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== Life ==
Muhammad was the son of Caliph [[Marwan I]] ({{reign|684|685}}) by a slave girl named Zaynab, and hence half-brother to Caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] ({{reign|685|705}}).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1993|p=408}}{{sfn|Donner|2014|p=110}}
When Marwan assumed the throne, he sent Muhammad to [[Al-Jazira (caliphal province)|Upper Mesopotamia]] to secure [[Arminiya|Armenia]]. In 691, he commanded his brother's advance guard at the [[Battle of Maskin]] against [[Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr]] (brother of the [[Mecca]]-based rival caliph [[Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr]]).{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1993|p=408}} In 692/3, he defeated a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] army in the [[Battle of Sebastopolis]], by persuading the large [[Early Slavs|Slavic]] contingent of the imperial army to defect to him. In the next year, he invaded Byzantine [[Asia Minor]] with the assistance of the same Slavs, and scored a success against a Byzantine army near [[Germanikeia]], while in 695, he raided the province of [[Fourth Armenia]].{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1993|p=408}}<ref name="PmbZ">{{harvnb|Lilie|Ludwig|Pratsch|Zielke|2000|pages=322–333}}.</ref>{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|pp=335–336}}
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In 699–701, along with his nephew, [[Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik]], he was dispatched to [[Iraq (region)|Iraq]] to assist the governor [[al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]] in the suppression of the rebellion of [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath]].{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1993|p=408}} In 701 Muhammad campaigned against the Byzantine-controlled Armenian territory east of the [[Euphrates]], and forced its population and the local governor, Baanes, to submit to the Caliphate. Soon after his departure, however, the Armenians rebelled and called for Byzantine aid. Repeated campaigns in 703 and 704 by Muhammad and Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik crushed the revolt, and Muhammad further secured Muslim control by organizing a large-scale massacre of the Armenian princely {{transl|hy|[[nakharar]]}} families in 705.{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1993|p=408}}<ref name="PmbZ"/>{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|pp=339, 341}}
When [[al-Walid I]] acceded to the throne in 705, Muhammad began to be eclipsed by his nephew [[Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik]], who like him was also born to a slave-girl. Maslama assumed the leadership of the campaigns against Byzantium, and finally replaced Muhammad completely in his capacity as governor of Mesopotamia, Armenia and [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] in 709/10. Muhammad died in 719/20.{{sfn|Zetterstéen|1993|p=408}}<ref name="PmbZ"/>
==Wives and children==
Muhammad was the father of the last Umayyad caliph, [[Marwan II]] ({{reign|744|750}}) through an unnamed woman, most likely of non-Arab origin (a [[Kurds|Kurd]] according to some accounts). Some sources report that Muhammad had taken her captive during the suppression of Ibn al-Zubayr's revolt.{{sfn|Hawting|1991|p=623}}
Muhammad was also wed to two [[Quraysh]]ite women, Umm Jumayl bint Abd al-Rahman, the granddaughter of [[Zayd ibn al-Khattab]] of the [[Banu Adi]] clan, and Bint Yazid ibn Abd Allah, the granddaughter of [[Shaybah ibn Rabi'ah]] of the [[Banu Abd Shams]], the parent clan of the [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyads]].{{sfn|Robinson|2020|p=144}}
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