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The Islamic revival strengthened throughout the Arab world, especially after the [[Six-Day War|Six-day War]]. After Nasser's death in 1970, his successor [[Anwar Sadat]] shifted the focus to religion and economic liberalization, away from Arab nationalism and socialism. Egypt's military slogan "Land, Sea and Air" was replaced by the Islamic battle cry of [[Takbir|''Allahu Akbar'']] in the perceived "shattering" defeat in the [[Yom Kippur War]].<ref>Murphy, Caryle, ''Passion for Islam: Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience'', (Simon and Schuster, 2002, p.31)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Robin |author-link=Robin Wright (author) |orig-year=1985 |year=2001 |title=Sacred Rage: The Wrath of Militant Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnSsF-hADhUC&pg=PA64 |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |pages=64–67 |isbn=0-7432-3342-5}}</ref> Although the October 1973 war was launched by Egypt and [[Syria]] to recover land captured by [[Israel]] in 1967, according to [[French people|French]] [[political scientist]] [[Gilles Kepel]], the "real victors" of the war were the Arab "oil-exporting countries". Their [[1973 oil crisis#Arab oil embargo|embargo]] on Israel's Western allies helped the US to pressure Israel to limit its counter-offensive.<ref name="Kepel">{{cite book |last=Kepel |first=Gilles |author-link=Gilles Kepel |year=2003 |title=Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OLvTNk75hUoC&q=petro-Islam&pg=PA61 |isbn=9781845112578 |quote=The war of October 1973 was started by Egypt with the aim of avenging the humiliation of 1967 and restoring the lost legitimacy of the two states' ... [Egypt and Syria] emerged with a symbolic victory ... [but] the real victors in this war were the oil-exporting countries, above all Saudi Arabia. In addition to the embargo's political success, it reduced the world oil supply and sent the price per barrel soaring. In the aftermath of the war, the oil states abruptly found themselves with revenues gigantic enough to assure them a clear position of dominance within the Muslim world.}}</ref> The political success of the embargo enhanced the prestige of those who imposed it. In addition, the reduction in global oil supply caused the price of oil to rise from US$3 to almost $12 a barrel,<ref>{{Cite news |title=The price of oil – in context |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/oil/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609145246/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/oil/ |archive-date=June 9, 2007 |access-date=May 29, 2007 |work=CBC News}}</ref> increasing the revenues of oil exporters. This gave the Arab oil-exporting states a dominant position within the Muslim world,<ref name="Kepel"/> with Saudi Arabia by far the largest exporter (see bar chart above).<ref name="Kepel"/>
In Egypt, the [[Muslim Brotherhood]], which was supported by Saudi Arabia and had been suppressed by the Egyptian government, was allowed to publish a monthly magazine and its political prisoners were gradually released.<ref name=Kepel.p.103>Kepel, Gilles. ''Muslim Extremism in Egypt; the Prophet and Pharoh'', Gilles Kepel, p.103–04</ref> The Islamists gained control of the universities,<ref>particularly [[al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya]]</ref> forcing left-wing and pan-Arab (anti-Sadat) student
== Conflicts of the Arab Cold War ==
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