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List of princely states of British India (by region)

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This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 5 November 2024.

Before the partition of India in 1947, about 584 princely states, also called "native states", existed in India.[1] These were not part of British India, the parts of the Indian subcontinent which were under direct British administration, but rather under indirect rule, subject to subsidiary alliances.

  British India
  Princely states
  Protectorates
  Mandates
  Other dependencies

Things moved quickly after the partition of British India in 1947. By the end of 1949, all of the states had chosen to accede to one of the newly independent states of India or Pakistan or else had been conquered and annexed.

Overview

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Chamber of Princes meeting in 1941
Main article: Princely state
For details of precedence between the states, see Salute state.

In principle, the princely states had internal autonomy, while by treaty the British Crown had suzerainty and was responsible for the states' external affairs. In practice, while the states were indeed ruled by potentates with a variety of titles, the British still had considerable influence.

By the time of the departure of the British in 1947, only four of the largest of the states still had their own British resident, a diplomatic title for advisors present in the states' capitals, while most of the others were grouped together into agencies, such as the Central India Agency, the Deccan States Agency, and the Rajputana Agency.

Starting in 1920, the states were represented in the Chamber of Princes, which held its meetings in New Delhi.

The most important states were ranked as salute states, whose rulers were entitled to a given number of salute guns.

By the Indian Independence Act 1947, the British gave up their suzerainty of the states and left each of them free to choose whether to join one of the newly independent countries of India and Pakistan or to remain outside them. For a short time, some of the rulers explored the possibility of a federation of the states separate from either, but this came to nothing. Most of the states then decided to accede to India or to Pakistan, such as Junagadh (1947–1948), Bilaspur on 12 October 1948, and Bhopal on 1 May 1949. Travancore also chose to remain an independent country.

Hyderabad State was the largest which chose to remain independent. In Operation Polo, in September 1948, it was invaded and annexed by India.

In Jammu and Kashmir, a state with a Muslim majority but a Hindu ruler, the Maharaja hoped to remain independent but acceded to India on 27 October 1947 at the outset of the invasion of Jammu and Kashmir by Pakistan — leading to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.

On 31 March 1948, Kalat acceded to Pakistan, although the brother of the Khan led a rebellion against this decision.

Princely states at the time of partition on 15 August 1947

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Individual residencies

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Map Name of state British resident Now part of Last ruler
 
 
Hyderabad 		Individual residency   Telangana, Maharashtra and Karnataka, India Mir Osman Ali Khan
    Jammu and Kashmir Individual residency   Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, India;

  Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan;
  Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract, China

Hari Singh
    Mysore Individual residency   Karnataka, India Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar
    Travancore Individual residency status under Madras Presidency   Kerala and 5 taluks (Kanyakumari district) of Tamil Nadu, India Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma

Baluchistan Agency

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Princely states of the Baluchistan Agency.

Map Name of state British resident Now part of Last ruler
    Kalat Baluchistan Agency  Balochistan, Pakistan Mir Ahmad Yar Khan Ahmedzai
    Kharan Habibullah Khan
    Las Bela Jam Ghulam Qadir Khan
    Makran Bai Khan Baloch Gikchi

Deccan States Agency and Kolhapur Residency (Maratha)

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Princely states of Deccan States Agency and Kolhapur Residency (Maratha).

Name of state British Resident or Agent Now part of Last or present ruler
  Akalkot Princely State Maharashtra, India Shrimant Malojiraje Bhosle
  Aundh Princely State Maharashtra, India Meherban Shrimant Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi
  Bhor Princely State Maharashtra, India Raja Shrimant Sir Raghunathrao Shankarrao Pandit Pant Sachiv, Raja of Bhor
  Jamkhandi Princely State Karnataka, India Raja Saheb Shrimant Raja Pranay Rao Parshuram Rao Patwardhan
  Janjira Princely State Maharashtra, India Nawab Sidi Muhammed Khan II Sidi Ahmad Khan, Nawab of Janjira
  Jath Princely State Maharashtra, India Lt. Shrimant Raja Vijaysinghrao Ramrao Babasaheb Dafle
  Kolhapur Princely State Maharashtra, India Rajadhiraj Chhatrapati Shahu II Bhosle
  Ichalkaranji Princely State Maharashtra, India Shrimant Govindrao (Abasaheb) Ghorpade
  Kurundvad Senior Princely State Maharashtra, India Raja Shrimant Bhalchandrarao Chintamanrao Patwardhan, Raja of Kurundwad Sr.
  Kurundvad Junior Princely State Maharashtra, India Raja Shrimant Hariharrao Raghunathrao [Bapusaheb] Patwardhan, Raja of Kurundwad Jr.
  Miraj Junior Princely State Maharashtra, India Raja Meherban Shrimant Sir Madhavrao Hariharrao Patwardhan
  Miraj Senior Princely State Maharashtra, India Narayan Rao Jatya Sahib Patwardhan
  Mudhol Princely State Karnataka, India Shrimant Raja Bhairavsinhrao Malojirao Ghorpade II
  Phaltan Princely State Maharashtra, India Shrimant Ramraje Prataosinha Naik-Nimbalkar,
  Sangli Princely State Maharashtra, India Capt. Shrimant Raja Saheb Sir Chintamanrao II Dhundirajrao Appasaheb Patwardhan
  Savanur Princely State Karnataka, India Nawab of Savanur, Abdul Majid Khan II
  Sawantvadi Princely State Maharashtra, India Raja Khem Sawant-Bhosle Bahadur

