"La Marseillaise"[a] is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria, and was originally titled "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin"[b] ("War Song for the Army of the Rhine").
| English: 'The Marseillaise' | |
|---|---|
_par_Rude,_Arc_de_Triomphe_Etoile_Paris.jpg) The Marseillais volunteers departing, sculpted on the Arc de Triomphe | |
National anthem of France | |
| Also known as | « Chant de Guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin » (English: 'War Song for the Army of the Rhine') |
| Lyrics | Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, 1792 |
| Music | Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle, 1792 |
| Adopted | 14 July 1795 |
| Readopted | 1870 |
| Relinquished | 1799 |
| Audio sample | |
Instrumental rendition in A-flat minor | |
The French National Convention adopted it as the First Republic's anthem in 1795. The song acquired its nickname after being sung in Paris by Fédéré (volunteers) from Marseille marching to the capital. The song is the first example of the "European march"[clarification needed] anthemic style. The anthem's evocative melody and lyrics have led to its widespread use as a song of revolution and its incorporation into many pieces of classical and popular music.
The Italian violinist Guido Rimonda pointed out in 2013[1] that the incipit of "Tema e variazioni in Do maggiore" of Giovanni Battista Viotti[2] has a strong resemblance to the anthem.[3][4] This incipit was first thought to have been published before La Marseillaise, but it appeared to be a misconception as Viotti published several variations of "La Marseillaise" in 1795[5] and wrote as a note "I have never composed the quartets below" (Je n'ai jamais composé les quatuors ci dessous).[6][7][8]
History
edit.jpg)
As the French Revolution continued, the monarchies of Europe became concerned that revolutionary fervor would spread to their countries. The War of the First Coalition was an effort to stop the revolution, or at least contain it to France. Initially, the French army did not distinguish itself, and Coalition armies invaded France. On 25 April 1792, Baron Philippe-Frédéric de Dietrich, the Mayor of Strasbourg and Worshipful Master of the local Masonic lodge, asked his Freemason guest Rouget de Lisle to compose a song "that will rally our soldiers from all over to defend their homeland that is under threat".[9][10] That evening, Rouget de Lisle wrote "Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin"[11] ("War Song for the Army of the Rhine"), and dedicated the song to Marshal Nicolas Luckner, a Bavarian freemason in French service from Cham.[12] A plaque on the building on Place Broglie where De Dietrich's house once stood commemorates the event.[13] De Dietrich was executed the next year during the Reign of Terror.[14]
The melody soon became the rallying call to the French Revolution and was adopted as "La Marseillaise" after the melody was first sung on the streets by volunteers (fédérés in French) from Marseille by the end of May. These fédérés were making their entrance into the city of Paris on 30 July 1792 after a young volunteer from Montpellier called François Mireur had sung it at a patriotic gathering in Marseille, and the troops adopted it as the marching song of the National Guard of Marseille.[11] A newly graduated medical doctor, Mireur later became a general under Napoléon Bonaparte and died in Egypt at age 28.[15]
The song's lyrics reflect the invasion of France by foreign armies (from Prussia and Austria) that was under way when it was written. Strasbourg itself was attacked just a few days later. The invading forces were repulsed from France following their defeat in the Battle of Valmy. As the vast majority of Alsatians did not speak French, a German version („Auf, Brüder, auf dem Tag entgegen") was published in October 1792 in Colmar.[16]
The Convention accepted it as the French national anthem in a decree passed on 14 July 1795, making it France's first anthem.[17] It later lost this status under Napoleon I, and the song was banned outright by Louis XVIII and Charles X, being re-instated only briefly after the July Revolution of 1830.[18] During Napoleon I's reign, Veillons au salut de l'Empire was the unofficial anthem of the regime, and in Napoleon III's reign, it was "Partant pour la Syrie", but the government brought back the iconic anthem in an attempt to motivate the French people during the Franco-Prussian War. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, La Marseillaise was recognized as the anthem of the international revolutionary movement; as such, it was adopted by the Paris Commune in 1871, albeit with new lyrics under the title "La Marseillaise de la Commune". Eight years later, in 1879, it was restored as France's national anthem, and has remained so ever since.[18]
Music
editSeveral musical antecedents have been cited for the melody:
- Tema e variazioni in Do maggiore, a work by the Italian violinist Giovanni Battista Viotti;[19][20] the 1781 dating of the manuscript has been questioned,[21] but it seems to have been published after "La Marseillaise", in 1795.[22][7]
- Mozart's Allegro maestoso from the Piano Concerto No. 25 (composed in 1786).[23]
- The oratorio Esther by Jean Baptiste Lucien Grison (composed in 1787).[24][25]
Other attributions (the credo of the fourth Mass of Holtzmann of Mursberg)[26] have been refuted.[27]
Lyrics
editGenerally only the first verse is sung.
