The 2024–25 Ekstraklasa (also known as PKO Bank Polski Ekstraklasa due to sponsorship reasons)[6] is the 99th season of the Polish Football Championship, the 91st season of the highest-tier domestic division in the Polish football league system since its establishment in 1927 and the 17th season of the Ekstraklasa under its current title. The league is operated by the Ekstraklasa S.A.[7]
Season | 2024–25 |
---|---|
Dates | 19 July 2024 – 24 May 2025 |
Matches played | 116 |
Goals scored | 308 (2.66 per match) |
Top goalscorer | Leonardo Rocha (10 goals)[1] |
Biggest home win | Lech 5–0 Jagiellonia (14 September 2024) |
Biggest away win | Puszcza 0–6 Katowice (4 October 2024)[2] |
Highest scoring | Pogoń 5–3 Śląsk (1 September 2024) Cracovia 6–2 Motor (26 October 2024) |
Longest winning run | 6 matches Lech Poznań |
Longest unbeaten run | 8 matches Lech Poznań |
Longest winless run | 10 matches Śląsk Wrocław |
Longest losing run | 5 matches Puszcza Niepołomice |
Highest attendance | 40,838 Lech 5–2 Legia (10 November 2024)[3] |
Lowest attendance | 0[A] Cracovia 2–1 Pogoń (14 September 2024)[4][5] |
Total attendance | 1,504,985 |
Average attendance | 13,087 6.3% |
← 2023–24 2025–26 →
All statistics correct as of 28 October 2024. |
Jagiellonia Białystok are the defending champions.[8]
Season overview
The season started on 19 July 2024 with a match between defending champions Jagiellonia Białystok vs. Puszcza Niepołomice and will conclude on 24 May 2025.
The regular season is played as a round-robin tournament. A total of 18 teams participate, 15 of which competed in the league campaign during the previous season, while the remaining three are promoted from the I liga. Each team will play a total of 34 matches, half at home and half away. It is the eighth Ekstraklasa season to use VAR.
Teams
A total of 18 teams will participate in the 2024–25 edition of the Ekstraklasa.
The first team to be relegated in the 2023–24 season was ŁKS Łódź, after a home loss to Śląsk Wrocław on 4 May 2024, ending their one-year stay in Ekstraklasa. The second relegated team was Ruch Chorzów on 12 May 2024, when Puszcza Niepołomice defeated Warta Poznań; much like ŁKS, they returned to the second tier after just one year in the top-flight. The last team to be demoted was Warta Poznań, whose fate was sealed after losing to Jagiellonia Białystok on the last matchday, ending their four-year stay.
The first team that won promotion from 2023–24 I liga was Lechia Gdańsk after a win over Wisła Kraków on 11 May 2024, returning to the top flight after a year of absence. The second promoted team was GKS Katowice, taking the 2nd spot in the table away from Arka Gdynia by defeating them in the last round of the regular season; they returned to the Ekstraklasa after a nineteen-year absence. The third and final team to earn promotion was Motor Lublin, who won the play-off final against Arka on 2 June 2024; Motor entered the top flight after thirty-two years of absence.
Promoted from 2023–24 I liga |
Relegated from 2023–24 Ekstraklasa |
---|---|
Lechia Gdańsk (1st) GKS Katowice (2nd) Motor Lublin (PO) |
Warta Poznań (16th) Ruch Chorzów (17th) ŁKS Łódź (18th) |
Stadiums and locations
- Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.
Team | Location | Venue | Capacity |
---|---|---|---|
Cracovia | Kraków | Józef Piłsudski Cracovia Stadium | 15,016 |
GKS Katowice | Katowice | GKS Katowice Stadium1 New GKS Katowice Stadium |
6,710 14,896 |
Górnik Zabrze | Zabrze | Ernest Pohl Stadium | 24,5632 |
Jagiellonia Białystok | Białystok | Chorten Arena | 22,372 |
Korona Kielce | Kielce | EXBUD Arena | 15,700 |
Lech Poznań | Poznań | Enea Stadium | 42,837 |
Lechia Gdańsk | Gdańsk | Polsat Plus Arena Gdańsk | 41,620 |
Legia Warsaw | Warsaw | Polish Army Stadium | 31,006 |
Motor Lublin | Lublin | Arena Lublin | 15,247 |
Piast Gliwice | Gliwice | Piotr Wieczorek Stadium | 9,913 |
Pogoń Szczecin | Szczecin | Florian Krygier Stadium | 21,163 |
Puszcza Niepołomice | Niepołomice | Józef Piłsudski Cracovia Stadium3 | 15,016 |
Radomiak Radom | Radom | Czachor Brothers Stadium | 8,840 |
Raków Częstochowa | Częstochowa | Raków Municipal Football Stadium | 5,500 |
Stal Mielec | Mielec | Grzegorz Lato Stadium | 7,000 |
Śląsk Wrocław | Wrocław | Tarczyński Arena Wrocław | 42,771 |
Widzew Łódź | Łódź | Widzew Łódź Stadium | 18,018 |
Zagłębie Lubin | Lubin | KGHM Zagłebie Arena | 16,086 |
- ^ This will be the last season when GKS Katowice plays in Stadion GKS Katowice, as they are set to move to their New GKS Katowice Stadium in 2025.[9]
- ^ Upgrading to 31,871.
