Examine individual changes

'{{redirect2|Passionfruit|Passion fruit|other uses|Passion fruit (disambiguation)}} {{italic title}}{{Taxobox | name = | image = Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa.jpg | image_caption = Flower | image2 = Passionfruit and cross section.jpg | image2_caption = Fruit | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]] | ordo = [[Malpighiales]] | familia = [[Passifloraceae]] | genus = ''[[Passiflora]]'' | species = '''''P. edulis''''' | binomial = ''Passiflora edulis'' | binomial_authority = [[John Sims (taxonomist)|Sims]], 1818 }} '''''Passiflora edulis''''' is a [[vine]] species of [[passion flower]] that is native to southern [[Brazil]] through [[Paraguay]] to northern [[Argentina]].<ref name=morton/> Its common names include '''passion fruit''' or '''passionfruit''' (English), '''maracuya''' (Spanish), '''grenadille''' (French), '''maracujá''' (Portuguese) and '''lilikoʻi''' (Hawaiian).<ref name=morton/><ref name="Hawaiian">{{Hawaiian Dictionaries| lilikoʻi | dic=pk | q=lilikoi | accessdate=2014-11-02}}</ref> It is cultivated commercially in [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] areas for its sweet, seedy fruit. The passion fruit is a [[Pepo (botany)|pepo]], a type of [[Berry (botany)|berry]], round to oval, either yellow or dark purple at maturity, with a soft to firm, juicy interior filled with numerous seeds.<ref name="morton">{{cite web|url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/passionfruit.html|title=Passionfruit, p. 320–328; In: Fruits of warm climates|year=1987|author=Morton JF|publisher=NewCrop, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN, USA|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Boning|first=Charles R.|title=Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines|year=2006|publisher=Pineapple Press, Inc.|location=Sarasota, Florida|pages=168–171}}</ref> The fruit is both eaten and juiced; passion fruit juice is often added to other fruit juices to enhance aroma.<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?26962 |title=''Passiflora edulis'' Sims |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2007-06-25 |accessdate=2010-01-07}}</ref> ==Etymology== The passion fruit is so called because it is one of the many [[species]] of [[passion flower]], leading to the English translation of the Latin genus name, ''Passiflora''.<ref name="morton" /> Around 1700, the name was given by [[Spanish missions in South America|missionaries]] in [[Brazil]] as an educational aid while trying to convert the indigenous inhabitants to [[Christianity]]; its name was ''flor de las cinco lagas'' or "flower of the five wounds" to illustrate the [[crucifixion]] of Christ, with other plant components also named after an emblem in the [[Passion of Jesus]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA597|title=Passion-fruit; In: The Oxford Companion to Food (page 597; Ed. 3)|author=Davidson, Alan|publisher=Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK|year=2014|isbn=019104072X}}</ref> == Culture == Passion fruit is widely grown in several countries of [[South America]], [[Central America]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Africa]], [[Southern Asia]], [[Vietnam]], [[Israel]], [[Australia]], [[South Korea]], [[Hawaii]] ''(Lilikoʻi)<ref name="Hawaiian" />'' and mainland [[United States]] in [[Florida]] and [[California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/passionfruit.html|title=Passion fruit: ''Passiflora edulis / P. edulis flavicarpa, Passifloraceae''|publisher=California Rare Fruit Growers|date=1996|accessdate=25 July 2016}}</ref> Certain cultivars are resilient against light frosts, and thus can survive perennially, even in more temperate climates such as that of [[Great Britain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=295|title=Passion flower|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|date=2015|accessdate=1 October 2015}}</ref> The flower of the passion fruit is the [[national flower]] of [[Paraguay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://country.paraguay.com/about_paraguay/national_flower.php|title=Paraguay: national flower|publisher=Paraguay.com|year=2009|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref> == Varieties == Several distinct varieties of passion fruit with clearly differing exterior appearances exist.<ref name="morton" /> The bright yellow ''flavicarpa'' variety, also known as the Golden Passion Fruit, can grow up to the size of a [[grapefruit]], has a smooth, glossy, light and airy rind, and has been used as a [[rootstock]] for the Purple Passion Fruit in Australia.