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====Canada====
The JLL.DB. degree is becomingstill the dominant law degree in Canada, replacingalthough theas traditionala LL.B.second-entry degreeprogram, prominantand inan Commonwealthincreasing countriesnumber of schools have replaced it with the J.D. degree.<ref>Osgoode Law School "Dean Patrick Monahan on the Growing Number of Canadian Law Schools Switching from the LLB to JD Degree Designation" [http://osgoode.yorku.ca/media2.nsf/83303ffe5af03ed585256ae6005379c9/ef8025cc6549271e852574200056fcc8!OpenDocument]</ref> As with the second-entry LL.B., in order to be admitted to a Juris Doctor program, applicants must have completed a minimum 3-year Bachelor's study and scored high on the North American [[Law School Admission Test]].<ref>http://law.queensu.ca/prospectiveStudents/jdProgram/admissionInformation/firstYearAdmissionStandards.html</ref> AsHowever, as a practical matter, nearly all successful applicants have completed one or more degrees before admission to a Canadian law school.<ref>http://law.ucalgary.ca/programs/llb/admission</ref> All Canadian Juris Doctor programs consist of three years, and have similar content in their mandatory first year courses. As with U.S. J.D. programs, such as that of the New York University Law School,<ref>http://www.law.nyu.edu/academics/courses/requiredfirstyearcourses/index.htm</ref> the mandatory first year courses in Canadian law schools outside Quebec include "public" "constitutional" or "state" law, tort law, contract law, criminal law, and some sort of "professional practice" course.<ref>http://www.osgoode.yorku.ca/jd/first_year_courses.html</ref> Beyond first year and the minimum requirements for graduation, course selection is elective with various concentrations such as business law, international law, natural resources law, criminal law, Aboriginal law, etc.<ref>Canadian law school concentrations, certificates and joint-degree programs [http://www.canadian-universities.net/Law-Schools/Bachelor.html].</ref> After graduation from an accredited law school, each Province's law society requires completion of a bar examination, and a period of supervised "articling" prior to independent practice.<ref>Law Law Society of Upper Canada PRP [http://rc.lsuc.on.ca/pdf/licensingprocesslawyer/articling/ar45memWhatYouNeedToKnow.pdf].</ref>
Use of the "J.D." designation by Canadian law schools is not intended to indicate an emphasis on American law, but rather to distinguish Canadian law degrees from English law degrees, which do not require prior undergraduate study nor offer practical legal training.<ref name="law.ubc.ca"/> The Canadian J.D. is a degree in Canadian Law. Accordingly, United States jurisdictions other than New York and Massachusetts,<ref>http://www.law.utoronto.ca/prosp_stdn_content.asp?itemPath=3/6/15/6/0&contentId=983#States</ref> do not recognize Canadian Juris Doctor degrees automatically.<ref>http://www.law.nyu.edu/llmjsd/graduateadmissions/barexaminformation/index.htm.</ref><ref>http://www.nybarexam.org/Foreign/ForeignLegalEducation.htm</ref> This is equivalent to the manner in which United States J.D. graduates are treated in Canadian jurisdictions such as Ontario.<ref>http://www.citizenship.gov.on.ca/english/working/career/professions/lawyers.shtm</ref> To prepare graduates to practise in jurisdictions on both sides of the border, some pairs of law schools, such as the New York University (NYU) Law School and Osgoode Hall Law School,<ref>NYU/Osgoode Joint LL.B/J.D. [http://www.law.nyu.edu/depts/admissions/info/joint/Osgoodejointprogram.html].</ref> the University of Ottawa Law School and the Michigan State University Law School,<ref>Michigan State University School of Law and the University of Ottawa [http://www.law.msu.edu/academics/ac-multi-llb.html Joint J.D. - LL.B. Degree Program]</ref> and the University of Windsor Law School and the University of Detroit Mercy Law School,<ref>University of Windsor / University of Detroit. [http://www.uwindsor.ca/jdllb J.D./LL.B. Program] Accessed June 1, 2008.</ref> have developed joint American-Canadian J.D programs.
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