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The [[Torah]] commands the giving of various agricultural tithes in various situations, specifically [[terumah]], [[terumat hamaaser]], the [[first tithe]], [[second tithe]], [[poor tithe]], and [[animal tithe]]. Not all these "tithes" actually had the proportion of {{frac|10}}. These tithes are mentioned in the Books of [[Book of Leviticus|Leviticus]], [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] and [[Book of Deuteronomy|Deuteronomy]].
Every year, ''terumah'', first tithe and ''terumat ma'aser'' were separated from the grain, wine and oil.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{bibleverse|Deuteronomy|14:23|HE}}</ref> (As regards other fruit and produce, the Biblical requirement to tithe is a source of debate.) Terumah did not have a set amount, but the rabbis suggested it be {{frac|50}} of the crop. First tithe was {{frac|10}} of the crop. ''Terumah'' and ''terumat maaser'' were given to priests ([[kohanim]]); the first tithe was given to [[Levites]]. As priests and Levites did not own or inherit a territorial [[Property|patrimony]]<ref>{{Bibleverse|Numbers|18:21-28|HE}}</ref> these tithes were their means of support. The Levites, in turn, separated ''terumat ma'aser'' from their tithe ({{frac|10}} of the tithe, or {{frac|100}} of the crop).
The second tithe and poor tithe, both {{frac|10}} of the crop, were taken in an alternating basis according to the seven-year ''[[shmita]]'' cycle. In years 1, 2, 4, and 5 of the cycle, second tithe was taken. In years 3 and 6, poor tithe was taken. (In year 7, private agriculture was prohibited, all crops that grew were deemed ownerless, and no tithes taken.) The [[second tithe]] was kept by the owner, but had to be eaten at the site of the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]].<ref
An additional tithe, mentioned in {{bibleverse||Leviticus|27:32–33|HE}} is the [[cattle tithe]], which is to be sacrificed as a ''[[korban]]'' at the [[Temple in Jerusalem]].
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{{further|Deuterocanonical books|Biblical apocrypha}}
The [[Deuterocanonical books|deuterocanonical]] [[Book of Tobit]] provides an example of all three classes of tithes practiced during the [[Babylonian captivity]]:
{{blockquote|"I would often go by myself to Jerusalem on religious holidays, as the Law commanded for every Israelite for all time. I would hurry off to Jerusalem and take with me the early produce of my crops, a tenth of my flocks, and the first portion of the wool cut from my sheep. I would present these things at the altar to the priests, the descendants of Aaron. I would give the first tenth of my grain, wine, olive oil, pomegranates, figs, and other fruit to the Levites who served in Jerusalem. For six out of seven years, I also brought the cash equivalent of the second tenth of these crops to Jerusalem where I would spend it every year. I gave this to orphans and widows, and to Gentiles who had joined Israel. In the third year, when I brought and gave it to them, we would eat together according to the instruction recorded in Moses' Law, as Deborah my grandmother had taught me..."|{{
==Judaism==
{{Main|Tithes in Judaism}}
[[Orthodox Jews]] continue to follow the biblical laws of tithes (see [[Tithe#Hebrew Bible|above]]) to a limited extent. As understood by the rabbis, these laws never applied and do not apply outside the [[Land of Israel]]. For produce grown in Israel nowadays, the tithes are separated but not given, as currently no Jew can prove they are a priest or Levite and thus entitled to the produce. Instead, a custom has arisen to tithe 10% of one's earnings to charity (''ma'aser kesafim'').<ref>Norman Solomon, ''Historical Dictionary of Judaism'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2015, p. 459</ref><ref>Sara E. Karesh, Mitchell M. Hurvitz, ''Encyclopedia of Judaism'', Infobase Publishing, USA, 2005, p. 521</ref>
The [[Mishnah]] and [[Talmud]] contain analysis of the [[Maaser Rishon|first tithe]], [[Maaser Sheni|second tithe]] and [[Maaser Ani|poor tithe]].<ref>See {{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |noicon=1|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/10232-ma-aserot |title=MA'ASEROT}}</ref>
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Many churches practiced tithing, as it was taught by the [[Second Council of Tours|Council of Tours in 567]], and in the [[Third Council of Mâcon]] in AD 585, a penalty of [[excommunication]] was prescribed for those who did not adhere to this ecclesiastical law.<ref name="Babbs1912">{{cite book |last=Babbs |first=Arthur Vergil |title=The Law of the Tithe as Set Forth in the Old Testament |url=https://archive.org/details/lawoftitheassetf00babb |year=1912 |publisher=Fleming H. Revell Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/lawoftitheassetf00babb/page/140 140] |quote=Tithes were recommended by the Second Council of Tours, AD 567; and excommunication was added to the command to observe the tithing law, by the Third Council of Mâcon, which met in 585.}}</ref> Tithes can be given to the Church at once (as is the custom in many Christian countries with a [[church tax]]), or distributed throughout the year; during the part of [[Western Christian]] liturgies known as the [[offertory]], people often place a portion of their tithes (sometimes along with additional offerings) in the collection plate.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/2009/march/passing-plate.html |title=Passing the Plate |last=Rogers |first=Mark |year=2009 |magazine=[[Christianity Today]] |access-date=20 April 2018 |quote=After America ended state support of churches in the early 19th century, the collection of "tithes and offerings" became a standard feature of Sunday morning worship.}}</ref>
{{
According to a 2018 study by LifeWay Research that interviewed 1,010 Americans, 86% of people with [[Evangelical]] beliefs say that tithe is still a biblical commandment today.<ref>Bob Smietana, [https://lifewayresearch.com/2018/05/10/churchgoers-say-they-tithe-but-not-always-to-the-church/ Churchgoers Say They Tithe, But Not Always to the Church], lifewayresearch.com, USA, 10 May 2018</ref> In this number, 87% of [[Baptist]] believers, 86% of [[Pentecostal]] believers, 81% of [[Non-denominational]] believers share this position.