<ref name="morton" /> The dark purple ''edulis'' variety is smaller than a [[lemon]], though it is less acidic than the yellow passion fruit, and has a richer aroma and flavour. Several varieties of passion fruit are rich in polyphenol content,<ref>{{cite journal| pmid=12568552|title=Phytochemical composition and antioxidant stability of fortified yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis)|authors=Talcott ST, Percival SS, Pittet-Moore J, Celoria C|journal=J Agric Food Chem|year= 2003|volume=51|issue=4|pages=935–41|doi=10.1021/jf020769q}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Sugars, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content and total antioxidant activity in passion fruit (Passiflora) cultivars|authors=Devi Ramaiya S, Bujang JS, Zakaria MH, King WS, Shaffiq Sahrir MA|journal=J Sci Food Agric|year=2013|volume=93|issue=5|pages=1198–1205|doi= 10.1002/jsfa.5876|pmid=23027609}}</ref> and yellow {{refn|group=Note|Specific mention of P. edulis f. flavicarpa juice and peel<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf960381t|title=Identification and Quantification of Passion Fruit Cyanogenic Glycosides|authors=Chassagne D, Crouzet JC, Bayonove CL, Baumes RL|journal=J Agric Food Chem|year=1996|volume=44|issue=12|pages=3817–3820}}</ref>}} varieties of the fruit were found to contain [[prunasin]] and other [[Glycoside#Cyanogenic glycosides|cyanogenic glycosides]] in the [[peel (fruit)|peel]] and juice.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> == Uses == [[File:Passionfruit drink at Shoebox Canteen, Singapore - 20140904.jpg|thumb|upright|A passionfruit drink at a restaurant in Singapore]] Passion fruit has a variety of uses related to its appealing taste as a whole fruit and juice.<ref name="morton" /> * In [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], it is available commercially both fresh and tinned. It is added to fruit salads, and fresh fruit pulp or passion fruit sauce is commonly used in [[dessert]]s, including as a topping for [[Pavlova (food)|pavlova]] (a regional [[meringue]] cake) and [[ice cream]], a flavouring for [[cheesecake]], and in the icing of [[Mille-feuille|vanilla slices]]. A passionfruit-flavored soft drink called [[Passiona]] has also been manufactured in Australia since the 1920s. It can be used in some alcoholic cocktails. * In [[Brazil]], the term {{lang|pt|''maracujá''}} applies to passion fruit ({{lang|pt|''maracujá azedo''}}, or "sour") and [[Passiflora ligularis|granadillo]] ({{lang|pt|''maracujá doce''}}, or "sweet"). Passion fruit [[mousse]] is a common dessert, and passion fruit pulp is routinely used to decorate the tops of cakes. Passion fruit juice, ice pops and more recently soft drinks are also popular. When making ''[[caipirinha]]'', one may use passion fruit instead of [[Lime (fruit)|lime]]. The correct terminology, in this case, would be a "batida de maracujá", as the iconic caipirinha uses the skins of the lime, whereas a batida does not. * In [[Colombia]], it is one of the most important fruits, especially for juices and desserts. It is widely available all over the country and three kinds of "''maracuyá''" fruit may be found. * In the [[Dominican Republic]], where it is locally called ''chinola'', it is used to make juice and [[Fruit preserves]]. Passion fruit-flavored [[syrup]] is used on [[shaved ice]], and the fruit is also eaten raw, sprinkled with sugar. * In [[East Africa]], passion fruit is used to make [[fruit juice]] and is commonly eaten as a whole fruit.<ref>{{cite web|title=Passion fruit farming the next frontier in agribusiness|url=http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/article-93397/passion-fruit-farming-next-frontier-agribusiness|author=Ngotho A|publisher=The Star, Nairobi, Kenya|date=October 30, 2012|accessdate=July 16, 2014}}</ref> * In [[Hawaii]], where it is known as ''liliko'i'', passion fruit can be cut in half and the seeds scooped out with a spoon. Lilikoi-flavoured syrup is a popular topping for [[shave ice]]. It is used as a dessert flavouring for [[malasada]]s, cheesecakes, cookies, [[ice cream]] and [[mochi]]. Passion fruit is also favoured as a jam or jelly, as well as a butter. Lilikoi syrup can also be used to glaze or to marinate meat and vegetables. * In [[India]], the government of [[Andhra Pradesh]] started growing passion fruit vines in the [[Chintapalli, Vizianagaram|Chintapalli]] ([[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]]) forests to make fruit available within the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=HRS cultivating ‘passion fruit'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/hrs-cultivating-passion-fruit/article2607607.ece|author=Sridhar, P.