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| image = South Shetland-2016-Deception Island–Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) 04.jpg
| image_caption = [[Deception Island]], [[South Shetland Islands]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22697761/0 |title=''Pygoscelis antarcticus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013|ref=harv}}</ref>
| genus = Pygoscelis
| species = antarcticus
| authority = ([[Johann Reinhold Forster|Forster]], 1781)
| synonyms =
* ''Aptenodytes antarctica'' <small>Forster, 1781</small>
* ''Pygoscelis antarctica'' <small>[[Graham Turbott|Turbott]], 1990</small>
}}
The '''chinstrap penguin''' (''Pygoscelis antarcticus'') is a species of [[penguin]] that inhabits a variety of islands and shores in the Southern Pacific and the Antarctic Oceans. Its name stems from the narrow black band under its head, which makes it appear as if it were wearing a black helmet, making it easy to identify.<ref name="nationalgeographic">{{cite news |title=Chinstrap Penguin Facts |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/c/chinstrap-penguin/ |accessdate=17 February 2019 |work=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> Other common names include '''ringed penguin''', '''bearded penguin''', and '''stonecracker penguin''', due to its loud, harsh call.<ref name="ultimate">{{cite book |last1=De Roy |first1=Tui |last2=Jones |first2=Mark |last3=Cornthwaite |first3=Julie |title=Penguins: The Ultimate Guide |date=August 24, 2014 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0691162997 |pages=206–207 |edition=reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=489wCQAAQBAJ |accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref>
== Taxonomy ==
This species was originally given the [[binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] ''Aptenodytes antarctica'' by [[Johann Reinhold Forster]] in 1781, thereby placing it in the same [[genus]] as the [[King penguin|king]] and [[emperor penguin|emperor]] penguins. In 1990, [[Graham Turbott]] transferred this species into the genus ''Pygoscelis'', together with the [[Adélie penguin|Adélie]] and [[gentoo penguin|gentoo]] penguins. This gave it the new name ''P. antarctica''. However, this is an orthographic error due to the disagreement in Latin grammar between ''antarctica'' and its assigned genus. The corrected form, ''P. antarcticus'', is the currently accepted name for this species.<ref>''Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis'' 3 (1780): [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073704044;view=1up;seq=186 134], [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073704044;view=1up;seq=193 141], [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015073704044;view=1up;seq=205 pl.4].</ref>
== Description ==
[[File:Pygoscelis antarctica trying to get to iceberg.wmv.OGG|thumb|Video showing various behaviours, Antarctica]]
The chinstrap penguin grows to a length of {{convert|68|–|76|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a weight of {{convert|3.2|–|5.3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, with the weight varying with the time of year.<ref name="ultimate"/> Males are greater in weight and height than females.<ref name="antarctica">{{cite web |title=Chinstrap penguins |url=http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/wildlife/animals/penguins/chinstrap-penguins |website=Australian Antarctic Division |accessdate=18 February 2019}}</ref>
The adult chinstrap's flippers are black with a white edge; the inner sides of the flippers are white. The face is white extending behind the eyes, which are reddish brown; the chin and throat are white, as well, while the short bill is black. The strong legs and the webbed feet are pink. Its short, stumpy legs give it a distinct waddle when it walks. The chinstrap penguin's black back and white underside provide camouflage in the form of [[countershading]] when viewed from above or below, helping to avoid detection by its predators.<ref name ="LPZChinstrapPenguin"/>
== Distribution ==
Chinstrap penguins have a circumpolar distribution. They breed in [[Antarctica]], [[Argentina]], [[Bouvet Island]], [[Chile]], the [[Falkland Islands]], the [[French Southern Territories]], and [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]. Vagrant individuals have been found in New Zealand, the islands of Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha, and South Africa.<ref name="iucn"/>
== Ecology ==
The diet of the chinstrap penguin consists of small [[fish]], [[krill]], [[shrimp]], and [[squid]], for which they swim up to {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} offshore each day to obtain. The chinstrap penguin's tightly packed feathers provide a waterproof coat, enabling it to swim in freezing waters. Additionally, thick [[blubber]] deposits and intricate [[blood vessel]]s in the flippers and legs assist in the preservation of heat.<ref name="LPZChinstrapPenguin">{{cite web |url=http://www.lpzoo.org/animals/factsheet/chinstrap-penguin |publisher=Lincoln Park Zoo |title=Chinstrap Penguin Fact Sheet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322204906/http://www.lpzoo.org/animal/chinstrap-penguin |archive-date=2016-03-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The main predator of the chinstrap penguin at sea is the [[leopard seal]] (''Hydrurga leptonyx''). Every year, the leopard seal causes the chinstraps population to decrease by about 5% to 20%. On land, the [[brown skua]] (''Stercorarius antarcticus''), [[south polar skua]] (''Stercorarius maccormicki''), and [[southern giant petrel]] (''Macronectes giganteus'') are the primary predators of the penguin. These three species most often prey on eggs and young chinstrap penguins. The [[Antarctic fur seal]] is also known to occasionally kill chinstrap penguins.<ref name="natural">{{cite book |last1=Borboroglu |first1=Pablo Garcia |last2=Boersma |first2=P. D. |title=Penguins: Natural History and Conservation |date=October 5, 2015 |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=978-0295999067 |pages=52–72 |edition=reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aX-0CgAAQBAJ |accessdate=18 February 2019}}</ref>
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In 2004, two male chinstrap penguins named [[Roy and Silo]] in [[Central Park Zoo]], [[New York City]], formed a [[pair bond]] and took turns trying to "hatch" a rock, for which a keeper eventually substituted a fertile egg, and the pair subsequently hatched and raised the chick.<ref>{{cite news|last=Driscoll|first=Emily V.|title=Bisexual Species: Unorthodox Sex in the Animal Kingdom|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=bisexual-species&sc=rss|accessdate=22 April 2012|newspaper=Scientific American|date=10 July 2008}}</ref> Penguins by nature hatch eggs and are social creatures. The children's book ''[[And Tango Makes Three]]'' was written based on this event.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-1799196,00.html |title=Gay icon causes a flap by picking up a female |publisher=Times Online |first=James |last=Bone |date=27 September 2005 |accessdate=31 March 2009}}</ref>
== Conservation status ==
The global population of the chinstrap penguins is estimated to be at least eight million. Although it is believed to be decreasing overall, its population is not severely fragmented and in many sites it is increasing or stable.<ref name="iucn"/> The chinstrap penguin is
== References ==
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