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Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm while she was the first lady of Arkansas.{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|p=63}}<ref name="nyt022694">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/26/us/rose-law-firm-arkansas-power-slips-as-it-steps-onto-a-bigger-stage.html |title=Rose Law Firm, Arkansas Power, Slips as It Steps Onto a Bigger Stage |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Labaton, Stephen |date=February 26, 1994}}</ref> The firm considered her a "[[Rainmaker (business)|rainmaker]]" because she brought in clients, partly thanks to the prestige she lent it and to her corporate board connections. She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges.<ref name="nyt022694"/> Bill Clinton's Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial reelection campaign accused the Clintons of conflict of interest because Rose Law did state business; the Clintons countered the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated.{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|pp=80–81}} Clinton was twice named by ''[[The National Law Journal]]'' as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America—in 1988 and 1991.{{sfn|Gerth|Van Natta|2007|pp=87–88}} When Bill Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary Clinton considered running. Private polls were unfavorable, however, and in the end he ran and was reelected for the final time.{{sfnm |1a1=Bernstein |1y=2007 |1pp=187–89 |2a1=Gerth |2a2=Van Natta |2y=2007 |2p=85}}
From 1982 to 1988, Clinton was on the board of directors, sometimes as chair, of the [[New World Foundation]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://fair.org/press-release/limbaugh-responds-to-fair/ |title=Limbaugh Responds to FAIR |publisher=[[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting|FAIR]] |date=June 28, 1994 |access-date=May 9, 2008}}</ref> which funded a variety of [[New Left]] [[interest group]]s.<ref>Troy 2006, p. 29.</ref> Clinton was chairman of the board of the Children's Defense Fund<ref name = "Whitehouse.gov"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.childrensdefense.org/site/PageNavigator/People_Board_Emeritus |title=Board of Directors Emeritus |publisher=[[Children's Defense Fund]] |access-date=May 31, 2007 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061012030015/http://www.childrensdefense.org/site/PageNavigator/People_Board_Emeritus |archive-date=October 12, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and on the board of the [[Arkansas Children's Hospital]]'s Legal Services (1988–92)<ref name="findlaw">{{cite web |url=http://pview.findlaw.com/view/1708556_1 |title=Hon. Hillary Rodham Clinton |work=[[FindLaw]] |access-date=May 31, 2007}}</ref> In addition to her positions with nonprofit organizations, she also held positions on the corporate board of directors of [[TCBY]] (1985–92),<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/hillary-clinton/ |title=Hillary Rodham Clinton |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=May 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612140914/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/hillary-clinton/ |archive-date=June 12, 2007}} Bio entry.</ref> [[Walmart|Wal-Mart Stores]] (1986–92)<ref name="vv052400">{{cite news |title=Wal-Mart's First Lady |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2000-05-23/news/wal-mart-s-first-lady/ |author=Harkavy, Ward |date=May 24, 2000 |work=[[The Village Voice]]}}</ref> and [[Lafarge (company)|Lafarge]] (1990–92).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vermonters to Hillary: Don't Tread on Us |url=http://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/vermonters-to-hillary-dont-tread-on-us/Content?oid=2128540 |author=Picard, Ken |date=May 4, 2005 |work=[[Seven Days (newspaper)|Seven Days]]}}</ref> TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law.<ref name="nyt022694"/><ref name="nyt052007"/> Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added following pressure on chairman [[Sam Walton]] to name a woman to it.<ref name="nyt052007">{{Cite news |title=As a Director, Clinton Moved Wal-Mart Board, but Only So Far |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/us/politics/20walmart.html |author=Barbaro, Michael |date=May 20, 2007 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal-Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices. She was largely unsuccessful in her campaign for more women to be added to the company's management and was silent about the company's famously anti-labor union practices.<ref name="vv052400"/><ref name="nyt052007"/><ref name="abc013108">{{Cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=4218509 |title=Clinton Remained Silent As Wal-Mart Fought Unions |author=Ross, Brian |author-link=Brian Ross (journalist) |author2=Sauer, Maddy |author3=Schwartz, Rhonda |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=January 31, 2008}}</ref> According to Dan Kaufman, awareness of this later became a factor in her loss of credibility with organized labor, helping contribute to her loss in the 2016 election, where slightly less than half of union members voted for [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/07/17/629718238/how-dark-money-gerrymandering-and-democratic-complacency-altered-wisconsin-polit |title=How Dark Money, Gerrymandering And Democratic Complacency Altered Wisconsin Politics |last=Davies |first=Dave |date=July 17, 2018 |newspaper=NPR.org |access-date=August 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/10/donald-trump-got-reagan-like-support-from-union-households/ |title=Donald Trump got Reagan-like support from union households |last=Bump |first=Philip |date=November 10, 2016 |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=August 10, 2019}}</ref>
===Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign===
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Clinton opposed the [[Iraq War troop surge of 2007]], for both military and domestic political reasons (by the following year, she was privately acknowledging the surge had been successful).{{efn|General [[Jack Keane]], one of the architects of the surge, later related that he tried to convince Clinton of its merits at the time, but that she felt it would not succeed and that U.S. casualties would be too high. Keane said that sometime during 2008 she told him, "You were right, this really did work".<ref name="landler-nytm"/> In 2014, Secretary of Defense Gates related that after Clinton had left the Senate and become Secretary of State, she told President Obama that her opposition to the 2007 Iraq surge had been political, due to her facing a strong challenge from the anti-Iraq War Obama in the upcoming Democratic presidential primary. Gates also quotes Clinton as saying, "The Iraq surge worked."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/weigel/2014/01/10/_hillary_told_the_president_that_her_opposition_to_the_surge_in_iraq_had.html |title=Hillary Told the President That Her Opposition to the Surge in Iraq Had Been Political |author=Weigel, David |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date=January 10, 2014}}</ref> Clinton responded that Gates had misinterpreted her remark regarding the reason for her opposition.<ref name="landler-nytm"/>}} In March of that year, she voted in favor of a war-spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq by a deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bush Repeats Veto Threat on Spending Bill That Includes Iraq Withdrawal Timetable |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/03/28/bush-repeats-veto-threat-on-spending-bill-that-includes-iraq-withdrawa-687978709/ |publisher=[[Fox News Channel]] |date=March 28, 2007 |access-date=September 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227190747/http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/03/28/bush-repeats-veto-threat-on-spending-bill-that-includes-iraq-withdrawa-687978709/ |archive-date=December 27, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but was subsequently vetoed by Bush. In May, a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80–14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of those who voted against it.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/05/24/iraq.funding/index.html |title=House, Senate pass war funding bill |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=May 25, 2007}}</ref> She responded to General [[David Petraeus]]'s September 2007 [[Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq]] by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief."<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nysun.com/national/clinton-spars-with-petraeus-on-credibility/62426/ |title=Clinton Spars With Petraeus on Credibility |author=Lake, Eli |work=[[The New York Sun]] |date=September 12, 2007}}</ref>
In March 2007, in response to the [[dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy]], Clinton called on Attorney General [[Alberto Gonzales]] to resign.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hillary Clinton Calls for Gonzales' Resignation |url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=2948538&page=1 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=March 13, 2007}}</ref> Regarding the high-profile, hotly debated immigration reform bill known as the [[Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007]], Clinton cast several votes in support of the bill, which eventually failed to gain [[cloture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=1&vote=00228 |title=On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to Consider S.1639) |date=June 26, 2007 |publisher=[[United States Senate]]|access-date=April 22, 2008}}</ref>
As the [[financial crisis of 2007–08]] reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008, Clinton supported the [[proposed bailout of the U.S. financial system]], voting in favor of the [[Public Law 110-343|$700 billion law that created]] the [[Troubled Asset Relief Program]], saying it represented the interests of the American people. It passed the Senate 74–25.<ref name="ny1-tarp">{{Cite news |url=http://www.ny1.com/archives/nyc/all-boroughs/2008/10/02/senate-passes-economic-rescue-package-NYC_86538.old.html |title=Senate Passes Economic Rescue Package |publisher=[[NY1 News]] |date=October 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401080451/http://www.ny1.com/archives/nyc/all-boroughs/2008/10/02/senate-passes-economic-rescue-package-NYC_86538.old.html |archive-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref>