|publisher=The Hindu, India|date=8 November 2011|accessdate=19 June 2016}}</ref> The fruit is eaten raw, sprinkled with sugar and is also used to make juice. * In [[Indonesia]], there are two types of passion fruit (local name: ''markisa''), white flesh and yellow flesh. The white one is normally eaten straight as a fruit, while the yellow variety is commonly strained to obtain its juice, which is cooked with sugar to make thick syrup. * In [[Mexico]], passion fruit is used to make juice or is eaten raw with [[chili powder|chilli powder]] and lime. * In [[Paraguay]], passion fruit is used principally for its juice, to prepare desserts such as passion fruit mousse, cheesecake, ice cream, and to flavour yogurts and cocktails. [[File:Puchea, or Passion Fruit.jpg|right|thumb|Puchea, or Passion Fruit growing in El Sauce, Samaipata, Bolivia]] * In [[Peru]], passion fruit has long been a staple in homemade ice pops called "marciano". Passion fruit is also used in several desserts, especially [[mousse]]s and [[cheesecake]]s. Passion fruit juice is also drunk on its own and is used in [[ceviche]] variations and in [[cocktail]]s, including the ''Maracuyá sour'', a variation of the ''[[Pisco sour]]''. * In the [[Philippines]], passion fruit is commonly sold in public markets and in public schools. Some vendors sell the fruit with a straw to enable sucking out the seeds and juices inside. * In [[Portugal]], especially the [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]], passion fruit is used as a base for a variety of [[liqueur]]s and [[mousse]]s. * In [[Puerto Rico]], where the fruit is known as "''parcha''", it is used in juices, ice cream or pastries. * In [[South Africa]], passion fruit, known locally as Granadilla (the yellow variety as Guavadilla), is used to flavour [[yogurt]]. It is also used to flavour [[soft drink]]s such as [[Schweppes]]' "Sparkling Granadilla" and numerous [[Squash (drink)|cordial drinks]]. It is often eaten raw or used as a topping for cakes and tarts. Granadilla juice is commonly available in restaurants. The yellow variety is used for juice processing, while the purple variety is sold in fresh-fruit markets. * In [[Sri Lanka]], passion fruit juice, along with [[faluda]], is one of the most popular refreshments. Passion fruit [[Squash (drink)|cordial]] is manufactured both at home as well as industrially by mixing the pulp with sugar. [[File:Maracu-compl3.JPG|thumb|Passion fruit oil and cross-section of passion fruit, showing seeds]] == Nutrition == {{Nutritional value | name=Passion-fruit, (granadilla) <br><small>purple, raw per 100 grams | kJ=406 | protein=2.2 g | fat=0.7 g | carbs=22.4 g | fiber=10.4 g | sugars=11.2 g | calcium_mg=12 | iron_mg=1.6 | magnesium_mg=29 | phosphorus_mg=68 | potassium_mg=348 | sodium_mg=28 | zinc_mg=0.1 | vitC_mg=30 | riboflavin_mg=0.13 | niacin_mg=1.5 | vitB6_mg=0.1 | folate_ug=14 | choline_mg=7.6 | vitA_ug=64 | betacarotene_ug=743 | vitK_ug=0.7 | copper=0.086 mg | selenium=0.06 mg | opt1n=Water | opt1v=72.9 g | source_usda=1 | note=[https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2308?fgcd=&manu=&lfacet=&format=Full&count=&max=35&offset=&sort=&qlookup=09231= Full Link to USDA Database entry] }} Raw passion fruit is 73% water, 22% [[carbohydrates]], 2% [[protein]] and 0.7% [[fat]] (table). In a 100 gram amount, fresh passion fruit contains 36% of the [[Daily Value]] (DV) of [[vitamin C]], 42% [[dietary fiber]], [[B vitamins]] [[riboflavin]] (11% DV) and [[niacin]] (10% DV), 12% [[iron]] and 10% [[phosphorus]] (right table).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1987/2 |title=Nutrition facts for Passion-fruit, (granadilla), purple, raw, 100&nbsp;g |date= |work=USDA Nutrient Data, SR-21 |publisher=Conde Nast |accessdate=April 2, 2013}}</ref> No other [[micronutrient]]s are in significant content. == Diseases == === Viruses === [[Passion fruit woodiness virus]] is one of the most well known viruses to the passion fruit. It belongs to the ''[[Potyvirus]]'' group and can attack a plant at any age from nursery to mature plants. Some features include yellow leaves that display distortion in the leaf length and shape. As well as affecting the leaf, this virus influences fruit shape and size. Affected fruits become stone-like and much smaller than normal, with many fruits becoming scabbed and cracked. The virus is spread by sap-sucking insects such as aphids and mites. Woodiness can also spread through vegetation propagation such as infected scions or contaminated tools. There is no chemical control for this virus once the plant is infected, but the use of clean planting material can reduce its dissemination.