French Chileans (French: Franco-Chilien, Spanish: franco-chileno) are Chilean citizens of full or partial French ancestry. Between 1840 and 1940, 20,000 to 25,000 French people immigrated to Chile. The country received the fourth largest number of French immigrants to South America after Argentina (239,000), Brazil (150,341) and Uruguay (more than 25,000).
| Total population | |
|---|---|
Various estimates:
| |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Throughout Chile | |
| Languages | |
| Chilean Spanish, French, Basque, Occitan | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Roman Catholicism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| French people |
French immigration to Chile
editThe French came to Chile in the 18th century, arriving at Concepción as merchants, and in the mid-19th century to cultivate vines in the haciendas of the Central Valley, the homebase of world-famous Chilean wine. The Araucanía Region also has an important number of people of French ancestry, as the area hosted settlers arrived by the second half of the 19th century as farmers and shopkeepers. With akin Latin culture, the French immigrants quickly assimilated into mainstream Chilean society.
From 1840 to 1940, around 25,000 Frenchmen immigrated to Chile. 80% of them were coming from Southwestern France, especially from Basses-Pyrénées (Basque country and Béarn), Gironde, Charente-Inférieure and Charente and regions situated between Duran, Gers, and Dordogne.[2]
Most of French immigrants settled in the country between 1875 and 1895. Between October 1882 and December 1897, 8,413 Frenchmen settled in Chile,[3] making up 23% of immigrants (second only after Spaniards) from this period. In 1863, 2,650 French citizens were registered in Chile. At the end of the century they were almost 30,000.[4] According to the census of 1865, out of 83,220 foreigners established in Chile, 6,483 were French, the third largest European community in the country after Germans and Englishmen.[5] In 1875, the community reached 3,000 members,[6] 12% of the almost 85,000 foreigners established in the country. It was estimated that 10,000 Frenchmen were living in Chile in 1912, 7% of the 149,400 Frenchmen living in Latin America.[7]
In World War II, a group of over 10,000 Chileans of French descent joined the Free French Forces and fought the Nazi occupation of France [citation needed].
Today it is estimated that 800,000 Chileans are of French descent.[1] Former president of Chile, Michelle Bachelet is of French origin. Former dictator Augusto Pinochet is another Chilean of French descent. A large percentage of politicians, businessmen, professionals and entertainers in the country are of French ancestry.
Legacy
editFrench painter Raymond Monvoisin lived in Chile from 1842 to 1854 and founded the Academy of Fine Arts of Santiago. French architect François Brunet de Baines founded the city's first school of architecture.[8]
Prominent French Chileans
edit- Andrés Allamand, politician and Minister of Defense (2011-2012)
- Alberto Bachelet, Air Force General and father of Michelle Bachelet
- Michelle Bachelet, twice President of Chile and former head of UN Women
- Gonzalo Barroilhet, decathlete.
- Bartolomé Blanche, Army General and provisional President of Chile (1932)
- Vivianne Blanlot, politician and former Minister of Defense (2006-2007)
- María Luisa Bombal Anthes, writer
- Eduardo Bonvallet, former football player and sports commentator
- Jorge Boonen
- Marta Brunet, writer
- César Caillet, actor
- Alfredo Capdeville Soto, actor and cast in famous film Golondrina 1924
- Paul Capdeville, tennis player
- Adolfo Couve
- Cristián de la Fuente Sabarots, actor
- Hugo Droguett, football player
- Alberto Fouilloux, former football player and sports commentator
- Eduardo Fournier
- Alberto Fuguet, writer
- Augusto d'Halmar, writer
- Lucía Hiriart, former First Lady of Chile (1973-1990)
- Francisca Imboden, actress
- Manuel Jacques, politician
- Aline Küppenheim, actress
- Enrique Lafourcade, writer
- Denisse Laval Soza, aka Nicole, singer
- Isabel Le Brun de Pinochet
- Juan Carlos Letelier
- Orlando Letelier
- René Letelier
- Fernando Martel, football player
- Evelyn Matthei Fornet, politician and Minister of Labour (2011–13)
- Josefina Montané, model and actress
- Cecilia Morel, First Lady of Chile (2010–14 and since 2018)
- Alfredo Moreno Charme, businessman and Minister of Foreign Affairs (2010–14)
- Maite Orsini Pascal, model and actress
- Manuel José Ossandón, politician and Senator
- Nicole Perrot, golf player
- Magdalena Petit, writer
- Francisco Pichott, athlete
- Augusto Pinochet, Army General and military dictator (1973-1990)
- Lucía Pinochet, politician
- Belus Prajoux, tennis player
- Jaime Ravinet, politician
- Manuel Recabarren Rencoret
- Francisco Reyes Morandé, actor
- Álvaro Rudolphy Fontaine, actor
- René Schneider Chereau, Army General
- Juan Subercaseaux
- Luis Subercaseaux
- Anita Tijoux, singer, rapper
- Gabriel Valdés Subercaseaux, politician
- Manuel Camilo Vial
- Roberto Viaux, Army officer
- Ramón Vinay, operatic tenor
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b Parvex R. (2014). Le Chili et les mouvements migratoires, Hommes & migrations, Nº 1305, 2014. doi:10.4000/hommesmigrations.2720.
- ^ Domingo, Enrique Fernández (10 November 2006). "La emigración francesa en Chile, 1875-1914". Amérique Latine Histoire et Mémoire. Les Cahiers ALHIM (12). doi:10.4000/alhim.1252.
El 80% de los colonos que llegan a Chile provienen del País Vasco, del Bordelais, de Charentes y de las regiones situadas entre Gers y Périgord.
- ^ Domingo, Enrique Fernández (2006). "La emigración francesa en Chile, 1875-1914: entre integración social y mantenimiento de la especificidad". Amérique Latine Histoire et Mémoire (12). doi:10.4000/alhim.1252.
Según los documentos oficiales del Ministerio chileno de relaciones exteriores, entre octubre de 1882 y diciembre de 1897 la entrada de franceses en el país se estima en 8.413 personas
- ^ "La influencia francesa en la vida social de Chile de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-02-06. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
Los datos que poseía el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Francia ya en 1863, cuando aúno se abría Agencia General de Colonización del Gobierno de Chile en Europa, con sede en París, daban cuenta de 2.650 ciudadanos franceses residentes. Esta cifra fue aumentando paulatinamente hasta llegar, tal como lo consignaba el Ministerio Plenipotenciario Francés en Chile, a un número cercano a los 30.000 franceses residentes a fines del siglo.
- ^ Journal des économistes. 1867.
Le recensement de la population du Chili a constaté la présence de 23,220 étrangers. (...) Nous trouvons les étrangers établis au Chili répartis par nationalité de la manière suivante : Allemands (3,876), Anglais (2,818), Français (2,483), Espagnols (1,247), Italiens (1,037), Nord-Américains (831), Portugais (313) (page 281).
- ^ Collier, Simon; Sater, William F. (18 October 2004). A history of Chile, 1808-2002. ISBN 9780521534840.
p. 29. The census of twenty-one years later put the total at around 35,000 - including 5,000 French.
- ^ L'Amérique latine et l'Europe à l'heure de la mondialisation. January 2002. ISBN 9782845862814.
p. 194. Chili : 10 000 (7%).
- ^ France and the Americas. January 2002. ISBN 9782845862814.
p. 30. Raymond Monvoisin lived in Chile from 1842 to 1854, founding the Academy of Fine Arts of Santiago. François Brunet de Baines (1799-1855) founded the city's first school of architecture