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During the [[Syrian Civil War]], Clinton and the Obama administration initially sought to persuade Syrian president [[Bashar al-Assad]] to engage popular demonstrations with reform. As government violence allegedly rose in August 2011, they called for him to resign from the presidency.<ref>Ghattas 2013, pp. 282–85.</ref> The administration joined several countries in delivering non-lethal assistance to so-called [[Syrian opposition|rebels opposed to the Assad government]] and humanitarian groups working in Syria.<ref>{{cite news |last=Myers |first=Steven Lee |title=U.S. joins effort to equip and pay rebels in Syria |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/02/world/middleeast/us-and-other-countries-move-to-increase-assistance-to-syrian-rebels.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 1, 2012}}</ref> During mid-2012, Clinton formed a plan with CIA Director David Petraeus to further strengthen the opposition by arming and training vetted groups of Syrian rebels. The proposal was rejected by White House officials who were reluctant to become entangled in the conflict, fearing that extremists hidden among the rebels might turn the weapons against other targets.<ref name="nyt-backstage">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/03/us/politics/in-behind-scene-blows-and-triumphs-sense-of-clinton-future.html |title=Backstage Glimpses of Clinton as Dogged Diplomat, Win or Lose |author=Gordon, Michael R. |author2=Landler, Mark |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=February 3, 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Allen|Parnes|2014|p=340}}
In December 2012, Clinton was hospitalized for a few days for treatment of a [[Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis|blood clot]] in her [[Transverse sinuses|right transverse]] [[Dural venous sinuses|venous sinus]].{{sfn|Allen|Parnes|2014|pp=339–42, 360–62}} Her doctors had discovered the clot during a follow-up examination for a [[concussion]] she had sustained when she fainted and fell nearly three weeks earlier, as a result of severe dehydration from a viral [[gastroenteritis|intestinal ailment]] acquired during a trip to Europe.{{sfn|Allen|Parnes|2014|pp=339–42, 360–62}}<ref name="nyt-hosp"/> The clot, which caused no immediate neurological injury, was treated with [[anticoagulant]] medication, and her doctors have said she has made a full recovery.<ref name="nyt-hosp"/><ref name="health-2015"/>{{efn|While generally experiencing good health in her life, Clinton had previously had a potentially serious blood clot behind her knee (a [[deep vein thrombosis]]) while first lady in 1998, for which she had required anticoagulant treatment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/hillary-clinton-life-60-article-1.228020 |title=Hillary Clinton: My life at 60 |author=Evans, Heidi |work=[[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |location=New York |date=October 25, 2007}}</ref> An elbow fracture and subsequent painful recuperation had caused Clinton to miss two foreign trips as Secretary of State in 2009.{{sfn|Allen|Parnes|2014|pp=139–41}} It was also disclosed in 2015 that she had a second deep vein thrombosis in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/hillary-clinton-has-not-been-quick-to-share-health-information/2016/09/11/822b1b0c-784d-11e6-bd86-b7bbd53d2b5d_story.html|title=Hillary Clinton has not been quick to share health information|last=Frankel|first=Todd C.|date=September 11, 2016|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=January 22, 2020}}</ref> The 2012 concussion and clot episode caused Clinton to postpone her congressional testimony on the [[Benghazi attack]] and to miss any foreign trips planned for the rest of her tenure.<ref name="nyt-hosp"/> After returning to public activity, she wore special glasses for two months, with a [[Fresnel lens]] for the left eye to compensate for [[double vision]], a lingering effect of the concussion.<ref name="health-2015"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/hillary-clintons-glasses-concussion-fashion/story?id=18313426 |title=Hillary Clinton's Glasses Are For Concussion, Not Fashion |author=Hughes, Dana |author2=Childs, Dan |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=January 25, 2013}}</ref> She remained on anticoagulant medication as a precaution.<ref name="health-2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/hillary-clinton-health-excellent-doctor-letter-2016-campaign-120861.html |title=Hillary's health 'excellent,' doctor says |author=Karni, Annie |work=[[Politico]] |date=July 31, 2015}}</ref>}}
====Overall themes====
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And in the Mideast turmoil, Clinton particularly saw an opportunity to advance one of the central themes of her tenure, the empowerment and welfare of women and girls worldwide.<ref name="nw-doctrine">{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/06/the-hillary-doctrine.html |title=The Hillary Doctrine |author=Lemmon, Gayle Tzemach |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=March 6, 2011}}</ref> Moreover, in a formulation that became known as the "[[Hillary Doctrine]]", she viewed women's rights as critical for U.S. security interests, due to a link between the level of violence against women and gender inequality within a state, and the instability and challenge to international security of that state.<ref name="elle-2012">{{cite news |url=http://www.elle.com/life-love/society-career/at-the-pinnacle-of-hillary-clintons-career-654140 |title=At the Pinnacle of Hillary Clinton's Career |author=Combe, Rachael |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |date=April 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>Hudson and Leidl 2015, pp. 3–4.</ref> In turn, there was a trend of women around the world finding more opportunities, and in some cases feeling safer, as the result of her actions and visibility.<ref>Hudson and Leidl 2015, pp. 57–60.</ref>
