The Christian Union (Dutch: ChristenUnie [ˌkrɪstənˈyni, -təˈʔy-]; CU) is a Christian democratic[9] political party in the Netherlands. The CU is a centrist party, maintaining more progressive stances on economic, immigration and environmental issues[10][11][12] while holding more socially conservative positions on issues such as abortion and euthanasia. The party describes itself as "social Christian".[13]
The CU was founded in 2000 as a merger of the Reformed Political League (GPV) and Reformatory Political Federation (RPF).[10] After doubling its seat tally in the 2006 Dutch general election, it became the smallest member of the fourth Balkenende cabinet, and since that time has been likewise part of the third Rutte cabinet and the fourth Rutte cabinet.[10] In some elections it forms an alliance with the Calvinist Reformed Political Party (SGP), which, unlike the CU, is a testimonial party.
Primarily a Protestant party, the CU bases its policies on the Bible, and takes the theological principles of charity and stewardship as bases for its support for public expenditure and environmentalism. It seeks for government to uphold Christian morality, but supports freedom of religion under the doctrine of sphere sovereignty. The party is moderately Eurosceptic; it was formerly in the European Parliament with the European Conservatives and Reformists Group (ECR) and European People's Party group (EPP). It is a member of the European Christian Political Movement.
History
editBefore 2000
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The Netherlands has a long tradition of small orthodox or conservative Protestant (i.e., mostly Reformed) parties in parliament. The Reformed Political Party (SGP) entered parliament in the 1922 election and the Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij (HGS) entered parliament in the 1925 election. The SGP survived the war years, but the HGS was unable to obtain seats in the 1946 election. In 1948, the Reformed Political Alliance (GPV) split off from the Anti-Revolutionary Party over a religious issue within the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, but it took until 1963 for the party to enter parliament. In the 1981 election, the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF) entered parliament. It had split off from the ARP six years earlier over the formation of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).
The RPF explicitly stated in its manifesto of principles that it sought to unite all reformed parties in the Netherlands. However, the GPV and SGP were somewhat less receptive. The GPV was only open to a specific current in reformed Protestantism, namely the Reformed Churches (Liberated), and did not wish to cooperate with non-'liberated' reformed: it had rejected on religious grounds the entry of the group that in the 1970s was to become the RPF. The SGP had rejected cooperation with these parties because they had female members; the SGP consistently rejected female suffrage until 2006. The RPF, GPV and SGP were testimonial parties, which chose to voice their concerns about government policy, while acknowledging that they were not big enough to force their opinion upon others.
In 1984, however, the three parties cooperated in the European election and presented a common list in order to enter the European Parliament. In the 1989 general election they formed an electoral alliance in order to enhance their chances of obtaining seats. In 1995 informal talks were opened between the three parties. The GPV had opened itself to non-liberated members, but the SGP not to women. The discussions with the SGP were broken off and the GPV and RPF continued together. For a long time the GPV was not willing to enter a major internal debate with the RPF, which also performed better electorally; it had won three seats in the 1998 election, while the GPV received only two. From 1998 the two parliamentary parties cooperated with each other, held common meetings and appointed common spokespersons. In 1999 a group called "Transformatie" (Transformation) was set up by young people from both parties in reaction to the slow cooperation process: they tried to intensify the debate about cooperation. In the same year the cooperation talks were formalised and intensified, leading to the foundation of the Christian Union.
