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Qing official Zhang Deyi once objected to the western European name "China" and said that China referred to itself as ''Zhonghua'' in response to a European who asked why Chinese used the term ''[[guizi]]'' to refer to all Europeans.<ref name="LIULiu2009">{{cite book |author1 = Lydia He. LIU |author2 = Lydia He Liu |title = The Clash of Empires: the invention of China in modern world making |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LkTO2_-XDa8C&pg=PA80 |date = 30 June 2009 |publisher = Harvard University Press |isbn = 978-0-674-04029-8 |pages=80–}}</ref> However, the Qing established [[legation]]s and [[consulate]]s known as the "Chinese Legation," "Imperial Consulate of China," "Imperial Chinese Consulate (General)" or similar names in [[Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty|various countries with diplomatic relations]], such as the United Kingdom and United States. Both English and Chinese terms, such as "China" and "Zhongguo," were frequently used by Qing legations and consulates there to refer to the Qing state during their diplomatic correspondences with foreign states.<ref>{{cite book | title = 晚清駐英使館照會檔案, Volume 1 | year = 2020 | publisher = 上海古籍出版社 | pages = 28 | isbn = 9787532596096 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KShzQEACAAJ |access-date=August 22, 2023 }}</ref> Moreover, the English name "China" was also used domestically by the Qing, such as in its officially released stamps since Qing set up a modern postal system in 1878. The [[postage stamp]]s (known as {{zhi|c=大龍郵票}} in Chinese) had a design of a large dragon in the centre, surrounded by a boxed frame with a bilingual inscription of "CHINA" (corresponding to the Great Qing Empire in Chinese) and the local denomination "CANDARINS".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stanleygibbons.com/collecting-stamps/dispatches/first-china-stamps |title=The Large Dragons of China |date=7 April 2020 |publisher=Stanley Gibbons |access-date=August 21, 2023 }}</ref>
During the late Qing dynasty, various textbooks with the name "Chinese history" (中國歷史) had emerged by the early 20th century. For example, the late Qing textbook "Chinese History of the Present Dynasty" published in 1910 stated that "the history of our present dynasty is part of the history of China, that is, the most recent history in its whole history. China was founded as a country 5000 years ago and has the longest history in the world. And its culture is the best among all the Eastern countries since ancient times. Its territory covers about 90% of East Asia, and its rise and fall can affect the general trend of the countries in Asia...".<ref name="zhongguoname"></ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NLC416-14jh007845-69291_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8,%E5%8E%9F%E5%90%8D,%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%9D%E5%8F%B2%E8%AC%9B%E7%BE%A9.pdf&page=15 |title=中國歷史教科書（原名本朝史講義）第1页 |access-date=2024-06-12 }}</ref> After the [[May Fourth Movement]] in 1919, educated students began to spread the concept of ''Zhonghua'', which represented the people, including
==== Middle Kingdom ====
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