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[[Image:Chapeltown Stocks.jpg|thumb|The old village stocks in [[Chapeltown, Lancashire]], England]]
'''Punishment''', brenancommonly, is the imposition of painful consequences upon an individual or group, meted out by an [[authority]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Edwards|first=Jonathan|date=1824|title=The salvation of all men strictly examined: and the endless punishment of those who die impenitent : argued and defended against the objections and reasonings of the late Rev. Doctor Chauncy, of Boston ; in his book entitled "The Salvation of all Men," &c|publisher=C. Ewer and T. Bedlington, 1824|pages=157}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bingham|first=Joseph|date=1712|title=Volume 1 of A Scholastical History Of The Practice of the Church In Reference to the Administration of Baptism By Laymen|journal=A Scholastical History of the Practice of the Church in Reference to the Administration of Baptism by Laymen|publisher=Knaplock, 1712|volume=1|pages=25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Grotius|first=Hugo|date=1715|title=H. Grotius of the Rights of War and Peace: In Three Volumes: in which are Explain'd the Laws and Claims of Nature and Nations, and the Principal Points that Relate Either to Publick Government, Or the Conduct of Private Life: Together with the Author's Own Notes: Done Into English..., Volume 2|journal=H. Grotius of the Rights of War and Peace: In Three Volumes: In Which Are Explain'd the Laws and Claims of Nature and Nations, and the Principal Points That Relate Either to Publick Government, or the Conduct of Private Life: Together with the Author's Own Notes: Done into English by Several Hands: With the Addition of the Author's Life by the Translators: Dedicated to His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, Hugo Grotius|publisher=D. Brown..., T. Ward..., and W. Meares, 1715|volume=2|pages=524}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Casper|first=Johann Ludwig|date=1864|title=A Handbook of the practice of forensic medicine v. 3 1864|journal=A Handbook of the Practice of Forensic Medicine|publisher=New Sydenham Society|volume=3|pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=J |first=Lubbock |date=1882 |title=Laws. In J. Lubbock |url=https://doi.org/10.1037/13470-010 |journal=The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages |pages=443–480|doi=10.1037/13470-010 }}</ref>—in contexts ranging from [[child discipline]] to [[criminal law]]—as a deterrent to a particular action or [[behavior]] that is deemed undesirable.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee Hansen|first=Marcus|date=1918|title=Old Fort Snelling, 1819-1858|journal=Mid-America Series|publisher=State Historical Society of Iowa, 1918|pages=124}}</ref> It is, however, possible to distinguish between various different understandings of what punishment is.<ref name="Is restorative justice punishment">{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1002/crq.21293|title = Is restorative justice punishment?|year = 2020|last1 = Gade|first1 = Christian B. N.|journal = Conflict Resolution Quarterly|volume = 38|issue = 3|pages = 127–155|doi-access = free}}</ref>
The reasoning for punishment may be to condition a child to avoid self-endangerment, to impose social [[conformity]] (in particular, in the contexts of [[compulsory education]] or [[military discipline]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Navy Department|first=United States|date=1940|title=Compilation of Court-martial Orders, 1916-1937, 1940-41|journal=Compilation of Court-martial Orders, 1916-1937, 1940-41|pages=648}}</ref>), to defend [[norm (social)|norms]], to protect against future harms (in particular, those from [[violent crime]]), and to maintain the [[law]]—and respect for [[rule of law]]—under which the social group is governed.<ref name=stanford-crimeState>
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