2000–present
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The Christian Union was founded in January 2000 as an alliance between the RPF and GPV. Later in that year, their youth organisations, GPJC and RPFJ, fused completely, presenting an example to their mother organisations. In 2001, they formed a common parliamentary party in both the House of Representatives and Senate. In 2002 the alliance entered the election for the first time. The party obtained four seats, one seat less than in the 1998 election when they campaigned separately. It had polled much better, with some polling stations predicting seven or eight seats. The party's leader Kars Veling stepped down. He had been good at keeping the peace internally in a party still somewhat divided between the old GPV and RPF memberships, but had not appealed well enough to the population at large. With preference votes a woman, Tineke Huizinga (positioned seventh on the CU candidate list) was elected into parliament for the CU, becoming the first woman to enter parliament for the party or its predecessors. Because of her election, prominent party figure Eimert van Middelkoop, who was no. 4 on the candidate-list, had to leave parliament. In the 2003 general election the party lost an additional seat, and was left with three seats. Again Huizinga (now no. 4 on the list) was elected with preference votes and this time former RPF leader Leen van Dijke (no. 3) had to leave parliament. The decline of the CU in 2003 was probably due to party supporters voting for the Christian democratic CDA, which was competing with the social democratic Labour Party (PvdA), to become the largest party. The Christian Union was heavily involved in the formation of the second cabinet Balkenende, along with the SGP. However, the liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) vetoed the formation of a cabinet that included the two conservative Reformed parties, and so the progressive liberal D66 became a part of the governing alliance instead. In 2004 the two organisations RPF and GPV officially ceased to exist, making final the fusion into the CU.
In the 2006 election the party doubled its seat count and joined the fourth Balkenende cabinet. CU leader André Rouvoet became Deputy Prime Minister and minister without portfolio for family and youth, while Middelkoop became Minister of Defence and Huizinga junior minister (staatssecretaris) of Transport and Water management. Since the party has entered government, there has been some controversy about the conservative Christian ethical views of some of its members. In 2007 Yvette Lont, a CU municipal council member for Amsterdam, expressed the view that homosexuals should not be admitted to representative functions within the party. Also in 2007, municipal council member Monique Heger decided to resign from office, because she had recently discovered that she was a lesbian, and she and her (female) partner moved in together.
After the collapse of the Balkenende cabinet, the Christian Union no longer had representatives in government; Rouvoet returned to parliament as leader of the CU parliamentary group until he left politics in April/May 2011. Arie Slob succeeded him as the party leader.
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In October 2013, the second Rutte cabinet (VVD and PvdA), lacking a majority in the Senate, reached a budgetary agreement with the CU, the Reformed Political Party (SGP) and the Democrats 66 (D66). This occasional coalition was nicknamed "purple with the Bible" (Paars met de Bijbel) as it included the secular parties VVD, PvdA and D66 plus the religiously-oriented parties Christian Union and SGP. The term "purple with the Bible" had already been used in February that year, when the same parties reached an agreement on modernising the housing market. Although the cabinet was quite unpopular and the VVD and PvdA lost many municipal seats during the municipal elections of 19 March 2014, the parties that provided tactical support to the government won many seats.
After the 2017 general election, the Christian Union became part of the third Rutte cabinet, as a minor coalition partner to the VVD, CDA and D66. The party has three representatives in the current cabinet: minister Carola Schouten for the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Arie Slob, Minister for Primary Education, Secondary Education and Media and Paul Blokhuis, State Secretary for Health, Welfare and Sports.
Following the 2019 European Parliament election, the Christian Union left the European Conservatives and Reformists Group in the European Parliament (of which it had been a founding member) arguing that the ECR was moving too far to the right by including MEPs of far-right parties such as the Dutch Forum for Democracy and the Sweden Democrats. The party instead joined the European People's Party Group.
In January 2023, Mirjam Bikker succeeded Segers as the party leader.[14] During the 2023 Dutch general election the Christian Union lost two of their five seats, getting 2% of the votes.[15]
Ideology
editThe CU describes itself as a Christian social party. The party has its roots in orthodox Protestant (i.e. mostly Reformed) parties, often referred to as the "small right". It combines a conservative point of view on ethical and foreign policy issues, with more centre-left ideas on economic, asylum, social and environmental issues. Its conservative reformed ideals are reflected in its program of principles. It believes that the state is the swordmaiden of God. It bases its politics directly on the Bible. However, it sees separate duties for the state and the church in public life: the church should spread the Word of God, while the state should merely uphold public morality. The state should respect the religion of its citizens. Other Christian principles, like neighbourly love and stewardship for the Earth, however have given the CU's political program a centre-left orientation.
