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Necturus

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For the publisher Mudpuppy, see Chronicle Books.

Necturus is a genus of aquatic salamanders native to the eastern United States and Canada.[2][3][4] They are commonly known as waterdogs and mudpuppies.[2][3] The common mudpuppy (N. maculosus) is probably the best-known species – as an amphibian with gill slits, it is often dissected in comparative anatomy classes. The common mudpuppy has the largest distribution of any fully aquatic salamander in North America.[5]

Necturus
Temporal range: Paleocene–present [1]
Necturus maculosus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Family: Proteidae
Genus: Necturus
Rafinesque, 1819
Species

8 species ( but see text)

Synonyms[2]
  • Exobranchia Rafinesque, 1815 – nomen nudum
  • Phanerobranchus Leuckart, 1821
  • Menobranchus Harlan, 1825
  • Parvurus Dubois and Raffaëlli, 2012

Taxonomy

The genus is under scrutiny by herpetologists.[2] The relationship between the species is still being studied. In 1991 Collins elevated N. maculosus louisianensis to full species status, usually considered a subspecies of the common mudpuppy (N. maculosus), but his interpretation was not largely followed.[2][6][7] However, a 2018 study confirmed it as a distinct species, with Amphibian Species of the World following these results, although other authorities do not.[8][9][10]

Species

There are seven to eight species:[6]

Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution
  Necturus alabamensis Viosca, 1937 Alabama waterdog Alabama.
  Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937 syn. N. lodingi Viosca, 1937 western waterdog (formerly the Gulf Coast waterdog) or Mobile mudpuppy. These two names have been recognised as independent species in the past.[3][11] Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas.
  Necturus lewisi Brimley, 1924 Neuse River waterdog North Carolina.
  Necturus louisianensis Viosca, 1938 Red River waterdog. Sometimes considered a subspecies of N. maculosus.[8][10] southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri, northeastern Oklahoma, Arkansas, and northcentral Louisiana.
  Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818) common mudpuppy southern section of Canada, as far south as Georgia
  Necturus moleri Guyer et al., 2020 Apalachicola waterdog southeastern Alabama, the Panhandle of Florida, and southwestern to north-central Georgia.
Necturus mounti Guyer et al., 2020 Escambia waterdog southern Alabama and the Panhandle of Florida.
Necturus punctatus (Gibbes, 1850) dwarf waterdog from southeastern Virginia to southcentral Georgia.


Two known fossil species, N. krausei and an unnamed species, are respectively known from the Paleocene of Saskatchewan and from Florida during the Pleistocene.[12][13]

Description

Necturus are paedomorphic: adults retain larval-like morphology with external gills, two pairs of gill slits, and no eyelids. They are moderately robust and have two pairs of short but well-developed limbs and a large, laterally compressed tail. Lungs are present but small. Typical adult size is 20–25 cm (8–10 in) in total length, but Necturus maculosus is larger and may reach 40 cm (16 in).[4]

N. maculosus is brown to gray on its back with bluish black spots. There may be spots on its belly, but these spots range from heavily spotted to no spotting. There are dark red bushy gills. Four toes are present per hindlimb.[14]

Reproduction

Females lay eggs under rocks and other large cover objects in late spring and early summer.[15] Females guard nests at least until eggs hatch[5]. Females forage while nest-guarding, but they may eat some of their eggs as a source of energy if other food sources are not readily available.[5] Larvae are believed to stay under the rock at late as November.[5]

Ecology

Necturus occur in surface waters, preferentially with clear water and rocky substrates without silt. N. maculosus live in lakes, rivers, streams, and creeks.[15][16] They like shallow waters with low temperatures from autumn to early spring.[15] They are most active in cold temperatures, specifically between 9.1 and 20.2 degrees Celsius.[16][17] During the day, N. maculosus seeks refuge under rocks or logs and plant debris.[15] They forage during the night and eat a variety of prey, but have preference for crayfish.[4] During the winter and spring, N. maculosus will also eat fish.[5]

N. maculosus are good indicators of ecosystem health.[16] This species has frequently been harmed via bycatch events (primarily passive ice fishing), chemical pollutants, and siltation.[16] Amphibian chytrid fungus (Bd) has been known to affect captive N. maculosus, but it is currently unknown whether it has affected wild N. maculosus.[17]

References

  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Necturus".
  2. ^ a b c d e Frost, Darrel R. (2019). "Necturus Rafinesque, 1819". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "North American Herpetofauna: Amphibia: Caudata". Centre for North American Herpetology. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  4. ^ a b c Vitt, Laurie J. & Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 463–465.
  5. ^ a b c d e Haines, Adam M.; Pennuto, Christopher M. (2022-09-26). "Common Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818)) in Western New York: A Seasonal Comparison of Diet, Body Condition, and Capture Methods". Journal of Herpetology. 56 (3). doi:10.1670/20-141. ISSN 0022-1511.
  6. ^ a b "Proteidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  7. ^ Petranka, J.W. (1998). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press ISBN 1588343081.
  8. ^ a b "Necturus louisianensis Viosca, 1938 | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  9. ^ Chabarria, Ryan E.; Murray, Christopher M.; Moler, Paul E.; Bart, Henry L.; Crother, Brian I.; Guyer, Craig (2018). "Evolutionary insights into the North American Necturus beyeri complex (Amphibia: Caudata) based on molecular genetic and morphological analyses". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 56 (3): 352–363. doi:10.1111/jzs.12203. ISSN 1439-0469.
  10. ^ a b "AmphibiaWeb - Necturus maculosus". amphibiaweb.org. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
  11. ^ "Necturus beyeri Viosca, 1937 | Amphibian Species of the World". amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
  12. ^ "Fossilworks: Necturus krausei". fossilworks.org. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  13. ^ "PBDB". Necturus Rafinesque (mudpuppy).
  14. ^ VanDeWalle, Terry; Collins, Suzanne L. (2013). "Salamanders in Your Pocket: a Guide to Caudates of the Upper Midwest". University of Iowa Press.
  15. ^ a b c d Collins, Merri K.; Spear, Stephen F.; Groves, John D.; Williams, Lori A.; Kuchta, Shawn R. (2019-10-04). "Searching for a Salamander: Distribution and Habitat of the Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) in Southeast Ohio Using eDNA as a Rapid Assessment Technique". The American Midland Naturalist. 182 (2): 191. doi:10.1674/0003-0031-182.2.191. ISSN 0003-0031.
  16. ^ a b c d Lennox, Robert J.; Twardek, William M.; Cooke, Steven J. (2018-08-28). "Observations of Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) bycatch in a recreational ice fishery in northern Ontario". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 132 (1): 61–66. doi:10.22621/cfn.v132i1.2040. ISSN 0008-3550.
  17. ^ a b Chatfield, Matthew W. H.; Moler, Paul; Richards-Zawacki, Corinne L. (2012-09-11). "The Amphibian Chytrid Fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in Fully Aquatic Salamanders from Southeastern North America". PLOS ONE. 7 (9): e44821. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044821. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3439441. PMID 22984569.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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