Fascism, including National Socialism, has been present in movements and political parties in the Netherlands since 1923, as part of fascism in Europe.
The first fascist political party, Union of Actualists (Dutch: Verbond van Actualisten, VvA), was founded in 1923. More than ten fascists parties would be founded in the next twenty years. The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (Dutch: Nationaal Socialistische Beweging, NSB) led by Anton Mussert would become the largest, with xx percentages of the votes and yy members. In 1941, all political parties were banned except for the NSB.
After the Second World War, small neo-fascist parties such as Dutch People's Union (Dutch: Nederlandse Volks-Unie, NVU), but without electoral success.
History
editPre-World Wars
editBefore 1923
editGerard Bolland (1854-1922) is seen as inspiration for fascists in the Netherlands. He was inspired by Hegelianism.[1]
Interbellum
edit1923-1928
edit
In January 1923, inspired by Benito Mussolini's March on Rome, the first fascist party was founded in the Netherlands; Union of Actualists (Dutch: Verbond van Actualisten, VvA). The party was founded by, amongst others, Hugo Sinclair de Rochemont and Alfred Haighton.[2] Other parties emerged in the 1924, whose ideology was somewhere between right-wing authoritarianism and fascism: the National Union (Dutch: Nationale Unie, NU), the Fatherland League (Dutch: Vaderlandsch Verbond, VV) and Wichmans Groep Rebelsche Patriotten. NU's membership included future fascist prominents such as former ARP parliamentary leader Coenraad van der Voort van Zijp, Carel Gerritson, Rob Groeninx van Zoelen, Wouter Lutkie and Anton Mussert.[3] VV and VvA participated in the 1925 general election, but received only 0.4% and 0.07% of the votes respectively.[4] Both VV and VvA declined due to internal struggles and faded out in the next years.[5]
- National People Party (Dutch: Nationale Volkspartij)
- Dutch Orange Nationalists (Dutch: Nederlandsche Oranje Nationalisten)
- First Dutch Fascist Organization (Dutch: Eerste Nederlandsche Fascisten Organisatie)
1929-1933: Blooming phase
editIn 1931, the National Socialist Movement (Dutch: Nationaal Socialistische Beweging, NSB) was founded by engineer Anton Mussert. Mussert had gotten some fame in his opposition against the Belgian-Netherlands treaty of 3 April 1925 and had been member of the NU.
- Union of Nationalists (Dutch: Verbond van Nationalisten)
- Association ‘The Broom’ (Dutch: Vereeniging 'De Bezem')
- National-Socialist Dutch Workers Party (Dutch: Nationaal-Socialistische Nederlandsche Arbeiders Partij)
- Alliance for National Reconstruction
1934-1939: Conversion to national-socialism
editWorld War II
editPostwar period
editIn 1971, the fascist Dutch People's Union (Dutch: Nederlandse Volks-Unie, NVU) was founded. Joop Glimmerveen
Dutch Fascism
editSources
edit- Huberts, Willem (9 March 2017). In de ban van een beter verleden: Het Nederlands fascisme 1923-1945 (PDF). Groningen. ISBN 978-90-367-9461-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - te Slaa, Robin; Klijn, Edwin (2021) [First edition 2009]. De NSB: Ontstaan en opkomst van de Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging, 1931-1935 (in Dutch) (3 ed.). Boom. ISBN 978-90-244-4303-1.
Further reading
edit- van Donselaar, Jaap (1 October 1991). Fout na de oorlog: fascistische en racistische organisaties in Nederland, 1950-1990 (in Dutch). Bert Bakker. ISBN 9035110560.
- Huberts, Willem (14 July 2017). "Non-revolutionary Dutch fascism redefines generic fascism" (PDF).
References
edit- ^ te Slaa & Klijn 2021, pp. 74–79.
- ^ te Slaa & Klijn 2021, p. 87.
- ^ te Slaa & Klijn 2021, p. 97.
- ^ te Slaa & Klijn 2021, p. 98.
- ^ te Slaa & Klijn 2021, p. 99.