Some of CU's socially conservative policies include:[16]
- Facilitation by government of a one-earner model, allowing one parent, usually the wife, to stay at home and take care of the children.
- Society should cherish its collective moments of rest, and preferably leave Sunday a day of rest.
- Abortion and euthanasia-practices should be reduced and eventually replaced by alternatives, such as care of women with unwanted pregnancies and palliative care.
- The Dutch policy of toleration of soft drugs should be abandoned.
- Combatting child pornography and prostitution.
- Defending the freedom of education (that is, to found religious schools), because of sphere sovereignty.
- The Netherlands should remain an independent political entity within the European Union.
- Limiting the use of genetic manipulation.
More centre-left policies include:
- Public services of education, health care and social security should remain state run, but on a smaller scale than is presently the case.
- Increased budgets for development cooperation in order to address the poverty in the global south.
- A more open policy towards asylum seekers, especially those who are persecuted for religious reasons.
- A green environmental policy. Based on its electoral promises on investment in green energy, the Dutch branch of Greenpeace termed CU the greenest political party in 2006.[17]
Social issues
editThe CU describes itself as "Christelijk-sociaal" (Social Christian) and explicitly distance themselves from the labels Christian socialism or Christian right.[18][2] "Social Christian" describes a Christian democracy ideology that is more right-wing than Christian socialism and more left-wing than the Christian right and social conservatism. Described as centrist and Orthodox Protestant, it has an emphasis on the community, social solidarity, support for a welfare state, and support for some regulation of market forces but is more conservative on some social issues opposition to euthanasia, embryonic stem cell research, same-sex marriage, abortion, and some elements of the EU. The party is left of centre on issues such as social policy, asylum policy, development aid, green environmental policy and the economy.[13][19]
The party supports Dutch membership of the European Union to ensure peace and prosperity, and to counter the influence of Russia and China, while simultaneously being critical of several EU policies which it claims are undemocratic and "mainly benefits large companies and the upper middle classes." The CU instead calls for more transparency within the EU, for domestic decision making of EU member states to be respected and wants reforms made to the Eurozone. The CU is also against the accession of Turkey to the European Union.[20]
Election results
editThis table shows the CU's results in elections to the House of Representatives, Senate, European Parliament and provincial councils, as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lead candidate is the party's top candidate in the general election; these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. It also listed whether the CU was in government at the time. For further information the membership figure and the name of the party chairman of the CU are listed.
House of Representatives
edit| Election | Lead candidate | List | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Kars Veling | List | 240,953 | 2.54 | 4 / 150
|
 1
|
Opposition |
| 2003 | André Rouvoet | List | 204,649 | 2.12 | 3 / 150
|
1
|
Opposition |
| 2006 | List | 390,969 | 3.97 | 6 / 150
|
 3
|
Coalition | |
| 2010 | List | 305,094 | 3.24 | 5 / 150
|
1
|
Opposition | |
| 2012 | Arie Slob | List | 294,586 | 3.13 | 5 / 150
|
|
Opposition |
| 2017 | Gert-Jan Segers | List | 356,271 | 3.39 | 5 / 150
|
|
Coalition |
| 2021 | List | 350,523 | 3.37 | 5 / 150
|
|
Coalition | |
| 2023 | Mirjam Bikker | List | 212,532 | 2.04 | 3 / 150
|
2
|
Opposition |
Senate
edit| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | 4 / 75
|
2
| ||
| 2003 | 2 / 75
|
2
| ||
| 2007 | 4 / 75
|
2
| ||
| 2011 | 2 / 75
|
2
| ||
| 2015 | 32 | 3 / 75
|
1
| |
| 2019 | 33 | 5.03 | 4 / 75
|
1
|
| 2023 | 23 | 3.73 | 3 / 75
|
1
|
European Parliament
edit| Election | List | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | EP Group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004[a] | List | 279,880 | 5.87 | 1 / 27
|
New | IND/DEM |
| 2009[a] | List | 310,540 | 6.82 | 1 / 25
|
0
|
ECR |
1 / 26
|
0
| |||||
| 2014[a] | List | 364,843 | 7.67 | 1 / 26
|
0
| |
| 2019[a] | List | 375,660 | 6.83 | 1 / 26
|
0
|
EPP |
1 / 29
|
0
| |||||
| 2024 | List | 180,060 | 2.89 | 0 / 31
|
1
|
– |
- ^ a b c d In a joint list with Reformed Political Party.
