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Some visas can be granted on arrival or by prior application at the country's embassy or [[consulate]], or through a private visa service specialist who is specialized in the issuance of international travel documents. These agencies are authorized by the foreign authority, embassy, or consulate to represent international travellers who are unable or unwilling to travel to the embassy and apply in person. Private visa and passport services collect an additional fee for verifying customer applications, supporting documents, and submitting them to the appropriate authority. If there is no embassy or consulate in one's home country, then one would have to travel to a third country (or apply by post) and try to get a visa issued there. Alternatively, in such cases visas may be pre-arranged for collection on arrival at the border. The need or absence of need of a visa generally depends on the citizenship of the applicant, the intended duration of the stay, and the activities that the applicant may wish to undertake in the country he or she visits; these may delineate different formal categories of visas, with different issue conditions.
The issuing authority, usually a branch of the country's [[foreign ministry]] or department (e.g. [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]]), and typically consular affairs officers, may request appropriate documentation from the applicant. This may include proof that the applicant is able to support him or herself in the host country (lodging, food), proof that the person hosting the applicant in his or her home really exists and has sufficient room for hosting the applicant, proof that the applicant has obtained health and evacuation insurance, etc. Some countries ask for proof of health status, especially for long-term visas; some countries deny such visas to persons with certain illnesses, such as [[HIV/
The issuing authority may also require applicants to attest that they have no criminal convictions, or that they do not participate in certain activities (like prostitution or drug trafficking). Some countries will deny visas if passports show evidence of citizenship of, or travel to, a country that is considered hostile by that country. For example, some Arabic-oriented countries will not issue visas to nationals of Israel and those whose passports bear evidence of visiting Israel.
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These are granted to officials doing jobs for their governments, or otherwise representing their countries in the host country, such as the personnel of diplomatic missions.
* A ''diplomatic visa'' in combination with a regular or diplomatic passport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/other-visa-categories/visas-diplomats.html |title=Visas for Diplomats and Foreign Government Officials |publisher=travel.state.gov |access-date=2020-07-11}}</ref>
* ''Courtesy visas'' are issued to representatives of foreign governments or international organizations who do not qualify for [[diplomat]]ic status but do merit expedited, courteous treatment – an example of this is [[Australia
===By method of issue===
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** Certain international airports in Russia have consuls on-duty, who have the power to issue visas on the spot.
* Some countries issue visas on arrival to special categories of travellers, such as seafarers or aircrew.
* Some countries issue them to regular visitors
** {{BLR}} issues visas on arrival in Minsk international airport only to nationals of countries where there is no consular representation of Belarus.
** {{THA}} only issues visas on arrival at certain border checkpoints. The most notable crossing where visas on arrival are not issued is the Padang Besar checkpoint for passenger trains between Malaysia and Thailand.
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==Entry and duration period==
Visas can also be ''single-entry'', which means the visa is cancelled as soon as the holder enters the country; ''double-entry''
Once issued, a visa will typically have to be used within a certain period of time.
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Once in the country, the validity period of a visa or authorized stay can often be extended for a fee at the discretion of immigration authorities. Overstaying a period of authorized stay given by the immigration officers is considered [[illegal immigration]] even if the visa validity period is not over (i.e., for multiple entry visas) and a form of being "out of status" and the offender may be [[Fine (penalty)|fined]], prosecuted, [[deportation|deported]], or even [[blacklist]]ed from entering the country again.
Entering a country without a valid visa or visa exemption may result in detention and removal (deportation or exclusion) from the country. Undertaking activities that are not authorized by the status of entry (for example, working while possessing a non-worker tourist status) can result in the individual being deemed liable for deportation—commonly referred to as an [[Alien (law)|illegal alien]]. Such violation is not a violation of a visa, despite the common misuse of the phrase, but a violation of status
Even having a visa does not guarantee entry to the host country. The border crossing authorities make the final determination to allow entry, and may even cancel a visa at the border if the alien cannot demonstrate to their satisfaction that they will abide by the status their visa grants them.
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Some foreign visitors sometimes engage in what is known as a ''visa run'': leaving a country—usually to a neighboring country—for a short period just before the permitted length of stay expires, then returning to the first country to get a new entry stamp in order to extend their stay ("reset the clock"). Despite the name, a visa run is usually done with a passport that can be used for entry without a visa.
Visa runs are frowned upon by immigration authorities as such acts may signify that the foreigner wishes to reside permanently and might also work in that country
To combat visa runs, some countries have limits on how long visitors can spend in the country without a visa, as well as how much time they have to stay out before "resetting the clock". For example, [[Schengen Area|Schengen]] countries impose a maximum limit for visitors of 90 days in any 180-day period. Some countries do not "reset the clock" when a visitor comes back after visiting a neighboring country. For example, the United States does not give visitors a new period of stay when they come back from visiting Canada, Mexico, or the Caribbean; instead they are
In some cases, a visa run is necessary to activate new visas or change the immigration status of a person. An example would be leaving a country and then returning immediately to activate a newly issued work visa before a person can legally work.
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