| French original[c] | IPA transcription[d] | English translation |
|---|---|---|
Allons enfants de la Patrie, |
[a.lõ.z‿ɑ̃.fɑ̃ də la pa.tʁi.ə |] |
Arise, children of the Fatherland, |
Cultural impact and musical adaptations
edit
"La Marseillaise" was arranged for soprano, chorus and orchestra by Hector Berlioz in about 1830.[28]
Franz Liszt wrote a piano transcription of the anthem.[29]
During World War I, bandleader James Reese Europe played a jazz version of "La Marseillaise".[30]
The anthem was used as a protest song in the Korean March First Movement protests against Japanese rule in 1919.[31]
Adaptations in other musical works
edit- Robert Schumann uses a brief quote of "La Marseillaise" in his solo piano work's Faschingsschwank aus Wien (1839) first movement "Allegro". Singing "La Marseillaise" was forbidden in Austria at the time because "such a revolutionary piece might cause public disorder".[32]
- Schumann also quotes the melody in the last verse of his song "Die beiden grenadiere" Op. 49 no. 1 (1840)
- Richard Wagner quotes the melody in last verse of his "Les deux grenadiers" (1840)
- Thomas Wiggins quotes the melody in his "Battle of Manassas" (ca 1861)
- Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky quotes "La Marseillaise" in his 1812 Overture (1880), representing the invading French Army under Napoleon (although it had not been the French national anthem at that time), and it is drowned out by cannon fire, symbolizing the Russian defense at the Battle of Borodino.[33]
- Pavlos Carrer quotes the tune in the overture to his opera Maria Antonietta (1884)
- Julián Felipe incorporated elements of "La Marseillaise" in the fifth and last bar of his incidental piece Marcha Filipina-Magdalo (1898) which eventually became the Filipino national anthem Lupang Hinirang.[34]
- Erik Satie's song "Un Dîner à l'Élysée" quotes the tune
- The anthem has been sampled to reference France or Paris in countless film scores
- Dmitri Shostakovich quotes "La Marseillaise" at some length during the fifth reel of the film score he composed for the 1929 silent movie The New Babylon (set during the Paris Commune), where it is juxtaposed contrapuntally with the "Infernal Galop" from Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld.[35]
- The Australian rules football team the Brisbane Lions use the melody of La Marseillaise in their club song, which their predecessor, the Fitzroy Lions, adopted in 1952.[36]
- The Beatles' 1967 single "All You Need Is Love" uses the opening bars of "La Marseillaise" as an introduction.[37]
- On Simchat Torah (18–19 October) 1973, the Lubavitcher Rebbe adapted the melody to the Jewish prayer "HaAderet v'HaEmunah". In Chabad, the melody is believed to convey the idea of a "spiritual French revolution" – in that Torah should be spread around the world as an advent to the Messianic era.[38]
- Sarah Schachner used and reinterpreted the melody of "La Marseillaise" in the track "Rather Death Than Slavery" that is included in the official soundtrack to the video game Assassin's Creed Unity (2014), itself set during the French Revolution. This track was also used in 2015 in a trailer for season 5 of the TV drama Game of Thrones.[39]
Historical Russian use
editIn Russia, "La Marseillaise" was used as a republican revolutionary anthem by those who knew French starting in the 18th century, almost simultaneously with its adoption in France. In 1875 Peter Lavrov, a narodnik revolutionary and theorist, wrote a Russian-language text (not a translation of the French one) to the same melody. This "Worker's Marseillaise" became one of the most popular revolutionary songs in Russia and was used in the Revolution of 1905. After the February Revolution of 1917, it was used as the semi-official national anthem of the new Russian republic. Even after the October Revolution, it remained in use for a while alongside "The Internationale".[40]
Critique
editThe English philosopher and reformer Jeremy Bentham, who was declared an honorary citizen of France in 1791 in recognition of his sympathies for the ideals of the French Revolution, was not enamoured of "La Marseillaise". Contrasting its qualities with the "beauty" and "simplicity" of "God Save the King", he wrote in 1796:
The War whoop of anarchy, the Marseillais Hymn, is to my ear, I must confess, independently of all moral association, a most dismal, flat, and unpleasing ditty: and to any ear it is at any rate a long winded and complicated one. In the instance of a melody so mischievous in its application, it is a fortunate incident, if, in itself, it should be doomed neither in point of universality, nor permanence, to gain equal hold on the affections of the people.[41]