- ^ Since the 2023–24 season Puszcza played their matches at Józef Piłsudski Cracovia Stadium (Cracovia's home ground), due to the fact that the stadium in Niepołomice didn't meet Ekstraklasa standards.[10] They are set to play there only until the end of 2024.[11] It remains unknown where they will play the second part of the season.
Cracovia and Puszcza | GKS Katowice | Górnik | Jagiellonia | Korona | Lech |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Józef Piłsudski Cracovia Stadium | GKS Katowice Stadium | Ernest Pohl Stadium | Chorten Arena | EXBUD Arena | Enea Stadium |
Capacity: 15,016 | Capacity: 6,710 | Capacity: 24,563 | Capacity: 22,372 | Capacity: 15,700 | Capacity: 42,837 |
Lechia | Legia | Motor | Piast | Pogoń | Radomiak |
Polsat Plus Arena Gdańsk | Polish Army Stadium | Arena Lublin | Piotr Wieczorek Stadium | Florian Krygier Stadium | Czachor Brothers Stadium |
Capacity: 41,620 | Capacity: 31,006 | Capacity: 15,247 | Capacity: 9,913 | Capacity: 21,163 | Capacity: 8,840 |
Raków | Stal | Śląsk | Widzew | Zagłębie | |
Raków Municipal Football Stadium | Grzegorz Lato Stadium | Tarczyński Arena Wrocław | Widzew Łódź Stadium | KGHM Zagłebie Arena | |
Capacity: 5,500 | Capacity: 7,000 | Capacity: 42,771 | Capacity: 18,018 | Capacity: 16,086 |
Personnel and kits
All teams have Lotto (brand of Totalizator Sportowy) placed on the center of the chest.
Team | Chairman | Head coach | Appointment date | Captain | Manufacturer | Strategic sponsor | Other kit sponsors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cracovia | Mateusz Dróżdż | Dawid Kroczek | 5 April 2024 | Otar Kakabadze | Puma | Comarch | forBET1, 4Move2, Kraków3 |
GKS Katowice | Krzysztof Nowak | Rafał Górak | 3 June 2019 | Arkadiusz Jędrych | Hummel | Superbet | Nord Partner2, Katowice3 |
Górnik Zabrze | Jan Urban | 18 March 2023 | Erik Janža | Capelli Sport | Superbet, Węglokoks | Könecke Polska1, Glücksgefühle Festival2, Zabrze2, Mangal Döner x LP103 | |
Jagiellonia Białystok | Wojciech Pertkiewicz | Adrian Siemieniec | 4 April 2023 | Taras Romanczuk | Kappa | Enea, Kuchnia Wikinga | Białystok1, Podlaskie2, STS2 |
Korona Kielce | Artur Jankowski | Jacek Zieliński | 7 August 2024 | Miłosz Trojak | 4F | EXBUD | Lewiatan1 3, Kielce2, Targi Kielce2 |
Lech Poznań | Karol Klimczak Piotr Rutkowski |
Niels Frederiksen | 1 July 2024 | Mikael Ishak | Macron | Superbet | Lech Pils1, Poznań2 |
Lechia Gdańsk | Paolo Urfer | Szymon Grabowski | 14 June 2023 | Rifet Kapić | Adidas | Gdańsk2 | |
Legia Warsaw | Dariusz Mioduski | Gonçalo Feio | 10 April 2024 | Artur Jędrzejczyk | Adidas | Plus500 | Fortuna1, Jeton2, Królewskie2, Warsaw3 |
Motor Lublin | Zbigniew Jakubas | Mateusz Stolarski | 18 March 2024 | Rafał Król | Hummel | Lublin, Spiżarnia | |
Piast Gliwice | Łukasz Lewiński | Aleksandar Vuković | 27 October 2022 | Jakub Czerwiński | 4F | Kuchnia Wikinga, verocargo | Gliwice1, LV BET2 |
Pogoń Szczecin | Jarosław Mroczek | Robert Kolendowicz | 15 August 2024 | Kamil Grosicki | Capelli Sport | Port Szczecin-Świnoujście, zondacrypto | Fabryka Papieru Kaczory1, Szczecin2, dostalk3, Toyota Kozłowski3 |
Puszcza Niepołomice | Jarosław Pieprzyca | Tomasz Tułacz | 13 August 2015 | Jakub Serafin | Nike | Niepołomice | Oshee2, R-GOL.com2, Promogaz-Kpis3 |
Radomiak Radom | Sławomir Stempniewski | Bruno Baltazar | 20 May 2024 | Raphael Rossi | Adidas | Enea | Radom1, 11teamsports2, Fortuna2, Audi Radom3, Bleik Restaurant3 |
Raków Częstochowa | Piotr Obidziński | Marek Papszun | 1 July 2024 | Zoran Arsenić | Adidas | x-kom, zondacrypto | Onesto Energy1, Częstochowa2 3, STS2, ZPUE2, Frugo3 |
