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==Australia==
In Australia, parliamentary secretaries are appointed in the federal government and most state governments. At the federal level, the ''Ministers of State Act 1952'' provides for the [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] to appoint a member from either house of Parliament to be a parliamentary secretary to a minister. The Act also provides that, for constitutional purposes, parliamentary secretaries are to be appointed as ministers of state, which enables them to be paid a salary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ministers in the Senate - Senate Brief No. 14|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/briefs/Ministers_in_the_Senate#parliamentary|publisher=Australian Parliament House|
According to [[Paul Keating]] in 1993, "the institution of Parliamentary Secretary provides a very inexpensive means not only of giving talented individuals executive experience but providing Ministers with needed support."<ref>{{citation|url=http://pmtranscripts.dpmc.gov.au/browse.php?did=8844|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225080155/http://pmtranscripts.dpmc.gov.au/browse.php?did=8844|archive-date=25 February 2014|title=Statement by the Prime Minister|date=24 March 1993|first=Paul|last=Keating|author-link=Paul Keating}}</ref> On 20 September 2015, Prime Minister [[Malcolm Turnbull]] announced that the title 'Parliamentary Secretary' is to be re-designated as 'Assistant Minister'.
In the state of [[Queensland]], Parliamentary Secretaries were re-designated as 'Assistant Ministers' following the [[2012 Queensland state election|2012 Queensland election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Our Structure|url=http://www.qld.gov.au/about/how-government-works/government-structure/|
==Ireland==
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