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Sikh religious extremism

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Sikh extremism is mainly encouraged by radical groups that want to carve out an independent Sikh theocratic state called Khalistan.[1] It has decreased significantly since mid-1992, although Sikh militant cells are active internationally and extremists gather funds from overseas Sikh communities.[1]

Sikh extremism in India

Main article: Punjab insurgency

There were several terrorist attacks by Sikh militants during the Punjab insurgency periods (e.g. 1987 Punjab killings and 1991 Punjab killings). The government forces, led by police officer KPS Gill (himself a Sikh), was accused of human rights violations during the counter-insurgency operations. Beant Singh was also killed by the Babbar Khalsa extremists on 31 August 1995.

Almost all of the Sikh militant groups in Punjab aimed to create an independent theocratic state called Khalistan through acts of violence[2] directed not only at members of the police and security forces, but also specifically at Hindu[3] and Sikh civilians who did not share their political views.[4]

Sikh extremism in the UK

A report on BBC Radio 4 [5] Feb 2008, stated that Britain had been warned of a new terror threat from Sikh fundamentalists who are aligning forces with Al Qaeda[6]

The FBI state: “The British Authorities have been made aware of our interest in certain individuals residing in the UK who may have connections to Sikh terror groups based in Pakistan.”[7][8][9]

The British Sikh writer Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti was forced into hiding after protests by Sikhs led to the cancellation of her play Behzti.[10] She was physically threatened and verbally abused, and her family was harassed, forcing her to leave her home.[10] However, she received messages of support from several fellow playwrights, actors and even some Sikhs across the world.[10]

The Chief of the Punjab Police, NPS Aulakh alleged in 2008 that supporters are transferring money to the militant groups via informal funding channels in the UK Sikh community[11]

Sikh extremism in North America

Sikh extremism spread fast in Canada in the 1980s.[12][13] It ranges from raising funds for violent attacks to intimidation and assassinations.[14] Notable criminal activities include beatings, arson and threats of kidnapping and death.[15] Liberal MP Ujjal Dosanjh says he and others who spoke out against Sikh extremism in the 1980s faced a "reign of terror".[15]

Babbar Khalsa, founded by Canadian fundamentalist Sikhs, has been officially listed as a terrorist organization in the European Union, Canada, India, and the United States.[16] Ajaib Singh Bagri, the co-founder of the Babbar Khalsa, told the founding convention of the World Sikh Organization in 1984: "Until we kill 50,000 Hindus, we will not rest."[16] Another organization, International Sikh Youth Federation, has also been officially listed in Canada and The United States as an illegal terrorist organization.[16]

In 2008, CBC report stated that "a disturbing brand of extremist politics has surfaced" at some of the Vaisakhi parades in Canada.[16] According to Terry Milewski, CBC News, Canadian courts have established that that Talwinder Parmar, the founder of the Babbar Khalsa was the mastermind of the Air India bombings, but Sikh fundamentalists insist that he was a "shaheed" (martyr).[16] According to an Indian investigative journal Tehelka run by Tarun Tejpal, Parmar might have been liquidated by Indian security forces in a Fake Encounter who might have been involved into the bombing incident.[17]

Sikh extremist attacks on journalists, politicians and international media

Jagat Narain was the proprietor of two newspapers, he opposed Bhindranwale who was seen as the figurehead of extremism, Narain was later gunned down along with 62 members of his press staff in the early 80's.

Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own Sikh bodyguards in 1984

On November 11, 1987, Mahraz Darshan Das Jee, a peace campaigner and humanitarian with two of his volunteers, Das Chacha Ji Joga Singh and Das Baba Ji Satwant, were assassinated by Sikh extremists in Southall, UK.