Stal Mielec | Jacek Klimek | Janusz Niedźwiedź | 2 September 2024 | Krystian Getinger | 4F | PGE4 | PGE14, Mielec2, Podkarpackie2, PZL Mielec2, Enervigo3, NCMetal3 |
Śląsk Wrocław | Patryk Załęczny | Jacek Magiera | 21 April 2023 | Aleks Petkov | Nike | LV BET | Jaxan1, Wrocław Airport2, Acana3 |
Widzew Łódź | Michał Rydz | Daniel Myśliwiec | 5 September 2023 | Bartłomiej Pawłowski | Macron | Panattoni, TERMOton | Murapol1, STS2, Łódź Voivodeship3, CoBouw3 |
Zagłębie Lubin | Paweł Jeż | Marcin Włodarski | 25 September 2024 | Bartosz Kopacz | Nike | KGHM |
Managerial changes
Team | Outgoing manager | Manner of departure | Date of vacancy | Position in table | Incoming manager | Date of appointment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lech Poznań | Mariusz Rumak[12] | End of contract | 30 June 2024 | Pre-season | Niels Frederiksen[13] | 1 July 2024 |
Raków Częstochowa | Dawid Szwarga[14] | Sacked | Marek Papszun[15] | |||
Korona Kielce | Kamil Kuzera[16] | Mutual consent | 31 July 2024 | 18th | Mariusz Arczewski[16] | 31 July 2024 |
Mariusz Arczewski[17] | End of caretaker spell | 7 August 2024 | 18th | Jacek Zieliński[17] | 7 August 2024 | |
Pogoń Szczecin | Jens Gustafsson[18] | Mutual consent | 15 August 2024 | 4th | Robert Kolendowicz[19] | 15 August 2024 |
Stal Mielec | Kamil Kiereś[20] | Sacked | 30 August 2024 | 16th | Janusz Niedźwiedź[21] | 2 September 2024 |
Zagłębie Lubin | Waldemar Fornalik[22] | 23 September 2024 | 16th | Marcin Włodarski[23] | 25 September 2024 |
- Italics for interim managers.
League table
Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jagiellonia Białystok | 15 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 28 | 21 | +7 | 32 | Qualification for Champions League second qualifying round |
2 | Lech Poznań | 14 | 10 | 1 | 3 | 25 | 10 | +15 | 31 | Qualification for Conference League second qualifying round |
3 | Raków Częstochowa | 15 | 9 | 4 | 2 | 19 | 6 | +13 | 31 | |
4 | Cracovia | 15 | 9 | 2 | 4 | 33 | 24 | +9 | 29 | |
5 | Legia Warsaw | 14 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 26 | 14 | +12 | 25 | |
6 | Pogoń Szczecin | 15 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 21 | 20 | +1 | 22 | |
7 | Widzew Łódź | 15 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 20 | 19 | +1 | 22 | |
8 | Górnik Zabrze | 15 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 19 | 17 | +2 | 21 | |
9 | Motor Lublin | 15 | 6 | 3 | 6 | 22 | 27 | −5 | 21 | |
10 | Piast Gliwice | 15 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 18 | 17 | +1 | 20 | |
11 | GKS Katowice | 15 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 24 | 22 | +2 | 19 | |
12 | Zagłębie Lubin | 15 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 14 | 21 | −7 | 18 | |
13 | Radomiak Radom | 14 | 5 | 1 | 8 | 19 | 21 | −2 | 16 | |
14 | Korona Kielce | 15 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 12 | 22 | −10 | 16 | |
15 | Stal Mielec | 15 | 4 | 3 | 8 | 14 | 19 | −5 | 15 | |
16 | Lechia Gdańsk | 15 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 17 | 28 | −11 | 11 | Relegation to I liga |
17 | Puszcza Niepołomice | 15 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 25 | −12 | 11 | |
18 | Śląsk Wrocław | 14 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 11 | 22 | −11 | 9 |
Rules for classification: 1) Points; 2) Head-to-head points; 3) Head-to-head goal difference; 4) Goal difference; 5) Goals scored; 6) Number of wins; 7) Number of away wins; 8) Lower number of points based on yellow and red cards (red card = 3 points, yellow card = 1 point, sending-off = 3 points - including 1 point for first yellow card); 9) Fairplay ranking; 10) Draw.
