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=== Shape and thickness ===
Certain slight physiological deviations from Listing's rule are commonly described in terms of the "shape" and "thickness" of Listing's plane:<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Joseph F.X. Desouza|author2=David A. Nicolle|author3=Tutis Vilis|url=http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tutis_Vilis/publication/13704911_Task-dependent_changes_in_the_shape_and_thickness_of_Listing's_plane/file/e0b49520163e3e8eb9.pdf|title=Task-dependent changes in the shape and thickness of Listing's plane|journal=Vision Research|volume=37|issue=16|
*the "shape" specifies in how far it is indeed a (flat) plane or more generally a somewhat curved surface, and
*the "thickness" specifies in how far eye movements indeed lie precisely within the plane (or surface) or may lie just slightly next to it.
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The influence of [[strabismus surgery]] on the Listing's planes of the two eyes is not fully understood. In one study, patients' eyes showed greater adherence to Listing's rule after the operation, however the relative orientation of the Listing's planes of the two eyes had changed.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=J. Bosman|author2=M.P.M. ten Tusscher|author3=I. de Jong|author4=J.S.H. Vles|author5=H. Kingma|title=The influence of eye muscle surgery on shape and relative orientation of displacement planes: Indirect evidence for neural control of 3D eye movements|journal=Strabismus|date=2002|volume=10|issue=3|pages=199–209|doi=10.1076/stra.10.3.199.8124}}</ref>
== Measurement ==
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