spectacular displays of jumping when the horse and rider meet the fence right. Jockeys must sit back in their saddles and use their body weight as ballast to counter the steep drop. It takes its name from [[Martin Becher|Captain Martin Becher]] who fell there in the first Grand National and took shelter in the small brook running along the landing side of the fence while the remainder of the field thundered over. It is said that Becher later reflected: "Water tastes disgusting without the benefits of whisky." It was bypassed in 2011 along with fence 20, after an equine casualty, and again in 2018 after a jockey was attended by doctors, both occurring on the final lap.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/apr/14/tiger-roll-holds-on-to-win-dramatic-grand-national-photo-finish-davy-russell-horse-racing|title=Tiger Roll holds on to win dramatic Grand National in photo-finish|first=Greg|last=Wood|date=14 April 2018|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416220721/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/apr/14/tiger-roll-holds-on-to-win-dramatic-grand-national-photo-finish-davy-russell-horse-racing|archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
;Fence 7 & 23 – [[Foinavon]]
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A plain obstacle that leads the runners alongside the canal towards two ditches.
;Fence 11 & 27 – open ditch
Height: {{convert|5|ft|m|2}}, with a {{convert|6|ft|m|2}} ditch on the takeoff side. This fence will be lowered by 2 inches from 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.
;Fence 12 & 28 – ditch
Height: {{convert|5|ft|m|2}}, with a {{convert|5|ft|6|in|m}} ditch on the landing side
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Although the number of amateurs remained high between the wars their ability to match their professional counterparts gradually receded. After the Second World War, it became rare for any more than four or five amateurs to take part in any given year. The last amateur rider to win the Grand National was Mr [[Sam Waley-Cohen]] in 2022 on [[Noble Yeats]]. The penultimate amateur to win the race is [[Marcus Armytage]], who set the still-standing course record of 8:47.80, when winning on [[Mr Frisk]] in [[1990 Grand National|1990]]. By the 21st century, however, openings for amateur riders had become very rare with some years passing with no amateur riders at all taking part. Those that do in the modern era are most usually talented young riders who are often close to turning professional. In the past, such amateur riders would have been joined by army officers, such as [[David Campbell (British Army officer)|David Campbell]] who won in 1896, and sporting aristocrats, farmers or local huntsmen and point to point riders, who usually opted to ride their own mounts. But all these genres of rider have faded out in the last quarter of a century with no riders of military rank or aristocratic title having taken a mount since 1982.
The [[Sex Discrimination Act 1975]] made it possible for female jockeys to enter the race. The first female jockey to enter the race was [[Charlotte Brew]] on the 200/1 outsider Barony Fort in the [[1977 Grand National|1977]] race.<ref>{{cite web|title=GRAND NATIONAL WOMEN|url=http://m.grand-national-guide.co.uk/history_grand_national_women.html|publisher=Grand National Guide|access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> The first female jockey to complete the race was Geraldine Rees on Cheers in [[1982 Grand National|1982]]. The 21st century has not seen a significant increase in female riders but it has seen them gain rides on mounts considered to have a genuine chance of winning. In [[2005 Grand National|2005]], Carrie Ford finished fifth on the 8/1 second-favourite Forest Gunner. In 2012, [[Katie Walsh (jockey)|Katie Walsh]] achieved what was at the time the best result yet for a female jockey, finishing third on the 8/1 joint-favourite Seabass. In [[2015 Grand National|2015]], [[Nina Carberry]] became the first female jockey to take a fifth ride in the Grand National, her best placing being seventh in [[2010 Grand National|2010]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grand-national.com/grand-national/grand-national-lady-jockey-female-jockey-women/ |title=grand-national-lady-jockey-female-jockey-women |access-date=23 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918192339/http://www.grand-national.com/grand-national/grand-national-lady-jockey-female-jockey-women/ |archive-date=18 September 2011
Professionals now hold dominance in the Grand National and better training, dietary habits and protective clothing have ensured that riders' careers last much longer and offer more opportunities to ride in the race. Of the 34 riders who have enjoyed 13 or more rides in the race, 19 had their first ride in the 20th century and 11 had careers that continued into or started in the 21st century.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Despite that, a long-standing record of 19 rides in the race was set by [[Tom Olliver]] back in 1859 and was not equalled until 2014 by [[A. P. McCoy]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=White|first1=Jim|title=AP McCoy denied perfect Grand National farewell on his final trip round Aintree|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/horseracing/grand-national/11530443/AP-McCoy-denied-perfect-Grand-National-farewell-on-his-final-trip-round-Aintree.html|access-date=24 March 2018|date=11 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325063847/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/horseracing/grand-national/11530443/AP-McCoy-denied-perfect-Grand-National-farewell-on-his-final-trip-round-Aintree.html|archive-date=25 March 2018}}</ref> This has since been topped by Richard Johnson. Longevity is no guarantee of success, however, as 13 of the 34 never tasted the glory of winning the race. McCoy is the only rider to successfully remove himself from the list after winning at the 15th attempt in 2010. [[Richard Johnson (jockey)|Richard Johnson]] set a new record of 21 failed attempts to win the race from 1997 to 2019, having finished second twice. The other 13 riders who never won or have not as yet won, having had more than 12 rides in the race are:
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[[Peter Scudamore]] technically lined up for thirteen Grand Nationals without winning but the last of those was the void race of 1993, which meant that he officially competed in twelve Nationals.<ref>combined year by year Grand National returns from racingpost.co.uk</ref>
Many other well-known jockeys have failed to win the Grand National. These include champion jockeys such as [[Terry Biddlecombe]], [[John Francome]], [[Josh Gifford]], Stan Mellor, [[Jonjo O'Neill (jockey)|Jonjo O'Neill]] (who never finished the race) and [[Fred Rimell]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grand-national-2011.info/2010/10/fred-rimell.html |title=fred-rimell |access-date=8 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210201239/http://www.grand-national-2011.info/2010/10/fred-rimell.html |archive-date=10 December 2010
==Horse welfare==
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Welfare groups have suggested a reduction in the size of the field (currently limited to a maximum of 40 horses) should be implemented. Opponents point to previous unhappy experience with smaller fields such as only 29 runners at the [[1954 Grand National]], only 31 runners in [[1975 Grand National|1975]], and a fatality each at the [[1996 Grand National|1996]] and [[1999 Grand National|1999 National]]s despite smaller fields and the possible ramifications concerning the speed of such races in addition to recent course modifications (part of the "speed kills" argument).