(Note: Head-to-head record is used only after all the matches between the teams in question have been played)[24]
Results
Season statistics
Top goalscorers
|
Clean sheets
|
Hat-tricks
Player | For | Against | Result | Date | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leonardo Rocha | Radomiak Radom | Korona Kielce | 4–0 (H) | 20 September 2024 | [27] |
Patrik Wålemark | Lech Poznań | Korona Kielce | 2–3 (A) | 29 September 2024 | [28] |
Davíð Kristján Ólafsson | Cracovia | Motor Lublin | 6–2 (H) | 26 October 2024 | [29] |
Attendances
Pos | Team | Total | High | Low | Average | Change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Lech Poznań | 192,825 | 34,285 | 19,620 | 27,546 | +10.6% |
2 | Legia Warsaw | 203,657 | 27,142 | 24,376 | 25,457 | +3.1% |
3 | Śląsk Wrocław | 118,507 | 36,208 | 13,825 | 19,751 | −12.2% |
4 | Pogoń Szczecin | 132,569 | 20,415 | 17,169 | 18,938 | +9.5% |
5 | Górnik Zabrze | 124,088 | 22,371 | 12,626 | 17,727 | +8.1% |
6 | Widzew Łódź | 101,502 | 17,663 | 16,231 | 16,917 | −1.6% |
7 | Jagiellonia Białystok | 113,249 | 20,029 | 13,076 | 16,178 | +18.1% |
8 | Lechia Gdańsk | 94,229 | 25,000 | 9,642 | 13,461 | +54.6%1 |
9 | Motor Lublin | 104,534 | 14,562 | 10,812 | 13,067 | +71.4%1 |
10 | Korona Kielce | 69,577 | 14,289 | 8,735 | 11,596 | +8.4% |
11 | Cracovia | 65,066 | 13,449 | 8,873 | 10,844 | +20.5% |
12 | Radomiak Radom | 54,406 | 8,564 | 6,002 | 7,772 | +0.9% |
13 | Zagłębie Lubin | 48,256 | 13,331 | 3,876 | 6,894 | +7.7% |
14 | GKS Katowice | 54,144 | 7,005 | 6,684 | 6,768 | +74.9%1 |
15 | Piast Gliwice | 33,646 | 7,805 | 4,516 | 5,608 | +12.2% |
16 | Raków Częstochowa | 37,700 | 5,500 | 5,211 | 5,386 | +1.6% |
17 | Stal Mielec | 35,783 | 6,477 | 3,845 | 5,112 | −11.9% |
18 | Puszcza Niepołomice | 18,165 | 4,095 | 1,609 | 2,595 | −7.3% |
League total | 1,601,903 | 36,208 | 1,609 | 12,919 | +4.9% |
Updated to games played on 4 November 2024.
Source: 90minut.pl (in Polish)
Notes:
1. Team played last season in I liga.
Awards
Monthly awards
Player of the Month
|
Young Player of the Month
|
Coach of the Month
|
Number of teams by region
See also
Notes
- ^ Match have been played behind closed doors without spectators due to sudden flooding of the Józef Piłsudski Cracovia Stadium stands and damage to spectator security systems by heavy rains.
References
- ^ "Strzelcy". 90minut.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ "Match report". 90minut.pl (in Polish). 4 October 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
- ^ "Match report". 90minut.pl (in Polish). 10 November 2024. Retrieved 10 November 2024.
- ^ "Match report". 90minut.pl (in Polish). 14 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
- ^ "Ekstraklasa. Mecz Cracovia – Pogoń Szczecin z powodu deszczu odbędzie się bez udziału publiczności". sport.tvp.pl (in Polish). 14 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.
- ^ "PKO Bank Polski partnerem tytularnym Ekstraklasy" (in Polish). ekstraklasa.org. 28 June 2019. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021.
- ^ "Ekstraklasa". ekstraklasa.org (in Polish). 20 July 2024.