Clinton visited 112 countries during her tenure, making her the most widely traveled secretary of state<ref name="nyt-amplified">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/05/us/politics/scare-amplifies-fears-that-clintons-work-has-taken-heavy-toll.html |title=Scare Adds to Fears That Clinton's Work Has Taken Toll |last=Landler |first=Mark |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 4, 2013}}</ref>{{efn|Clinton's 112 countries visited broke [[Madeleine Albright]]'s previous mark of 96.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.yahoo.com/frequent-flier-clinton-hits-100-country-mark-073258740.html |title=Frequent flier Hillary Clinton hits 100-country mark |author=Lee, Matthew |agency=Associated Press |publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] |date=June 28, 2012}}</ref> Clinton's sum of 956,733 air miles traveled, however, fell short of [[Condoleezza Rice]]'s record for mileage.<ref name="nyt-amplified"/> That total, 1,059,207, was bolstered late in her tenure by repeated trips to the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2012/06/clinton-rice-vie-for-most-traveled-secretary-of-state/1 |title=Clinton, Rice vie for most traveled secretary of State |author=Jackson, David |work=[[USA Today]] |date=June 18, 2012}}</ref>}} ([[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] wrote that "Clinton's endurance is legendary".)<ref name="time-smart"/> The first secretary of state to visit countries like [[Togo]] and [[East Timor]], she believed that in-person visits were more important than ever in the virtual age.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/departing-secretary-state-hillary-clinton-leaves-legacy-firsts/story?id=18039755&singlePage=true |title=Departing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton Leaves Behind a Legacy of Firsts |author=Parnass, Sarah |author2=Hughes, Dana |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=December 23, 2012}}</ref> As early as March 2011, she indicated she was not interested in serving a second term as secretary of state should Obama be [[2012 United States presidential election|re-elected in 2012]];<ref name="pol-no-2nd"/> in December 2012, following that re-election, Obama nominated Senator [[John Kerry]] to be Clinton's successor.<ref name="nyt-hosp">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/31/us/hillary-clinton-goes-to-hospital-after-exam-finds-a-blood-clot.html |title=Clinton's Blood Clot Is Located Near Her Brain, Doctors Say |author=Cooper, Helene |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 31, 2012}}</ref> Her last day as secretary of state was February 1, 2013.<ref name="cbs-next">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/is-hillary-clinton-closing-the-door-on-politics/ |title=Is Hillary Clinton closing the door on politics? |author=Miller, Jake |work=[[CBS News]] |date=January 29, 2013}}</ref> Upon her departure, analysts commented that Clinton's tenure did not bring any signature diplomatic breakthroughs as some other secretaries of state had accomplished,<ref name="lat-legacy">{{cite news |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/28/nation/la-na-clinton-legacy-20130128 |title=Hillary Clinton's legacy at State: Splendid but not spectacular |author=Richter, Paul |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 28, 2013}}</ref><ref name="nykr-legacy">{{cite news |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/02/11/long-engagements |title=Long Engagements |author=Packer, George |author-link=George Packer |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=February 11, 2013}}</ref> and highlighted her focus on goals she thought were less tangible but would have more lasting effect.<ref>Ghattas 2013, pp. 216, 225.</ref> She has also been criticized for accepting millions in dollars in donations from foreign governments to the [[Clinton Foundation]] during her tenure as Secretary of State.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/foreign-governments-gave-millions-to-foundation-while-clinton-was-at-state-dept/2015/02/25/31937c1e-bc3f-11e4-8668-4e7ba8439ca6_story.html |title=Foreign governments gave millions to foundation while Clinton was at State Dept. |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 25, 2015 |access-date=December 30, 2019}}</ref>
===Benghazi attack and subsequent hearings===
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In a joint statement released on July 15, 2015, the inspector general of the State Department and the inspector general of the intelligence community said their review of the emails found information that was classified when sent, remained so at the time of their inspection and "never should have been transmitted via an unclassified personal system". They also stated unequivocally this classified information should never have been stored outside of secure government computer systems. Clinton had said over a period of months that she kept no classified information on the private server that she set up in her house.