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====Baptist Churches====
The [[Southern Baptist Convention]] resolved in 2013 to "exhort all Southern Baptists to tithe cheerfully and give sacrificially as good stewards of God’s blessings to their local churches."<ref>{{Cite web |title=On Tithing, Stewardship, And The Cooperative Program |url=https://www.sbc.net/resource-library/resolutions/on-tithing-stewardship-and-the-cooperative-program/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=
The [[National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.|National Baptist Convention of America]] teaches that "Baptists believe that a proper sense of stewardship begins with the 'tithe'; a presentation of which belongs to Him. 'The tithe is the Lord's.' We have not given as a result of presenting the tithe. Our giving begins with the offering {after we have tithed}."<ref name="SmithEmerson2008" />
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====Methodist Churches====
''[[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection|The Discipline of The Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]]'', which teaches the doctrine of the Storehouse Tithing, holds:<ref name="Black1960"/><ref name="AWMC2014">{{cite book |title=The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference) |year=2014 |publisher=[[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]]|location=Salem |language=en |pages=133–166}}</ref> {{
The [[Book of Discipline (United Methodist)|Book of Discipline]] of the [[United Methodist Church]] states that it is the responsibility of ecclesiastics to "educate the local church that tithing is the minimum goal of giving in The United Methodist Church."<ref name="SmithEmerson2008">{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Christian |last2=Emerson |first2=Michael O|last3=Snell |first3=Patricia |title=Passing the Plate: Why American Christians Don't Give Away More Money |date=29 September 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |isbn=9780199714117 |pages=215–227}}</ref>
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The [[International Pentecostal Holiness Church]] likewise instructs the faithful that:<ref name="SmithEmerson2008"/>
{{
====Reformed Churches====
The [[Book of Order]] of the [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] states, with respect to the obligation to tithe:<ref name="PMA1997"/>
{{
The [[United Church of Christ]], a denomination in the [[Congregationalist]] tradition, teaches that:<ref name="SmithEmerson2008"/>
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====The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints====
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== Criticism ==
The offerings and the tithe occupies a lot of time in some worship services.<ref>Serge Alain Koffi, [https://www.connectionivoirienne.net/2021/04/04/proliferation-des-eglises-evangeliques-en-cote-divoire-le-reveil-du-business-spirituel-enquete/ Prolifération des églises évangéliques en Côte d’Ivoire: Le réveil du business spirituel (ENQUÊTE)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121160547/https://www.connectionivoirienne.net/2021/04/04/proliferation-des-eglises-evangeliques-en-cote-divoire-le-reveil-du-business-spirituel-enquete/ |date=21 November 2022 }}, connectionivoirienne.net, Ivory Coast, 4 April 2021</ref> The collections of offerings are multiple or separated in various baskets or envelopes to stimulate the contributions of the faithful.<ref>Yannick Fer, [http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/55/31/93/PDF/YF_session_30-43.pdf Le système pentecôtiste de gestion de l'argent : Entre illusion subjective et rationalité institutionnelle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006133644/http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/55/31/93/PDF/YF_session_30-43.pdf |date=6 October 2014 }}, Congrès de l'association française de sociologie (AFS), France, 2011, p. 7-8</ref>
[https://www.lexpress.fr/styles/rwanda-les-eglises-pentecotistes-en-plein-essor-depuis-le-genocide_1507145.html Rwanda: les Eglises pentecôtistes en plein essor depuis le génocide], lexpress.fr, France, 8 April 2014</ref>
Some [[Christian fundamentalism|fundamentalists]] pastors threaten those who do not tithe with curses from the [[Old Testament]], attacks from the devil and poverty.<ref>
==See also==
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