- ^ "Historyczny triumf! Jagiellonia Białystok mistrzem Polski". sportowefakty.wp.pl. 25 May 2024.
- ^ "Nowy stadion w Ekstraklasie. Obiekt GKS-u Katowice kosztował niemal 300 milionów złotych. Kiedy drużyna na nim zagra?". sportowy24.pl (in Polish). 27 May 2024. Retrieved 31 May 2024.
- ^ "Puszcza Niepołomice. Pierwsze mecze w ekstraklasie prawdopodobnie na stadionie Cracovii" (in Polish). Gazeta Krakowska. 20 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
- ^ "Awantura o stadion Cracovii. Puszcza Niepołomice ma problem". krknews.pl. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
- ^ "Mariusz Rumak potwierdził, że odchodzi z Lecha Poznań". weszlo.com (in Polish). 10 May 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ "Niels Frederiksen trenerem Lecha" (in Polish). Lech Poznań. 14 May 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ "Komunikat w sprawie przyszłości trenera Dawida Szwargi" (in Polish). Raków Częstochowa. 7 May 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ "Marek Papszun trenerem Rakowa Częstochowa od nowego sezonu!" (in Polish). Raków Częstochowa. 21 May 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
- ^ a b "Kamil Kuzera przestał pełnić obowiązki trenera Korony Kielce" (in Polish). Korona Kielce. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
- ^ a b "Jacek Zieliński nowym trenerem Korony Kielce" (in Polish). Korona Kielce. 7 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
- ^ "Jens Gustafsson odchodzi z Pogoni" (in Polish). Pogoń Szczecin. 15 August 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
- ^ "Robert Kolendowicz nowym trenerem Pogoni" (in Polish). Pogoń Szczecin. 15 August 2024. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
- ^ "Komunikat klubu FKS Stal Mielec S.A." (in Polish). Stal Mielec. 15 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ "Janusz Niedźwiedź trenerem Stali Mielec" (in Polish). Stal Mielec. 2 September 2024. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
- ^ "Waldemar Fornalik przestał pełnić funkcję I trenera KGHM Zagłębia Lubin" (in Polish). Zagłębie Lubin. 23 September 2024.
- ^ "Marcin Włodarski nowym trenerem KGHM Zagłębia Lubin!" (in Polish). Zagłębie Lubin. 25 September 2024.
- ^ "Podręcznik Ekstraklasy na sezon 2021/2022" [Ekstraklasa handbook for the 2021/2022 season] (PDF). ekstraklasa.org (in Polish). Ekstraklasa SA. pp. 33–34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^ "Klasyfikacja strzelców" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
- ^ "Czyste konta" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
- ^ "Hat-trick! Gol za golem w "świętej wojnie". Bohater był tylko jeden". przegladsportowy.onet.pl. 20 September 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ^ "Rehabilitacja Lecha, świetna seria trwa! Wielki wyczyn Szweda". przegladsportowy.onet.pl. 29 September 2024. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ^ "Szaleństwo w Krakowie! Osiem goli i sensacyjny hat-trick". przegladsportowy.onet.pl. 26 October 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
- ^ "Piłkarz Lipca 2024: Leonardo Rocha (Radomiak Radom)" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 7 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
- ^ "Piłkarz Sierpnia 2024: Bartosz Kapustka (Legia Warszawa)" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 11 September 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
- ^ "Piłkarz Września 2024: Jean Carlos Silva (Raków Częstochowa)" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 9 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
- ^ "Piłkarz Października 2024: Jesus Imaz (Jagiellonia Białystok)" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 6 November 2024. Retrieved 9 November 2024.
- ^ "Młodzieżowiec Lipca PKO Banku Polskiego 2024: Jan Ziółkowski (Legia Warszawa)" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 5 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ "Młodzieżowiec Sierpnia PKO Banku Polskiego: Mateusz Kowalczyk (GKS Katowice)" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 9 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ "Młodzieżowiec Września PKO Banku Polskiego 2024 - Szymon Weirauch (Lechia Gdańsk)" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 7 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
- ^ "Młodzieżowiec Października PKO Banku Polskiego 2024 - Antoni Kozubal (Lech Poznań)" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 4 November 2024. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
- ^ "Trener Lipca 2024: Adrian Siemieniec (Jagiellonia Białystok)" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
- ^ "Trener Sierpnia 2024: Niels Frederiksen (Lech Poznań)" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 10 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
- ^ "Trener Września 2024: Niels Frederiksen (Lech Poznań)" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 6 October 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
- ^ "Trener Października 2024: Adrian Siemieniec (Jagiellonia Białystok)" (in Polish). Ekstraklasa. 5 November 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.