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of France for most of the 1970s, said that it is ridiculous to sing about drenching French fields with impure Prussian blood as a Chancellor of the modern democratic Germany takes the salute in Paris.[42] A 1992 campaign to change the words of the song involving more than 100 prominent French citizens, including Danielle Mitterrand, wife of then-President François Mitterrand, was unsuccessful.[43]
The British historian Simon Schama discussed "La Marseillaise" on BBC Radio 4's Today programme on 17 November 2015 (in the immediate aftermath of the Paris attacks), saying it was "... the great example of courage and solidarity when facing danger; that's why it is so invigorating, that's why it really is the greatest national anthem in the world, ever. Most national anthems are pompous, brassy, ceremonious, but this is genuinely thrilling. Very important in the song ... is the line 'before us is tyranny, the bloody standard of tyranny has risen'. There is no more ferocious tyranny right now than ISIS, so it's extremely easy for the tragically and desperately grieving French to identify with that".[44]
In 1979, a reggae version, "Aux armes et cætera" by Serge Gainsbourg, was received poorly by some in France, particularly in Le Figaro, where Michel Droit accused Gainsbourg of making money from the national anthem and suggesting that he was feeding antisemitism. Gainsbourg was also criticised for removing some of the military-focused aspects of the song.[45][46]
See also
edit
- 1812 Overture
- "A Portuguesa", the current national anthem of Portugal with a similar refrain
- "Belarusian Marseillaise", a patriotic song in Belarus
- "Chant du départ", the official anthem of the Napoleonic Empire
- "Ça Ira", another famous anthem of the French Revolution
- "Deșteaptă-te, române!", the current national anthem of Romania, sometimes referred to as the "Romanian Marseillaise"
- "Deutsche Arbeiter-Marseillaise", anthem of the General German Workers' Association
- "Gens du pays", the unofficial state song of Quebec
- "Gloria al Bravo Pueblo", the current national anthem of Venezuela, formerly called the "Venezuelan Marsaillaise" and showing similarities to the "French Marsaillaise"
- "La Bayamesa", the current national anthem of Cuba
- "La Marseillaise des Blancs", the Royal and Catholic variation
- "Maamme", the current national anthem of Finland, formerly a candidate anthem along with "La Marsaillaise" and "The Internationale" upon the country's independence in 1917
- "Marche Henri IV", the national anthem of the Kingdom of France
- "Onamo, 'namo!", a Montenegrin patriotic song popularly known as the "Serbian Marseillaise"
- "The Pride of Brisbane Town", an Australian sports song used by the Brisbane Lions, sung to the tune of "La Marsaillaise"
- "The Internationale", a popular left-wing anthem, originally intended to be sung to the tune of "La Marsaillaise"
- "The Women's Marseillaise", a women's suffrage protest song
- "Worker's Marseillaise", the national anthem of Russia from 1917 to 1918; written by Robert Schumann, and based on "La Marseillaise"
Explanatory notes
edit- ^
- English pronunciation: /ˌmɑːrsəˈleɪz, ˌmɑːrseɪˈ(j)ɛz/ MAR-sə-LAYZ, MAR-say-(Y)EZ
- French pronunciation: [la maʁsɛˈjɛːz]
- ^ pronounced [ʃɑ̃ də ˈɡɛːʁ puʁ laʁˈme dy ˈʁɛ̃]
- ^ The French language has spacing before some punctuation marks, such as the exclamation and question marks when typed.
- ^ See Help:IPA/French, French phonology and French of France.
- ^ Also sung as « Marchez, marchez ! »
- ^ The seventh verse was not part of the original text; it was added in 1792 by an unknown author.
References
edit- ^ "La Marsigliese? E' di un italiano". 13 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
- ^ "Giovanni Battista Viotti - Tema e variazioni in do maggiore (Best known as "La Marseillaise")". YouTube. 13 July 2018. Archived from the original on 11 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
- ^ La Marseillaise, un hymne à l'histoire tourmentée Archived 25 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Micaela Ovale & Guilia Mazzetto. "Progetti Viotti" (PDF). Guido Rimonda (in Italian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
Basti ricordare che "La Marsigliese" nasce da un tema con variazioni di Viotti scritto nel 1781, ben 11 anni prima della comparsa dell'inno nazionale francese ufficiale (ri-orchestrato da Berlioz con l'aggiunta delle parole da R. De Lisle). Il brano sarà presente nel secondo CD dell'integrale in uscita nel marzo 2013.