<ref name="NYT72415">{{cite news |author=Schmidt, Michael S. |author2=Apuzzo, Matt |date=July 24, 2015 |title=Hillary Clinton Emails Said to Contain Classified Data |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/25/us/politics/hillary-clinton-email-classified-information-inspector-general-intelligence-community.html}}</ref> Government policy, reiterated in the nondisclosure agreement signed by Clinton as part of gaining her security clearance, is that sensitive information can be considered as classified even if not marked as such.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dilanian |first=Ken |date=February 4, 2016 |title=Clinton Emails Held Indirect References to Undercover CIA Officers |work=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/clinton-emails-held-indirect-references-undercover-cia-officers-n510741 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310104304/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/clinton-emails-held-indirect-references-undercover-cia-officers-n510741 |archive-date=March 10, 2016}}</ref> After allegations were raised that some of the emails in question fell into the so-called "born classified" category, an FBI probe was initiated regarding how classified information was handled on the Clinton server.<ref name="NYT8815">{{cite news |author=Schmidt, Michael S. |author2=Apuzzo, Matt |date=August 8, 2015 |title=Hillary Clinton Emails Take Long Path to Controversy |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/09/us/hillary-clinton-emails-take-long-path-to-controversy.html}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported in February 2016 that nearly 2,100 emails stored on Clinton's server were retroactively marked classified by the State Department. Additionally, the intelligence community's inspector general wrote Congress to say that some of the emails "contained classified State Department information when originated".<ref>{{cite news |author=Kessler, Glenn |date=March 9, 2016 |title=Fact checking the Hillary Clinton email controversy |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/09/fact-checking-the-hillary-clinton-email-controversy/}}</ref> In May 2016, the inspector general of the State Department criticized her use of a private email server while secretary of state, stating that she had not requested permission for this and would not have received it if she had asked.<ref>{{cite news |last=Myers |first=Steven Lee |date=May 25, 2016 |title=Hillary Clinton Is Criticized for Private Emails in State Dept. Review |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/26/us/politics/state-department-hillary-clinton-emails.html}}</ref>
Clinton maintained she did not send or receive any emails from her personal server that were confidential at the time they were sent. In a Democratic debate with [[Bernie Sanders]] on February 4, 2016, Clinton said, "I never sent or received any classified material—they are retroactively classifying it." On July 2, 2016, Clinton stated: "Let me repeat what I have repeated for many months now, I never received nor sent any material that was marked classified."<ref>{{cite web |date=July 5, 2016 |title=FBI Probe Contradicts Clinton's Claim She Never Sent Classified Emails |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/fbi-investigation-sheds-light-hillary-clintons-past-email/story?id=40350589 |access-date=July 12, 2016 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |date=August 27, 2015 |title=Clinton's claims about receiving or sending 'classified material' on her private e-mail system |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/08/27/clintons-claims-about-receiving-or-sending-classified-material-on-her-private-email-system/ |access-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref>
On July 5, 2016, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] concluded its investigation. In a statement, FBI director [[James Comey]] said:
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By June 5, 2016, she had earned enough pledged delegates and supportive superdelegates for the media to consider her the presumptive nominee.<ref name="presumptive">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/07/us/politics/hillary-clinton-presidential-race.html |title=Hillary Clinton Has Clinched Democratic Nomination, Survey Reports |last1=Chozick |first1=Amy |date=June 6, 2016 |last2=Healy |first2=Patrick |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> On June 7, after winning most of the states in the final major round of primaries, Clinton held a victory rally in Brooklyn becoming the first woman to claim the status of presumptive nominee for a major American political party.<ref name="signal">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/06/07/politics/primary-results-highlights/ |title=Hillary Clinton celebrates victory |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=June 8, 2016 |author=Collinson, Stephen}}</ref> By campaign's end, Clinton had won 2,219 pledged delegates to Sanders' 1,832; with an estimated 594 superdelegates compared to Sanders' 47.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/election/primaries/parties/democrat |title=Democratic Party: CNN delegate estimate |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=June 18, 2016}}</ref> She received almost 17 million votes during the nominating process, as opposed to Sanders' 13 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/P16/D |title=Democratic Convention 2016 |publisher=[[The Green Papers]] |access-date=June 29, 2016}}</ref>
