Mary Marshall (née Paley; 24 October 1850 – 19 March 1944)[1] was a Britsh economist who in 1874 was one of the first women to take the Tripos examination at Cambridge University – although, as a woman, she was excluded from receiving a degree.[2] She was one of a group of five women who were the first to be admitted to study at Newnham College, the second women's college to be founded at the University.[3]
Mary Paley Marshall | |
|---|---|
| File:Mary Paley Marshall by AS or SA.png Marshall in 1927 (detail) | |
| Born | Mary Paley 24 October 1850 Ufford, Soke of Peterborough, England |
| Died | 19 March 1944 (aged 93) Cambridge, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Alma mater | Cambridge University |
| Occupation | Economist |
| Employer(s) | University College, Bristol, Oxford, Marshall Library of Economics |
| Known for | One of the first women to study at the University of Cambridge |
| Spouse | Alfred Marshall |
Childhood
Paley was born in the village of Ufford, near Stamford, Lincolnshire, second daughter of the Reverend Thomas Paley and his wife Judith née Wormald.[1] Her father was Rector of Ufford and a former Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.[4] She was a great-granddaughter of the theologian and philosopher William Paley.[1]
Education
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Paley was educated at home, excelling in languages. In 1871, she won a scholarship to the newly-founded Newnham College, Cambridge, becoming become one of the first five students accepted to study there.[5] She took the Moral Sciences Tripos in 1874, sitting the examinations along with her peer Amy Bulley in Marion and Benjamin Hall Kennedy's drawing room. Her examiners Alfred Marshall, Henry Sidgwick, John Venn and Sedley Taylor awarded her a pass with honours, though as a woman she was debarred from formally graduating and receiving an official degree. The only evidence she was given of her work was a confidential letter from the examiners.[6]
Women sitting the tripos examination was a milestone for the University, which was to continue resisting formal recognition its own women graduates; a restriction that was later to be supported by her future husband.[7]
Life
In 1875 she was a 25-year-old economics lecturer at Newnham College. Paley had established herself financially as the first woman lecturer at Cambridge University. She was stylish and known for wearing clothes made from the fashionable prints designed by the Pre-Raphaelites.[7]
In 1876, Paley became engaged to Alfred Marshall who had been her economics tutor, and was at that time a strong supporter of higher education for women. In 1878 they moved to found the teaching of economics at University College, Bristol. Mary was one of the first women lecturers, although her salary was taken from her husband's pay as a professor.[8] In 1883 she followed him to Oxford, before the couple returned to Cambridge where they built and moved into Balliol Croft on Madingley Road (renamed Marshall House in 1991). Mary lectured on economics, and was asked to develop a book from her Cambridge lectures. Mary and Alfred wrote The Economics of Industry together, published in 1879. Alfred disliked the book, however, and it eventually went out of print, even though there was moderate demand for it. Alfred had also changed his mind about women students at Cambridge. He wrote pamphlets and letters objecting to a mixed university, and in 1897 a university regulation was passed preventing women from being awarded a Cambridge degree.
There is no record of her publicly disagreeing with her husband's support for the university's discrimination against women. She taught at Newnham and Girton until 1916. The university did not recognise its own would-be women graduates with a formal degree until over 30 years after she retired.[7]
Mary was a friend of Newnham's principal Eleanor Sidgwick. In 1890 she became a member of the Ladies Dining Society, several of whom were associated with Newnham College. The society was started by Louise Creighton and Kathleen Lyttelton; other members included Eleanor Sidgwick, the classicist Margaret Verrall, Newnham lecturers Mary Ward and Ellen Wordsworth Darwin, the mental health campaigner Ida Darwin, Baroness Eliza von Hügel, and the US socialites Caroline Jebb and Maud Darwin.[9] She had close links with women working in charity, encouraging Eglantyne Jebb (Caroline Jebb's niece by marriage) to enter this field as an assistant to her friend Florence Keynes; Eglantyne Jebb went on to found Save the Children.[10]
Mary's husband Alfred became increasingly obstructive to the cause of women's education, believing that women had nothing useful to say.[11] When Cambridge began to consider giving women degrees, he objected to the idea despite the views of friends and colleagues. Mary was nevertheless devoted to her husband, and was an important unofficial collaborator in his own economic writings.[citation needed]
According to James and Julianne Cicarelli in Distinguished Women Economists, she was listed by John Maynard Keynes in his Essays on Biography. The Cicarellis say that “Keynes held her in the highest regard and considered her an intellectual and thinker every bit as significant to the historical development of economics as her husband or any of the other economists about whom he wrote.”[3]
After her husband died in 1924, Mary became Honorary Librarian of the Marshall Library of Economics at Cambridge, to which she donated her husband's collection of articles and books on economics. She worked there as a librarian for twenty years until her doctors ordered her to stop, which she did reluctantly.[12] She continued to live in Balliol Croft until her death on 19 March 1944 at the age of 93.[1] Her ashes were scattered in the garden.[13] Her husband is buried in the Ascension Parish Burial Ground.[14]
Mary Marshall's reminiscences were published posthumously as What I Remember (1947).[15]
References
- ^ a b c d McWilliams Tullberg, Rita (28 September 2006). "Marshall [née Paley], Mary (1850–1944), economist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/39167. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ "Mary Paley Marshall". www.hetwebsite.net. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ a b "13 women who transformed the world of economics". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
- ^ "Paley, Thomas (PLY828T)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- ^ Mary Paley Marshall, One of Five Original Newnham College Students, Newnham College, ArtUK, Retrieved 20 February 2017
- ^ Gill Sutherland (17 March 2006). Faith, Duty, and the Power of Mind: The Cloughs and Their Circle, 1820-1960. Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-521-86155-7.
- ^ a b c Kennedy Smith, Ann (20 October 2016). "Mary Paley Marshall". Sheroes of History. Retrieved 22 November 2018.
- ^ "Professor Sarah Smith with Mary Paley Marshall". January 2000.
- ^ Smith, Ann Kennedy (9 May 2018). The Ladies Dining Society. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.109658.
- ^ Mulley, Clare (2009). The woman who saved the children : a biography of Eglantyne Jebb founder of Save the Children. Oxford: Oneworld. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-85168-657-5. OCLC 271080917.
- ^ Rooms of Our Own | Lucy Cavendish College Archived 2011-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Frost, Simon (12 November 2011). "History of the Marshall Library". www.marshall.econ.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
- ^ "Lucy Cavendish College Site and Buildings" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011.
- ^ A Guide to Churchill College, Cambridge: text by Dr. Mark Goldie, pp. 62, 63 (2009)
- ^ Robinson, Austin; Marshall, Mary Paley (March 1948). "What I Remember". The Economic Journal. 58 (229): 122. doi:10.2307/2226358. ISSN 0013-0133.
Further reading
- Cicarelli & Cicarelli (2003). Distinguished Women Economists. pp. 113–116.
- Marshall, Mary Paley (1947). What I Remember.
- Keynes, John Maynard (June–September 1944). "Mary Paley Marshall". Economic Journal. Reprinted in Keynes (1972, 2010)
- Keynes, John Maynard (2010) [1972]. Essays in biography.