. - ^ Viotti, Giovanni Battista. "Six quatuor d'airs connus dialogués et variés pour deux violons, alto et violoncelle, divisés en deux Parties. 1° parte – Giovanni Battista Viotti". MLOL (in Italian). Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ Dellaborra, Mariateresa (31 December 2017). Giovanni Battista Viotti: «professione musicista»: Sguardo sull'opera, lo stile, le fonti (in Italian). Società Editrice di Musicologia. ISBN 978-88-85780-04-0. Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ a b "Miscellanea: "Viotti e la Marsigliese. Falso e vero o i bufalari smascherati" di Giuseppina La Face e Carlo Vitali" (in Italian). Accademia della Bufala. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ Fauré, Georges (15 October 2020). "Curiosità: l'hymne français a-t-il été composé par un Italien ?". Alliance Franco-Italienne de Midi-Pyrénées (in French). Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ Dictionnaire Universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie, p. 601 – Jode and Cara (Larousse 2011)
- ^ "La Marseillaise" (in French). National Assembly of France. Archived from the original on 15 May 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ a b Weber, Eugen (1 June 1976). Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914. Stanford University Press. p. 439. ISBN 978-0-8047-1013-8. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ Stevens, Benjamin F. (January 1896). "Story of La Marseillaise". The Musical Record (408). Boston, Massachusetts: Oliver Ditson Company: 2. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^ "Plaque Frédéric De Dietrich". Archi-Wiki. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
- ^ (in French) Louis Spach, Frederic de Dietrich, premier maire de Strasbourg. Archived 23 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Strasbourgh, Vve. Berger-Levrault & fils, 1857.
- ^ "General François Mireur". Archived from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
- ^ Wochenblatt, dem Unterricht des Landvolks gewidmet, Colmar 1792 [1] Archived 30 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Mould, Michael (2011). The Routledge Dictionary of Cultural References in Modern French. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-136-82573-6. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- ^ a b "Modern History Sourcebook: La Marseillaise". sourcebooks.fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "La Marseillaise, un hymne à l'histoire tourmentée" Archived 25 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine by Romaric Godin, La Tribune, 20 November 2015 (in French)
- ^ Ovale, Micaela; Mazzetto, Giulia. "Progetti Viotti" (PDF). Guido Rimonda (in Italian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
Basti ricordare che 'La Marsigliese' nasce da un tema con variazioni di Viotti scritto nel 1781, ben 11 anni prima della comparsa dell'inno nazionale francese ufficiale.
[Just remember that 'La Marseillaise' was born from a theme with variations by Viotti written in 1781, 11 years before the appearance of the official French national anthem.] - ^ La Face, Giuseppina (10 January 2016). "La Marsigliese e il mistero attorno alla sua paternità". il fatto quotidiano. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
A dicembre la Camerata Ducale, diretta dal violinista Guido Rimonda, ha eseguito un Tema con variazioni per violino e orchestra sulla Marsigliese, attribuito al grande compositore vercellese Giovan Battista Viotti. Rimonda, che per la Decca sta registrando gli opera omnia dell'illustre concittadino, possiede un manoscritto del Tema con variazioni firmato 'GB Viotti' e datato '1781'... Nel libriccino che accompagna il CD Decca del 2013, è riprodotta la prima pagina del manoscritto. Secondo un esperto di Viotti, il canadese Warwick Lister (Ad Parnassum, XIII, aprile 2015), la firma di Viotti in alto a destra potrebbe essere autentica, ma le parole "2 mars 1781" sono di un'altra mano. Non si può dunque escludere che Viotti abbia davvero scritto una serie di variazioni su un tema che tutt'Europa conobbe a metà degli anni 1790; ma l'idea che il brano risalga al decennio precedente, e che la paternità musicale dell'inno vada girata a un violinista vercellese, è appesa all'esile filo di una data d'incerta mano su un manoscritto d'incerta provenienza.