Clinton was formally nominated at the [[2016 Democratic National Convention]] in Philadelphia on July 26, 2016, becoming the first woman to be nominated for president by a major U.S. political party.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rappeport |first1=Alan |last2=Alcindor |first2=Yamiche |last3=Martin |first3=Jonathan |title=Democrats Nominate Hillary Clinton Despite Sharp Divisions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/27/us/politics/dnc-speakers-sanders-clinton.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 26, 2016}}</ref> Her choice of vice presidential [[running mate]], Senator [[Tim Kaine]], was nominated by the convention the following day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keneally |first1=Meghan |last2=Struyk |first2=Ryan |title=Tim Kaine Nominated as Democratic Vice Presidential Candidate |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/tim-kaine-nominated-democratic-vice-presidential-candidate/story?id=40934814 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=July 27, 2016}}</ref> Her opponents in the general election included Republican Donald Trump, [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]] [[Gary Johnson]] and [[Jill Stein]] of the [[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]]. Around the time of the convention, [[WikiLeaks]] released [[Podesta emails|emails]] that suggested the DNC and the Clinton campaign tilted the primary in Clinton's favor.{{Cn|date=August 2023}}
Clinton held a significant lead in [[Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election|national polls]] over Trump throughout most of 2016. In early July, Trump and Clinton were tied in major polls following the FBI's conclusion of its investigation into her emails.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/15/us/politics/hillary-clinton-donald-trump-poll.html |title=Poll Finds Voters in Both Parties Unhappy With Their Candidates |last1=Chozick |first1=Amy |date=July 14, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |last2=Thee-Brennan |first2=Megan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/data-points/poll-clinton-trump-now-tied-gop-convention-kicks-n611936 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821180517/http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/amp/poll-clinton-trump-now-tied-gop-convention-kicks-n611936 |archive-date=August 21, 2016 |title=Poll: Clinton and Trump Now Tied as GOP Convention Kicks Off |date=July 19, 2016 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> [[Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI Director]] James Comey concluded Clinton had been "extremely careless" in her handling of classified government material.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/hillary-clinton-polls-trump-2016-7 |title=The polls are swinging against Hillary Clinton because she gave voters reason to distrust her |last=Barro |first=Josh |date=July 14, 2016 |work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> In late July, Trump gained his first lead over Clinton in major polls following a three to four percentage point [[convention bounce]] at the [[2016 Republican National Convention|Republican National Convention]]. This was in line with the average bounce in conventions since [[2004 United States presidential election|2004]], although it was toward the low side by historical standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/election-update-why-our-model-is-bullish-on-trump-for-now/ |title=Election Update: Why Our Model Is Bullish On Trump, For Now| website=fivethirtyeight.com|date=July 28, 2016 |access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-convention-bounce-20160725-snap-story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728122033/http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-convention-bounce-20160725-snap-story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 28, 2016 |title=Trump takes lead over Clinton as GOP convention generates a bounce for its nominee |last=Lauter |first=David |date=July 25, 2016 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=July 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/25/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-poll/index.html |title=Donald Trump bounces into the lead |last=Agiesta |first=Jennifer |date=July 25, 2016 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=July 25, 2016}}</ref> Following Clinton's seven percentage point convention bounce at the Democratic National Convention, she regained a significant lead in national polls at the start of August.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://election.princeton.edu/2016/08/01/post-democratic-convention-bounce/ |title=Post-Democratic convention bounce: 7 points for Clinton|website=election.princeton.edu|access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/election-update-clintons-bounce-appears-bigger-than-trumps/?ex_cid=538twitter |title=Election Update: Clinton's Bounce Appears Bigger Than Trump's |date=August 1, 2016 |website=fivethirtyeight.com|access-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> In fall 2016, Clinton and Tim Kaine published ''[[Stronger Together (book)|Stronger Together]]'', which outlined their vision for the United States.<ref name="Chozick-2016">{{cite news |last=Chozick |first=Amy |date=September 14, 2016 |title=Sales of Hillary Clinton's New Book Are Off to a Slow Start |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/15/us/politics/clinton-book-stronger-together.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |location=New York|access-date=October 1, 2016}}</ref>
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