Anne Mackintosh (1723–1787) was a Scottish Jacobite leader, who was daughter to the Chief of Clan Farquharson and the wife of Angus Mackintosh, Chief of the Clan Mackintosh. She was one of very few (apparent) female military leaders during the Jacobite rising of 1745 and the first female to hold the rank of colonel in Scotland.[1][2]
Early life
editBorn Anne Farquharson at Invercauld Castle, Aberdeenshire in 1723,[2] she was the daughter of John Farquharson of Invercauld, chief of the Clan Farquharson, by his third wife Margaret Murray. Her mother was a daughter of Lord James Murray of Dowally and thus a granddaughter of the Marquis of Atholl and cousin of Lord George Murray.[3] Her family were Jacobite sympathisers. Around 1741 she was married to Angus (or Aeneas) Mackintosh, chief of the Clan Mackintosh, a committed anti-Jacobite.[2]
Jacobite rising of 1745
edit
Early in 1744, Angus Mackintosh was offered one of three new Independent Companies being raised by John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun to support the British-Hanoverian Government. During the Jacobite rising of 1745, Angus' company fought in the Black Watch.
When the Jacobite Prince Charles Edward Stuart landed in Scotland in 1745, Anne Mackintosh, then 22 years old, forcefully raised between 200 and 400 men from Clan Mackintosh and the confederation of Clan Chattan for the Prince. As women could not command in the field, the regiment was placed under the command of Alexander MacGillivray the chief of the Clan MacGillivray, a member of the clan confederation. 'Colonel' Anne's regiment joined the Prince's army at Bannockburn, near Stirling Castle, in January 1746, twelve days before the Battle of Falkirk Muir.
A month later the Prince was staying at Moy Hall, Mackintosh's home. She received a message from her mother-in-law that 1,500 of Loudon's Highlanders, including her husband's company stationed 8–12 miles away at Inverness, were planning a night raid on Moy Hall to snatch the Prince (and claim the £30,000 bounty). Mackintosh sent five of her staff out with guns to crash about and shout clan battle cries to trick the Government forces into thinking they were about to face the entire Jacobite army. The ploy worked and the Government force fled. The event became known as "the rout of Moy".[2][4]
The next month Mackintosh's husband and 300 of Loudon's men were captured north of Inverness by the Jacobite army. The Prince paroled Captain Mackintosh into the custody of his wife, commenting "he could not be in better security, or more honourably treated". She famously greeted him with the words, "Your servant, captain" to which he replied, "your servant, colonel" thereby giving her the nickname "Colonel Anne". She was also called "La Belle Rebelle" (the beautiful rebel) by the Prince himself.[5][6]
A high number of her men, particularly the Clan Chattan men, and Alexander MacGillivray, were killed at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746. Their grave is marked by the Well of the Dead on the battlefield. After the Jacobite defeat at Culloden, Mackintosh was arrested and turned over to the care of her mother-in-law for a time. She stepped in to stop Anne McKay, a local Inverness woman who helped Jacobite officer Robert Nairn escape, being whipped through the streets of Inverness.[7] Mackintosh later met Prince William, Duke of Cumberland at a social event in London with her husband. He asked her to dance to a pro-Government tune and she returned the favour by asking him to dance to a Jacobite tune.[8][9]
Mackintosh died on 2 March 1787 in Leith, the harbour district of Edinburgh. She is buried in Old North Leith Burial Ground on Coburg Street. Her grave is marked by a white Jacobite rose and a commemorative plaque.[1]
Historical fiction
edit- Scottish author Janet Paisley has written a novel based on MacKintosh's exploits, "White Rose Rebel", published 2007.
- Author Marsha Canham has also written an historical romance novel based on MacKintosh's exploits, "Midnight Honor"; book three of a trilogy regarding the Jacobite rising preceded by "The Blood of Roses" and "The Pride of Lions".
- Portuguese author Hélia Correia has written the historical novel "Lillias Fraser", set in Scotland and Portugal between 1746 and 1762, in which MacKintosh is a secondary character.
See also
edit- Anne McKay (fl. 1740s - 1750s).
References
edit- ^ a b Campbell, Jolene (21 July 2023). "Who was Colonel Anne? Campaign to recognise Jacobite heroine buried in Leith as play about her life comes to Fringe". Edinburgh News.
- ^ a b c d Lindsay, Caroline (2 March 2019). "Celebrating a little-known Jacobite heroine". The Courier. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
- ^ Paul, James Balfour (1904). The Scots Peerage. Vol. 1. Edinburgh, Scotland: David Douglas. p. 475.
- ^ "The failed plot to seize Bonnie Prince Charlie". The Scotsman. 8 March 2018.
- ^ Johncock, Graeme (1 October 2023). Scotland's Stories: Historic Tales for Incredible Places. History Press. ISBN 978-1-80399-267-9.
- ^ Craig, Maggie (9 September 2011). Damn' Rebel Bitches: The Women of the '45. Random House. ISBN 978-1-78057-296-3.
- ^ "The silent Jacobite wife sentenced to 800 lashes". www.scotsman.com. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
- ^ MacLean, S. G. (4 August 2022). The Bookseller of Inverness: a gripping historical thriller from the double prizewinning author. Quercus. ISBN 978-1-5294-1419-6.
- ^ Brown, Yvonne Galloway; Ferguson, Rona (2002). Twisted Sisters: Women, Crime and Deviance in Scotland Since 1400. Tuckwell. ISBN 978-1-86232-295-0.