[In December the Camerata Ducale, conducted by the violinist Guido Rimonda, performed a Theme with variations for violin and orchestra on the Marseillaise, attributed to the great Vercelli composer Giovan Battista Viotti. Rimonda, who for the Decca is recording the opera omnia of the illustrious fellow citizen, owns a manuscript of the Theme with variations signed "GB Viotti" and dated '1781' ... In the booklet accompanying the 2013 Decca CD, the first page of the manuscript is reproduced. According to an expert from Viotti, the Canadian Warwick Lister (Ad Parnassum, XIII, April 2015), Viotti's signature on the top right may be authentic, but the words '2 mars 1781' are from another hand. It cannot therefore be excluded that Viotti actually wrote a series of variations on a theme that all of Europe knew in the mid-1790s; but the idea that the piece dates back to the previous decade, and that the musical authorship of the hymn should be turned to a Vercelli violinist, hangs on the slender thread of a date of uncertain hand on a manuscript of uncertain origin.] - ^ Viotti, Giovanni Battista. "Six quatuor d'airs connus dialogués et variés pour deux violons, alto et violoncelle, divisés en deux Parties. 1° parte – Giovanni Battista Viotti". MLOL (in Italian). Archived from the original on 23 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
- ^ "Piano Concerto No. 25 in C major, K. 503". Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
- ^ Lot, Arthur (1886). La Marseillaise: enquête sur son véritable auteur. V. Palmé, 1886; Nouvelles Éditions Latines 1992. p. 11. ISBN 9782723304580. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
Cette partition musicale, que ma famille possède toujours, avait été écrite par Jean-Baptiste Lucien Grisons, chef de maîtrise à la cathédrale de Saint-Omer de 1775 à 1787. Or l'air des Stances sur la Calamnie, par laquelle débute cet oratorio, n'est autre que l'air de la Marseillaise
[This musical score, which my family still owns, was written by Jean-Baptiste Lucien Grisons, chief of master at the cathedral of Saint-Omer from 1775 to 1787. Now the tune of Stances on Calamnia, with which this oratorio begins, is none other than the air of the Marseillaise.] - ^ Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
- ^ Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). . The American Cyclopædia. See also Geschichte eines deutschen Liedes at German Wikisource.
- ^ Istel, Edgar (April 1922). "Is the Marseillaise a German composition? (The history of a hoax)". The Musical Quarterly. 8 (2): 213–226. doi:10.1093/mq/viii.2.213. JSTOR 738232.
- ^ William Apthorp (1879) Hector Berlioz; Selections from His Letters, and Aesthetic, Humorous, and Satirical Writings, Henry Holt, New York
- ^ L. J. de Bekker (1909) Stokes' Encyclopedia of Music and Musicians, Frederick Stokes, New York
- ^ Williams, Chad L. (2010). Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 165–166. ISBN 9780807833940. OCLC 681746132.
- ^ 김, 용래 (21 February 2019). "[외신속 3·1 운동] ⑩ 일제 치하서 울려퍼진 佛혁명가 '라 마르세예즈'". Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Archived from the original on 2 May 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
- ^ "Faschingsschwank aus Wien, Op. 26 (Carnival of Vienna) | Mimi Solomon | Piano Music | Free classical music online". Archived from the original on 18 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ^ "Why does everyone love the Marseillaise, France's national anthem?". Classic FM (UK). Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ "The National Anthem's predecessor and influences". Malacañang Palace. 10 June 2014. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014.
- ^ Described and played on BBC Radio 3's CD Review program "Building a Library: Elgar: Violin Concerto" Archived 23 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine (14 January 2012)[time needed]
- ^ "Origins of our Club song" Archived 23 March 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Brisbane Lions
- ^ Edwards, Gavin (28 August 2014). "How the Beatles' 'All You Need Is Love' Made History". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
- ^ "The Spiritual French Revolution: A Miracle in Our Times, 5752 (1992)". Chabad.org. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ "Access the Animus – Interview with Sarah Schachner". www.accesstheanimus.com. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
- ^ Соболева, Н. А. (2005). "Из истории отечественных государственных гимнов" [From the history of national national anthems] (PDF). Отечественная история [National History] (in Russian) (1): 10–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2008.
- ^ Bentham, Jeremy (2001). Quinn, Michael (ed.). Writings on the Poor Laws, Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0199242320.
- ^ Bremner, Charles (14 May 2014). "Cannes star denounces 'racist' Marseillaise at festival opening". The Times. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ Riding, Alan (5 March 1992). "Aux Barricades! 'La Marseillaise' Is Besieged". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
- ^ "Simon Schama explains La Marseillaise". BBC News. 17 November 2015. Archived from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
- ^ "Revisiting Serge Gainsbourg's version of 'La Marseillaise'". faroutmagazine.co.uk. 2 April 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
- ^ "Aux armes et caetera". 7 June 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024 – via www.youtube.com.
Further reading
edit- Hughes, Charles (Spring 1940). "Music of the French Revolution". Science & Society. 4 (2): 193–210. JSTOR 40399324.
External links
edit
Texts on Wikisource:
- La Marseillaise
- "Marseillaise, The". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. 1907.
- "Marseillaise". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
- La Marseillaise: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
- "La Marseillaise de Rouget de Lisle" (in French). Élysée – Présidence de la République. 16 November 2012.
- "Les paroles de la Marseillaise" (in French). Assemblée nationale.
- La Marseillaise, Iain Patterson's comprehensive website