Representation
editMembers of the cabinet
edit
From 2007 to 2010 the CU supplied two ministers and one state secretary in the fourth Balkenende cabinet:
- André Rouvoet, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister without portfolio for Youth and Family Affairs
- Eimert van Middelkoop, Minister of Defence
- Tineke Huizinga, State Secretary and Minister of Environment and Spatial Planning
Starting in 2017, the CU has once again supplied two ministers and one state secretary in the third Rutte cabinet:
- Carola Schouten, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality
- Arie Slob, Minister for Primary Education, Secondary Education and Media
- Paul Blokhuis, State Secretary for Health, Welfare and Sports
The following CU members served in the fourth Rutte cabinet between 2021 and 2024:
- Carola Schouten, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Social Affairs and Employment
- Henk Staghouwer, Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality
- Piet Adema, Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality
- Maarten van Ooijen, State Secretary of Health, Welfare and Sport
Members of the House of Representatives
editMembers of the Senate
editElectorate
editThe CU was supported by orthodox Reformed of many denominations, such as the Christian Reformed Churches, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated) and the Dutch Reformed Church. But members of newer churches such as the Evangelical Church and the Pentecostal community also supported this party. The electorate is concentrated in the smaller rural districts in the so-called "Bible Belt" an area of more conservative Christian municipalities that reaches from Overijssel, through the Veluwe and the Biesbos to Zeeland. The party also draws support from Christians with an immigrant background, who are mostly located in the large cities.
The party is also drawing support from a growing number of conservative Roman Catholics, dissatisfied with the less Christian policies of the CDA. Roman Catholics are welcome to become a member of the party although one of the foundations of the party is the Heidelberg Catechism, known for its staunch anti-Catholicism. During the provincial elections of 2007 the party fielded two Roman Catholic candidates on their shortlist of the province of Limburg. This process has alerted some prominent CDA politicians. CU-senator Egbert Schuurman stated the CU would provide a shelter for everyone who actively believes in Jesus Christ but also said the CU will always be a Protestant party.
The party's congress, held on 13 June 2015, replaced the Heidelberg Catechism with Nicean Creed.
Organisation
editLeadership
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|
|
Organisational structure
editThe highest body in the CU is the Union Congress, formed by delegates from the municipal branches. It appoints the party board and decides the order of the candidates on the lists for elections to the Senate, House of Representatives and European Parliament and has the final say over the party program. A member congress has an important role in the formation of the CU's political direction.
Members
editThe CU currently has 25,170 members (as of 1 January 2019). They are organised in over 200 municipal branches.
Linked organisations
editThe youth organisation of the party is PerspectieF which was formed as a fusion of the two youth organisations of the CU's predecessors the GPJC and RPFJ. The party publishes the HandSchrift (HandWriting) six times a year. The party's scientific institute is the Mr. Groen van Prinsterer Foundation, which publishes the DenkWijzer (ThoughtWiser). The women's organisation is Inclusief.
The CU participates in the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy, a democracy assistance organisation of seven Dutch political parties.
International organisations
editInternationally the CU is a member of the European Christian Political Movement. Its MEPs were seated in the European Conservatives and Reformists Group. Until 2019 when the CU joined the EPP Group
Orthodox-Protestant (pillarised) organisations
editThe CU still has ideological strong links with so-called pillarised organisations. Together with conservative Protestant schools, papers like the Nederlands Dagblad and the Reformatorisch Dagblad, the Protestant broadcaster Evangelische Omroep, several Reformed churches they constitute the conservative or orthodox Reformed pillar (Dutch zuil). While all four of the traditional Dutch pillars (socialists, liberals, Protestants and Catholics) have broken down since the 1960s, the orthodox reformed pillar has actually strengthened in reaction to the process of secularisation.