Gwalior Residency

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Princely states of the Gwalior Residency.

Name of state British Resident or Agent Now part of Last or present ruler
  Gwalior Princely State Madhya Pradesh, India Shrimant Jyotirditya Scindia
  Garha Princely State Madhya Pradesh, India
  Khaniyadhana Princely State Madhya Pradesh, India
  Ramgadi Princely State Uttar Pradesh, India Diwan Mahadev Mishra[citation needed]
  Rajgarh State Princely State Madhya Pradesh, India Maharani Shushila Sinha Rudrani
  Rampur Princely State Uttar Pradesh, India Raza Ali Khan of Rampur

Madras Presidency

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Princely states of the Madras Presidency.

Name of state British Resident or Agent Now part of Last or present ruler
  Banganapalle Princely State Andhra Pradesh, India Nawab Sayyid Fazl-i-'Ali Khan IV Bahadur, Nawab of Banganapalle
  Cochin Princely State Kerala, India Rama Varma Pareekshit Thampuran, Maharaja of Cochin
  Pudukkottai Princely State Tamil Nadu, India Rajagopala Tondaiman, Maharaja of Pudukkottai
  Sandur Princely State Karnataka, India Yeshwantrao Ghorpade

North-West Frontier States Agency

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Princely states of the North-West Frontier States Agency. Agencies included the Dir, Swat, and Chitral Agency, and the Deputy Commissioner of Hazara acting as the political agent for Amb and Phulra.

Map Name of state British resident Now part of Last ruler
    Amb North-West Frontier States Agency  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Nawab Muhammad Farid Khan Tanoli
    Chitral Mehtar Saif-ul-Mulk Nasir
    Dir Muhammad Shah Khosru Khan
    Phulra Nawab Abdul Latif Khan Tanoli
    Swat Wali Miangul Jahan Zeb

Gilgit Agency

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The States of Hunza and Nagar and many feudal Jagirs (Puniyal, Shigar, etc.) in the Gilgit Agency were tributary to the Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir.

Name of state British resident Now part of Last ruler
  Hunza Gilgit Agency  Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan Mohammad Jamal Khan
  Nagar Showkat Ali Khan

Province of Sind

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Name of state British resident Now part of Last or present ruler
  Khairpur Sind Province  Sindh, Pakistan George Ali Murad Khan

Punjab States Agency

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States of the Punjab States Agency (Punjab).

Name of state British Resident or Agent Now part of Last or present ruler
  Bahawalpur Princely State Punjab, Pakistan Nawab Sadeq Mohammad Khan V
  Bilaspur Princely State Himachal Pradesh, India Raja Kirti Chand, Raja of Bilaspur
  Faridkot Princely State Punjab, India Colonel Farzand-i-Saadat-i-Nishan-i-Hazrat-i-Kaiser-i-Hind Maharaja Sir Harinder Singh Brar Bans Sahib Bahadur, Maharaja of Faridkot
  Jind Princely State Punjab and Haryana, India Maharaja Satbir Singh ["Prince Sunny"], Maharaja of Jind
  Kalsia Princely State Haryana, India Raja Himmat Sher Singh Sahib Bahadur
  Kangra Princely State Himachal Pradesh, India Raja Aditya Dev Chand Katoch (annexed to British India in 1846 by the Treaty of Lahore)
  Kapurthala Princely State Punjab, India Brig. Maharaja Sri Sukhjit Singh Sahib Bahadur, Maharaja of Kapurthala
 