Some within the horseracing community, including those with notable achievements in the Grand National such as [[Ginger McCain]] and [[Bob Champion]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/horse_racing/9453497.stm |title=BBC Sport – Horse Racing – Grand National: Ginger McCain queries smaller fences |work=BBC News |date=10 April 2011 |access-date=23 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16209064 |title=Grand National: Neptune Collonge Honoured After Horses Die Following Aintree Race | UK News | Sky News |publisher=News.sky.com |access-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419080107/http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16209064 |archive-date=19 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/horse-racing/17735723 |title=BBC Sport – According to Pete trainer wants bigger Grand National fences |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=16 April 2012 |access-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420045140/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/horse-racing/17735723 |archive-date=20 April 2012
<ref> {{cite news |title=Grand National puts up defiant, united front in the face of animal rights protestors |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/racing/2023/04/15/grand-national-arrest-protests-animal-rising-latest-police/ |website=The Telegraph |date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> The involvement of animal rights protesters was questioned after the race. Sandy Thompson, trainer of the fatally injured Hill Sixteen, claimed along with several other racing personalities that the protesters had (directly or in-directly) caused the death of the gelding and were equally responsible for the number of fallers, because the delay they caused to the start, after storming the course close to post time, got the horses worked up and "hyper".<ref name="auto">{{
==Grand National Legends==
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*'''Tommy Pickernell''', who rode in seventeen Grand Nationals in the 19th century and won three. He allegedly turned down a substantial bribe during the 1860 race from the second-placed jockey and instead rode on to win;
*'''[[Battleship (horse)|Battleship]]''', the only horse to have won both the Grand National and the [[American Grand National]], and his jockey '''[[Bruce Hobbs]]''', who remains the youngest jockey to win the Aintree race;
*'''George Dockeray''', who alongside Ginger McCain and Fred Rimell trained four National winners, starting with [[Lottery (horse)|Lottery]] in the first official Grand National in 1839.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grandnationallegends.com/the_legends.php |title=the_legends |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219231404/http://www.grandnationallegends.com/the_legends.php |archive-date=19 February 2010
==Sponsorship==
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==Notes==
===Favourites===
In the 71 races of the post-war era (excluding the void race in 1993), the favourite or joint-favourite have only won the race eleven times (in [[1950 Grand National|1950]], [[1960 Grand National|1960]], [[1973 Grand National|1973]], [[1982 Grand National|1982]], [[1996 Grand National|1996]], [[1998 Grand National|1998]], [[2005 Grand National|2005]], [[2008 Grand National|2008]], [[2010 Grand National|2010]], [[2019 Grand National|2019]] and [[2023 Grand National|2023]]) and have failed to complete the course in 37 Nationals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grandnationalrecords.co.uk/grand-national-post-war-favourites.htm |title=Post War Favourites |access-date=17 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130075306/http://grandnationalrecords.co.uk/grand-national-post-war-favourites.htm |archive-date=30 November 2014
===Mares===
Since its inception, 13 [[mare]]s have won the race, most recently in 1951:<ref name=nostalgia/><ref name="aintree.co.uk">[http://www.aintree.co.uk/docLib/2009_pages010109.pdf 2009_pages] ''www.aintree.co.uk'' {{dead link|date=April 2018}}</ref><ref name=timeline>{{cite web |url=http://www.aintree.co.uk/pages/history-of-the-grand-national-timeline/ |title=History of the Grand National – Timeline |publisher=Aintree.co.uk |access-date=11 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927111206/http://www.aintree.co.uk/pages/history-of-the-grand-national-timeline/ |archive-date=27 September 2011
{{div col|colwidth=14em}}
* Charity (1841)
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