Tara Singh Hayer, a Canadian Sikh journalist and who was earlier a vocal advocate of Khalistan, who had written editorials denouncing Sikh extremists was murdered and his assailants have never been found.[16]

The Canadian journalist Kim Bolan has written extensively on Sikh extremism and has also received death threats[18]

Another journalist, Tarsem Singh Purewal,[19] 60, was editor of Britain's Punjabi-language weekly, Des Pardes, and was killed as he shut up his office in Southall[20]

Canadian Liberal MP Ujjal Dosanjh who represents the Vancouver South riding, spoke out publicly against Sikh extremism in Canada while a lawyer and activist in the early and mid-1980s. He was hospitalized in 1985 after being beaten by a Sikh extremist wielding an iron bar.[21]

In 2006, Terry Milewski reported in a documentary for the CBC News, that a minority within Canada's Sikh community was gaining political influence even while publicly supporting terrorist acts in support of the struggle for an independent Sikh state. A Sikh separatist group, The World Sikh Organization(WSO), later sued the CBC for slander and libel, alleging that Milewski linked it to terrorism and damaged the reputation of the WSO within the Sikh community. However, the WSO did not identify any factual errors in the broadcast.[22]

Sikh terrorism

Wanted Sikh held over Delhi bombs[23]

Key witness speaks at Air India trial[24]

Canadian MP says warnings ignored over Sikh extremists[25]

15 Hindus killed in Punjab[26]

Liberal MP describes beatings, death threats faced by opponents of Sikh extremism[27]

Sikh Terrorism Enters Politics in Canada[28]

Condemnation by mainstream Sikhs

Sikh extremist groups were vociferously condemned by moderate Sikhs all over India and beyond.[29] Two of the well known moderate Sikh victims of Sikh militants were Harchand Singh Longowal and Beant Singh. Two leading Canadian Sikh politicians refused to attend the 2008 Vaisakhi parade in Surrey, saying it was a glorification of terrorism.[16]

Prime Minister of India Dr Manmohan Singh has been critical of Sikh terrorism,[30][31] he was once the finance minister under Indira Gandhi who was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards

Sources

References

  1. ^ a b Patterns of Global Terrorism. United States Department of State Publication 10321.
  2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_6570000/newsid_6572600/6572653.stm?bw=bb&mp=rm&news=1&bbcws=1
  3. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_6570000/newsid_6572600/6572653.stm?bw=bb&mp=rm&news=1&bbcws=1
  4. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/player/nol/newsid_6570000/newsid_6572600/6572653.stm?bw=bb&mp=rm&news=1&bbcws=1
  5. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/file_on_4/7263211.stm
  6. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/26_02_08_fo4_sikh.pdf
  7. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/file_on_4/7263211.stm
  8. ^ http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-mayor/article-23479477-details/Ken%27s+adviser+is+linked+to+terror+group/article.do
  9. ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/sikh-politics-canada/index.html
  10. ^ a b c Author defends Sikh protest play
  11. ^ [1]
  12. ^ 'Sikh extremism spread fast in Canada'
  13. ^ 'Sikh extremism in Canada mushroomed very quickly'
  14. ^ Contemporary Issues in Law Enforcement and Policing By Andrew Millie. Page 89. Published by CRC Press, 2008. ISBN 1420072153, 9781420072150
  15. ^ a b Brown, Jim (Nov 22, 2007 04:30 AM). "`The reign of terror is still there'". The Star. Retrieved 2008-11-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Symbols and suits: Sikh extremism enters mainstream Canadian politics by Terry Milewski, CBC News.
  17. ^ http://www.tehelka.com/story_main33.asp?filename=Ne040807operation_silence.asp
  18. ^ Canadian Journalist Hits Out at Sikh Extremism (Canada)
  19. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/748866.stm
  20. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4354435.stm
  21. ^ http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/11/21/air-india-dosanjh.html
  22. ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/sikh-politics-canada/wso.html
  23. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4073018.stm
  24. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3099314.stm
  25. ^ http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/11/21/air-india-dosanjh.html
  26. ^ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DD1E3BF930A15752C0A96E948260
  27. ^ http://www.thestar.com/article/278833
  28. ^ http://www.thetrumpet.com/?q=3980.2206.0.0
  29. ^ Fighting for Faith and Nation By Cynthia Keppley Mahmood. Published by University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996. ISBN 0812215923, 9780812215922
  30. ^ http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers20%5Cpaper2000.html
  31. ^ http://http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=2be0865c-29ba-4dab-9bcc-d945e75007c1

See also

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