<ref name="passion fruit woodiness">{{cite book|url=http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/JournalsSup/images/0812/PT_2(1)1-19o.pdf |authors=Fischer, Ivan H., Rezende, Jorge A. M.|year=2008|title=Pest Technology: Diseases of Passion Flower (''Passiflora'' spp.)|publisher=Global Science Books|accessdate=13 December 2014}}</ref> One of the most serious viruses pertaining to vegetation is the [[Cucumber mosaic virus]]. In the passion fruit, this virus appears with yellow mottling on leaves starting at random points on the vine and diminishing in intensity towards the tip. Expanding leaves typically become twisted, curl downward, and develop a "shoestring" appearance as a result of a restriction of the leaf surface. It is mobile and can spread easily through interactions with other plants such as brushing between leaves. This virus is naturally transmitted through aphids and can also be transmitted mechanically through seedlings. Varietal resistance is the primary management tool, and eliminating weeds and infected perennial ornamentals that may harbor the virus is critical. Once the plant has been infected, there is no possible management of control for the virus.<ref name="passion fruit woodiness" /> === Phytoplasma === Overshooting is the term used when ''[[Phytoplasma]]'', a specialized [[bacterium]], attacks the [[phloem]] of a plant. ''Phytoplasma'' infection is characterized by [[chlorotic]] small leaves, shortening of [[internode (botany)|internodes]], excessive lateral [[shoot]]s and abnormal flowers. Although there have been reports of this disease within the passion fruit plant,<ref name="diseases">{{cite web|url=http://www.kari.org/sites/default/files/hort/Passion_fruit_diseases_manual.pdf|title=Manual for identification of passion fruit diseases and their management|publisher=Horticulture and Industrial Crops, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Nairobi |vauthors=Amata RL, etal |website=www.kari.org|date=June 2011|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref> many infected plants are affected without visible signs of disease. Although ''Phytoplasma'' can be spread through [[grafting]], it can be inhibited by periodic inspection of plant nurseries and areas that have had past infections.<ref name="diseases" /> Overshooting responds to treatment with [[tetracycline]], a common [[broad-spectrum]] [[antibiotic]]. === Bacteria === [[Bacterial leaf spot]], which causes [[vein (botany)|vein]] clearing, forms bright yellow colonies causing infection and leaf wilt and, eventually, deterioration of fruit pulp, especially of young fruits. Under favorable conditions for the bacteria, infection occurs through natural openings or wounds from other pathogens that affect leaf inter-cellular spaces. Fertilizers or a copper chloride and [[mancozeb]] mixture can control the intensity of the disease, but are not a cure.<ref name="bacterial spot">{{cite web|url=http://www.kau.edu/prsvkm/Docs/DiseasesofPassionFruit.pdf|title=Diseases of passion fruit (''Passiflora edulis'')|authors=Joy PP, Sherin CG|publisher=Kerala University, Kerala, India|date=2012|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref> The bacterial grease-spot of the passion fruit is caused by [[Pseudomonas syringae]].<ref name="bacterial grease spot">{{cite web|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00288233.1963.10419317|title=Bacterial grease-spot disease of passion fruit|authors=Baigent NL, Starr MP|publisher=Plant Diseases Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Auckland|doi=10.1080/00288233.1963.10419317|date=5 January 2012|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> It appears with olive-green to brown greasy-looking spots or brown, sunken circular lesions. On a later stage, a hard crust can cover the lesions showing a chlorotic halo. Affecting mainly the [[stomata]], the grease-spot thrives in high temperatures and high relative humidity. To avoid infection, measures that may be adopted include planting seeds from healthy plants and using existing healthy areas. [[Fungicide]] controls can aid in preventing further infection.