Kumharsain

Princely State Himachal Pradesh, India Rana Surendra Singh
  Loharu State Princely State Haryana, India Nawab Mirza Alauddin Ahmad Khan II (alias Parvez Mirza), Nawab of Loharu
  Malerkotla Princely State Punjab, India Nawab Muhammad Iftikhar 'Ali Khan Bahadur (last nawab)
  Mandi Princely State Himachal Pradesh, India Maj. Raja Sir JOGINDER SEN Bahadur
  Nabha Princely State Punjab, India Sir Pratap Singh Sir Hira Singh
  Patiala Princely State Punjab, India Maharajadhiraj Sir Yadavindra Singh Mahendra Bahadur
  Rajgarh Princely State Himachal Pradesh, India Maharani Sushila Sinha
  Sirmur Princely State Himachal Pradesh, India Lt. Maharaja Rajendra Prakash Bahadur
  Suket/ Sundernagar Princely State Himachal Pradesh, India Raja Hari Sen Bahadur of Suket
  Siba Princely State Himachal Pradesh, India Raja Dr. Ashok K. Thakur, Raja of Siba & Tantpalan
Tharoch Princely State Himachal Pradesh, India Rana Rakesh Singh
  Tehri Garhwal Princely State (Zamindari) Uttarakhand, India Maharaja Manabendra Shah Sahib Bahadur

Rajputana Agency

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States of the Rajputana Agency.

Name of state British Resident or Agent Now part of Last or present ruler
  Alwar Princely State Rajasthan, India Raj Rishi Shri Sawai Maharaja Jitendra Pratap Singhji Veerendra Shiromani Dev Bharat Prabhakar Bahadur Jitendra Singh, Maharaja of Alwar.
  Banswara Princely State Rai Rayan Mahimahendra Maharajadhiraj Maharawalji Sahib Shri Jagmalji II Sahib Bahadur, Naresh Rajya, Maharawal of Banswara.
  Bharatpur Princely State Shri Maharaja Shri Brajendra Sawai Vishvendra Singh Bahadur Jang
  Bikaner Princely State Sri Raj Rajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Narendra Sawai Maharaja Shiromani Ravi Raj Singhji Bahadur, Maharaja of Bikaner and Head of the Royal House of Bikaner.
  Bundi Princely State Col. Maharao Raja Shri Bahadur Singhji Bahadur
  Dholpur Princely State Maharajadhiraja

Shri Sawai Maharaj Rana Shri Hemant Singh, Lokendra Bahadur, Diler Jang Jai Deo, Maharaj Rana of Dholpur

  Dungarpur Princely State Rai-i-Rayan, Mahimahendra, Maharajadhiraj Maharawal Shri Mahipal Singhji II Sahib Bahadur, Maharawal of Dungarpur.
  Jaipur Princely State HH Saramad-i-Rajahai Hindustan Raj Rajendra Shri Maharajadhiraj Sir Sawai Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II
  Jaisalmer Princely State Maharajadhiraj Maharawal Sir Jawahir Singh Bahadur
  Jhalawar Princely State Maharajadhiraj Maharaj Rana Shri Chandrajit Singh Dev Bahadur, Maharaj Rana of Jhalawar.
  Jodhpur Princely State Raj Rajeshwar Saramad-i-Rajha-i-Hindustan Maharajadhiraja Maharaja Shri Gaj Singhji II Sahib Bahadur, Maharaja of Jodhpur.
  Karauli Princely State Maharaja Shri Ganesh Pal Deo Bahadur Yadakul Chandra Bhal
  Kishangarh Princely State Umdae Rajhae Buland Makan Maharajadhiraja Maharaja Sumer Singhji Bahadur
  Kotah Princely State Maharao Shri Bhim Singh II Bahadur
  Kushalgarh Princely State Rao Harendra Singh
  Sardargarh (formerly Lawa), thikana in Udaipur Princely State
  Mewar Princely State Maharana Sir Bhupal Singh
Patan, Rajasthan Princely State Rao Bir Bikram Singh
  Pratabgarh Princely State Raja Ajit Pratap Singh
 

Shekhawati

Princely State Shri Maharao Sheoraj Singh
  Shahpura Princely State Rajadhiraj Sudershan Singh
  Sirohi Princely State Maharao Raghubir Singh
  Tonk Princely State Nawab Muhammad Faruq Ali Khan

Gujarat States Agency and Baroda Residency

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The Majestic Laxmi Vilas Palace of Baroda, built by the Maratha Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III

Kathiawar Agency

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Princely states of Kathiawar in Saurashtra
Name of state British Resident or Agent Now part of Last or present ruler
  Dhrol State Princely State Later Kathiawar, India

