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=== May–June ===
Tensions escalated significantly in May. On 14 May, three gunmen [[Kaluchak Massacre|killed 34 people]] in an army camp near [[Jammu]], most of them the wives and children of Indian soldiers serving in Kashmir. The [[Indian Army]] was angered by the attack.<ref name="nys" /> On 18 May, India expelled the Pakistani High Commissioner. That same day, thousands of villagers had to flee Pakistani artillery fire in Jammu.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2002/05/18/india_pak020518.html "India expels Pakistan's ambassador"<!--Bot-generated title-->], [[CBC.ca]], 18 May 2002.</ref> On 21 May, clashes killed
At the same time, attempts to defuse the situation continued. Both [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] and [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]] blamed each other for the standoff, and the [[Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] tried to mediate a solution, but in vain.<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-a-2002-06-03-10-putin-66287377/541040.html "Putin Attempts to Mediate India-Pakistan Tensions"], ''[[VOA]]'', 3 June 2002. Retrieved on 7 February 2013.</ref> Musharraf refused to back down giving many interviews on Indian and Pakistani media outlets that he was prepared for war if that was the way things needed to be. On 10 June, air restrictions over India were ended and [[Indian Navy|Indian warships]] were removed from Pakistan's coast; [[Pakistan Navy|Pakistan's warships]] soon followed suit and returned to friendly waters.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak.htm India-Pakistan Conflict<!--Bot-generated title-->], Globalsecurity.org</ref>
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[[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Pervez Musharraf|Musharraf]] refused to renounce the [[Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan|use]] of [[nuclear weapon]]s even after pressure by the [[United Nations Security Council|international community]]. Whereas [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] asserted from the beginning that nuclear weapons would only be used if the other side used them first.
As both [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] are armed with nuclear weapons, the possibility a [[conventional war]] could escalate into a [[Nuclear war|nuclear one]] was raised several times during the standoff. Various statements on this subject were made by Indian and Pakistani officials during the conflict, mainly concerning a [[no first use]] policy. Indian [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Minister]] [[Jaswant Singh]] said on 5 June that India would not use nuclear weapons first,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WDQ/is_2002_June_3/ai_86623659 |title=India will not use nuclear weapons first: Singh |work=BNET |date=3 June 2002 |accessdate=2012-03-20}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> while Musharraf said on 5 June he would not renounce Pakistan's right to use nuclear weapons first.<ref>[http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2002/06/05/story29703.asp Irish Examiner – 2002/06/05: "Musharraf refuses to renounce first use of nuclear weapons"<!--Bot-generated title-->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929150119/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2002/06/05/story29703.asp |date=29 September 2007 }}, [[Irish Examiner]], 5 June 2002</ref> According to one think tank of the Pakistan government, the possession of nuclear weapons by Pakistan prevented escalation to an all out war by India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ipripak.org/papers/india-pakistan.shtml |title=IPRI :: Islamabad Policy Research Institute |publisher=Ipripak.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-13}}</ref>{{verify credibility|date = January 2013}} In 2009, Pakistani economist [[Sartaj Aziz]] asserted that:
{{quote|text=It was a big upset about what happened to the economy after the [[Nuclear weapons tests| [atomic] tests]] in 1998, but was consoled that in 2002, when India mobilized half a million [[Indian Armed Forces|troops]] on the [[Line of Control|border]] after an attack on [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|its parliament]] in 2001, but was finally forced to withdraw the "due to the [[Mutual Assured Destruction|danger]] of a [[Nuclear deterrent|nuclear]] [[Second-strike capability|retaliation]] by Pakistan....|sign=Sartaj Aziz, <small>defending Pakistan's decision to tests its nuclear capability in 1998</small>|source=<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{cite book|last=Aziz|first=Sartaj|title=Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan’s History|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Karachi, Pakistan|isbn=978-0-19-547718-4|page=408|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\09\story_9-8-2009_pg3_5}}</ref>}}
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