<ref name="bacterial grease spot" /> === Fungal diseases === [[Collar rot]] disease is caused from the fungus ''[[Fusarium solani]]''. It is characterized by [[necrotic]] lesions at the collar region, browning of the stem at soil level, and dark discoloration of the stem. The rotting stem interferes with food and water transport within the plant, leading to withering of the plant until death. Infection occurs mostly through contaminated soil and infected plants which cause the plants to survive for only a few weeks. There are no chemical controls. Management includes planting seedlings in unaffected areas and using clean tools.<ref name="bacterial spot" /> The fungus called [[fusarium wilt]] commonly occurs in adult plants and is caused by ''[[Fusarium oxysporum]]''. The pathogen has ability to survive for long periods, penetrating roots, invading the [[xylem]] and preventing the transport of water and nutrients to other organs of the plant. Once infected, this disease causes leaves to yellow and browning of the vascular system until it wilts and dies. It occurs in any type of soil infecting all plants. Management of crops include planting clean seedlings, uprooting and burning infected plants, and using sterilized tools.<ref name="wilt">{{cite web|url=http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/pest/main/136585|title=Fusarium wilt of passion fruit|publisher=PaDIL, an initiative of the Australian Government’s Department of Agriculture|date=2007|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> The [[anthracnose]], a canker caused by ''Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes'', is a pathogen of the passion fruit creating dark and sunken lesions of the [[trunk (botany)|trunk]].<ref name="anthracnose">{{cite journal|url=http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS-94-6-0786C|title=First Report of ''Colletotrichum boninense'', ''C. capsici'', and a ''Glomerella'' sp. as Causes of Postharvest Anthracnose of Passion Fruit in Florida|authors=Tarnowski TLB, Ploetz RC|journal=Plant Disease|year=2010|volume=94|issue=6|page=786|doi=10.1094/PDIS-94-6-0786C}}</ref> By attacking mature passion fruit trees, these lesions cause intense defoliation and fruit rot. Many leaves die due to the foliar lesions and the skin of fruits becomes papery. Under warm and humid conditions, this disease can worsen, causing red and orange spores eventually killing the plant. Infection is carried out through the residues of the passion flower, infected seeds, seedlings, and cuttings. Managing this disease involves a combination of using pathogen-free seedlings, eliminating infected areas, and improving ventilation and light conditions. Copper-based fungicides on injured areas can prevent the spread of disease.<ref name="anthracnose" /> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Passiflora Edulis Open Fruit2.jpg|Cross-section of a purple passion fruit File:Passion fruit jam.jpg|Passion fruit jam File:Maracuyá stand.jpg|Yellow maracuya harvested (''P. edulis var. flavicarpa'') File:Passiflora edulis dsc07776.jpg|Purple passion fruits harvested File:Passionfruit comparison.jpg|Size difference between yellow and purple passion fruits File:Traffic-light Passion Fruit.jpg|Red, yellow, and green fruits File:Passionfruitvine.jpg|Passion fruit on the vine File:Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa.jpg|Flower of ''Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa'' File:Passiflora white.JPG|Passiflora in [[Tumkur]], [[India]] </gallery> == See also == * [[Giant granadilla]] * [[Passiflora incarnata|Maypop]] * [[Banana passionfruit]] == Notes == {{reflist|group=Note}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Wikispecies}} * {{Commonscat-inline|Passiflora edulis}} * [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/passionfruit.html California Rare Fruit Growers: Passion Fruit Facts] {{Passiflora}} [[Category:Passiflora|edulis]] [[Category:Tropical fruit]] [[Category:Flora of Argentina]] [[Category:Flora of Brazil]] [[Category:Flora of Paraguay]] [[Category:Crops originating from South America]] [[Category:Crops originating from Argentina]] [[Category:Crops originating from Brazil]] [[Category:Crops originating from Paraguay]] [[Category:Plants described in 1818]] [[Category:Amazon oil]] [[Category:Invasive plant species]] [[Category:Flora naturalised in Australia]] [[Category:Garden plants of South America]] [[Category:Vines]]'