Now Gujarat, India

Thakor Saheb Shri Shri Chandrasinhji Jadeja
  Nawanagar State Princely State Jam saheb shri Shatrushaylsinhji Digvijaysinhji Jadeja

  Makaji Meghpar

Jagir Hardhrol Bhayats

  Rajkot State

Princely state Thakor saheb Shri Pradhyumansinhji Jadeja
  Gondal State Princely state Thakor Saheb Shri Bhagvatsinhji Jadeja
  Morvi State Princely state Thakor Saheb Shri Lakhdhirsinhji Jadeja
  Porbandar State Princely state Maharana Shri Natwarsinhji Jethwa
  Bhavnagar State Princely state Maharaja Raol Shri Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil
  Wadhwan State Princely state Maharaja Shri Suredrasinhji Jhala
  Junagadh State Princely state Nawab sahib Mahabatkhanji 3rd.
  Jafarabad State Princely state Mohammad Khan 2nd.
 
Kathiawar 1855 with its four prant districts: Halar, Jhalavad, Sorath and Gohelwad.
 
United Saurashtra (Kathiawar) State 1947-56

States of Central India Agency

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The Rajwada of Indore, built by The Holkars of the Maratha Kingdom
 
Subhash Marg, Indore
 
Bhil tribe girls in Jhabua
 
Orchha Palace, Madhya Pradesh

Eastern States Agency

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Faiz Mahal, Khairpur
 
Palace in Cooch Behar
 
Bahawalpur Nur Mahal
 
Girivilas Palace in Sarangarh

Orissa States Agency

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Chhattisgarh States Agency

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Bengal States Agency

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Mahi Kantha Agency

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Former Princely States annexed during the British Raj

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See also: Doctrine of lapse

Former kingdoms annexed during the British East India Company era

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Cahoon, Ben. "Indian Princely States before 1947 A-J". www.worldstatesmen.org. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  2. ^ Ramusack, Barbara N. (2007). The Indian princes and their states (Digitally print. version. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-0521039895. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
Sources

Further reading

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  • The Relationship Between the Indian Princely States and the Indian Central Government, 1921–1933, by Harry Dunseth Wood. Published by University of Chicago, 1951.
  • The Paramount Power and the Princely States of India, 1858–1881, by Ajit K. Neogy. Published by K. P. Bagchi, 1974.
  • Rajahs and Prajas: An Indian Princely State, Then and Now, by S. Devadas Pillai. Published by Popular Prakashan, 1976.
  • Princely States and the Paramount Power, 1858–1876: A Study on the Nature of Political Relationship Between the British Government and the Indian State, by Mihir Kumar Ray. Rajesh Publications, 1981.
  • Documents and Speeches on the Indian Princely States, by Adrian Sever. Published by B.R. Pub. Corp., 1985.
  • The Late Pre-colonial Background to the Indian Princely States, by Richard B Barnett. Published by Centre for South Asian Studies, University of Punjab, 1988.
  • Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States, by Tony McClenaghan. Published by Spantech & Lancer, 1996. ISBN 1-897829-19-1.
  • British Policy Towards Princely States of India: Seminar Entitled "British Policy Towards North Indian Princely States" : Selected Papers, by R P Vyas. Published by Rajasthan-Vidya Prakashan, 1992.
  • The Princely States of India: A Chronological Checklist of Their Rulers, by David P. Henige. Published by Borgo Press, 1997. ISBN 0-89370-325-7.
  • Constitutional Development in the Indian Princely States, by Ranjana Kaul. Published by UBS Publishers Distributors, 1998. ISBN 81-259-0511-1.
  • The Maharaja & the Princely States of India, by Sharada Dwivedi. Published by Lustre Press, 1999. ISBN 81-7436-081-6.
  • Illustrated Encyclopaedia & Who's who of Princely States in Indian Sub-continent, by J. C. Dua. Published by Kaveri Books, 2000. ISBN 81-7479-036-5.
  • The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire, by Sir Roper Lethbridge. Adamant Media Corporation, 2001. ISBN 1-4021-9328-9.
  • True Tales of British India & the Princely States: & The Princely States, by Michael Wise. Published by In Print, 1993. ISBN 1-873047-06-1.
  • Princely States of India: A Guide to Chronology and Rulers, by David P. Henige. Published by Orchid Press, 2006. ISBN 974-524-049-4.
  • India's Princely States: People, Princes and Colonialism, by Waltraud Ernst, Biswamoy Pati. Published by Routledge, 2007. ISBN 0-415-41541-1.
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