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The legend about the expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael (Chapter 30) has a clear Islamic background, as evidenced by the names of the women Aisha (the name of [[Muhammad]]'s wife) and Fatima (the name of Muhammad's daughter), attributed by the author to Ishmael's wives. This legend has Islamic parallels, and the prevailing opinion is that its source is Islamic. Aviva Shosman suggests the story's origin is Jewish.
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There are many parallels, sometimes to the point of literal similarity, between ''Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer'' and the Aramaic Targum of Jonathan to the Torah (a translation composed in the same period and region as ''Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer''), first noted by Zunz. David Luria believed that the Targum depends on our work and draws from it. Avigdor Shinan also holds this view, but Treitl shows that there are also opposite case where ''Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer'' depends on the Targum.<ref>Treitl, "''Pirkei DeRabbi Eliezer''," p. 230 and onwards. (in Hebrew).</ref>
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