Relationships to other parties
editThe Christian Union had been in the opposition until 2006. It has good relations with the orthodox Reformed Political Party (SGP), with which it formed a single European parliamentary party CU-SGP until 2022 and the Christian Democratic Appeal, with which the ChristenUnie-SGP had an electoral alliance for the 2004 European Parliament elections. As an opposition party against the centre-right second Balkenende cabinet, the CU has gained sympathy from the left wing parties in parliament, the Labour Party, the Socialist Party, and the GroenLinks, with which it cooperates in several municipal executives after the 2006 municipal elections.
International comparisons
editThe Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland is nearest to the Christian Union as a conservative Protestant party that is left wing in social matters, conservative in ethical matters and critical of the European Union.
Notes
edit- ^ "Orthodox Protestantism" is a term which is used in the Netherlands to refer to conservative forms of Protestantism in contrast to liberal or free-thinking forms of Protestantism. This includes conservative branches of the Dutch Reformed Church and the Reformed Churches of the Netherlands (now united in the Protestant Church of the Netherlands), but also to independent forms of Reformed Protestantism, such as the Reformed Churches (Liberated) or other more conservative forms of Protestantism, such as the certain branches of Baptism like Reformed and Primitive Baptists. It is unrelated to the Eastern Orthodox Church.
References
edit- ^ "Ledentallen Nederlandse politieke partijen per 1 januari 2024" [Membership of Dutch political parties as of 1 January 2024]. University of Groningen (in Dutch). Documentation Centre Dutch Political Parties. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
- ^ a b c Nordsieck, Wolfram (2021). "Netherlands". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 24 March 2021.
- ^ Terry, Chris (11 May 2014). "ChristianUnion (CU) & Political Reformed Party (SGP)". The Democratic Society. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019.
- ^ Jort Statema; Paul Aarts. "The Netherlands: Follow Washington, Be a Good European". In Timo Behr; Teija Tiilikainen (eds.). Northern Europe and the Making of the EU's Mediterranean and Middle East Policies. note on p. 237.
- ^ "Netherlands – Political parties". European Election Database. Norwegian Centre for Research Data. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ^ Oomkes, Lex (15 August 2012). "Uitersten in politiek landschap winnen terrein". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ Rudy B. Andeweg; Galen A. Irwin (2014). Governance and Politics of the Netherlands (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 74.
- ^ "Politieke fracties". Benelux Parliament (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ Peter Starke; Alexandra Kaasch; Franca Van Hooren (2013). The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-137-31484-0.
- ^ a b c Joop W. Koopmans, ed. (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-1-4422-5593-7.
- ^ "Links en rechts". Parlement.com.
- ^ Rudy B. Andeweg; Galen A. Irwin (2014). Governance and Politics of the Netherlands (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 74, 78.
- ^ a b (in Dutch) ChristenUnie Parlement & Politiek
- ^ "Wie is Mirjam Bikker, de nieuwe ChristenUnie-leider? 'Slim en betrouwbaar'". RTL Nieuws (in Dutch). 2023-01-13. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
- ^ "NOS - Uitslagen Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 2023". app.nos.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-12-03.
- ^ "Standpunten". ChristenUnie.nl.
- ^ (in Dutch) ChristenUnie op 1 in energiebarometer Greenpeace Christian Union
- ^ Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49
- ^ (in Dutch) CU is niet meer 'christelijk-sociaal' Trouw
- ^ "Europa - ChristenUnie.nl".
- ^ "Tweede Kamerfractie ChristenUnie (CU)". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ "Eerste Kamerfractie ChristenUnie (CU)". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 27 May 2018.
External links
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Media related to ChristenUnie at Wikimedia Commons
