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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|1941 surprise attack by Japan on the US military base in Hawaii}}
{{Redirect|December 7, 1941|the date|December 1941#December 7, 1941 (Sunday)}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Attack on Pearl Harbor
| partof = the [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater]] of [[World War II]]
| image = File:Attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese planes view.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Photograph of [[Battleship Row]] taken from a Japanese plane at the beginning of the attack. The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|6}}.<!--see image at commons--> Two attacking Japanese planes can be seen: one over {{USS|Neosho|AO-23|6}} and one over the [[Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard|Naval Yard]].
| date = {{start date and age|1941|12|7}}
| place = [[Oahu]], [[Territory of Hawaii]], US
| coordinates = {{Coord|21.365|-157.950|format=dms|type:event_region:US-HI|display=inline,title}}
| result = Japanese victory
| map_type = Hawaii#Pacific Ocean
| map_size = 300
| combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1912}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Empire of Japan}}
| commander1 = {{indented plainlist|
*[[Husband E. Kimmel]]
*[[Walter Short]]
}}
| commander2 = {{indented plainlist|
*[[Isoroku Yamamoto]]
*[[Chūichi Nagumo]]
}}
| units1 = {{indented plainlist|
*{{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[United States Pacific Fleet|US Pacific Fleet]]}}
| units2 = {{indented plainlist|
*{{flagicon|Empire of Japan|naval}} [[1st Air Fleet]]}}
| strength1 = {{indented plainlist|
*8 [[battleship]]s
*8 [[cruiser]]s
*30 [[destroyer]]s
*4 [[submarine]]s
*73 other ships<ref>{{Citation |date=November 13, 2020 |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/ships-present-at-pearl-harbor.html |title=Ships and District Craft Present at Pearl Harbor, 0800 7 December 1941 |website=The Navy Department Library |publisher=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]] |access-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118145021/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/ships-present-at-pearl-harbor.html |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|Total includes {{USCGC|Taney|WHEC-37}}, {{USCGC|Reliance|WSC-150}}, and {{USCGC|Tiger|WSC-152}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Thiesen |first=William H. |date=December 7, 2017 |title=The Long Blue Line: The Attack on Pearl Harbor – "a date that will live in infamy" |url=http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2017/12/the-long-blue-line-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor-a-date-that-will-live-in-infamy/ |website=Coast Guard Compass |access-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100049/http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2017/12/the-long-blue-line-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor-a-date-that-will-live-in-infamy/}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |date=2017 |title=U.S. Coast Guard Units in Hawaii: December 7, 1941 |url=https://media.defense.gov/2017/Jul/01/2001772263/-1/-1/0/PEARLHARBOR.PDF |website=media.defense.gov |access-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100100/https://media.defense.gov/2017/Jul/01/2001772263/-1/-1/0/PEARLHARBOR.PDF |url-status=live}}</ref>|group=nb}}
*390 aircraft
}}
| strength2 = {{indented plainlist|
*6 [[aircraft carrier]]s
*2 battleships
*2 [[heavy cruiser]]s
*1 [[light cruiser]]
*9 destroyers
*8 tankers
*23 [[fleet submarine]]s
*5 [[midget submarine]]s
*414 [[Carrier-based aircraft|aircraft]] (353 took part in the raid)
}}
| casualties1 = {{indented plainlist|
*4 battleships sunk
*4 battleships damaged
*1 ex-battleship sunk
*1 harbor [[tug]] sunk
*3 [[light cruiser]]s damaged{{refn|Unless otherwise stated, all vessels listed were salvageable.{{sfn|Nimitz|1942}}|group=nb}}
*3 destroyers damaged
*3 other ships damaged
*188 aircraft destroyed
*159 aircraft damaged
*2,008 [[Personnel of the United States Navy|sailors]] killed
*109 [[United States Marines|Marines]] killed
*208 soldiers killed<ref name=USN>{{Citation |date=December 2, 2020 |title=Overview of The Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941 |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/the-pearl-harbor-attack-7-december-1941.html |access-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602043203/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/the-pearl-harbor-attack-7-december-1941.html |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |url-status=live |website=The Navy Department Library |publisher=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]]}}</ref>
*68 civilians killed<ref name=censusfactsheet /><ref name=USN />
*2,403 total killed<ref name=censusfactsheet>[https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf "A Pearl Harbor Fact Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516060130/https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf |date=May 16, 2023 }} [[United States Census Bureau]]</ref><ref name=USN />
*1,178 military and civilians wounded<ref name=USN />
}}
| casualties2 = {{indented plainlist|
*4 [[midget submarine]]s sunk
*1 [[midget submarine]] grounded
*29 aircraft destroyed
*74 aircraft damaged
*129 killed<ref name=PHFS>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Pearl Harbor: A Pearl Harbor Fact Sheet |url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf |website=www.census.gov |publisher=[[The National WWII Museum]] |via=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name=Kimberly>{{Cite book |last=Sarmiento |first=Kimberly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsvqDQAAQBAJ |title=Events That Changed the Course of History: The Story of the Attack on Pearl Harbor 75 Years Later |date=2017-01-17 |publisher=Atlantic Publishing Company |isbn=978-1-62023-149-4 |language=en |quote=Only 129 Japanese soldiers were killed during that attack, and one was taken prisoner.}}</ref>
*1 [[Kazuo Sakamaki|sailor]] captured{{sfn|Gilbert|2004|p=272}}
}}
| notes = <div style="text-align: center;">'''Civilian casualties'''</div>{{indented plainlist|
*68 killed<ref>{{Harvnb|Gailey|1997|p=96}}: "There were 103 civilian casualties, including 68 dead."</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Full Pearl Harbor Casualty List |publisher=USSWestVirginia.org |url=http://www.usswestvirginia.org/ph/phresults.php |access-date=December 8, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117104216/http://www.usswestvirginia.org/ph/phresults.php}}</ref>
*35 wounded{{sfn|Conn|Engelman|Fairchild|2000|p=194}}
*3 aircraft shot down }}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Hawaiian Islands Campaign}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific 1941}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific Ocean}}
}}
The '''attack on Pearl Harbor'''<ref group=nb>Also known as the '''Battle of Pearl Harbor'''</ref> was a surprise [[military strike]] by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] on the [[Naval Station Pearl Harbor|American naval base]] at [[Pearl Harbor]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Territory of Hawaii|Hawaii]], in the [[United States]], just before 8:00{{spaces}}a.m. (local time) on Sunday, December 7, 1941. At the time, the United States was a [[Neutral powers during World War II|neutral country]] in the [[World War II]] conflict. The attack on Hawaii and other U.S. territories led the United States to formally enter World War II on the side of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] the day following the attack, on December 8, 1941. The [[Imperial General Headquarters|Japanese military leadership]] referred to the attack as the '''Hawaii Operation''' and '''Operation AI''',{{refn|For the Japanese designator of Oahu.{{sfn|Wilford|2002|p=32 fn. 81}}|group=nb}} and as '''Operation Z''' during its planning.{{sfn|Fukudome|1955b}}{{sfn|Goldstein|Dillon|2000|pp=17ff}}{{sfn|Morison|2001|pp=101, 120, 250}}
The [[Empire of Japan]]'s attack on Pearl Harbor was preceded by months of negotiations between the United States and Japan over the future of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. Japanese demands included that the United States [[ABCD line|end its sanctions against Japan]], cease aiding [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|China]] in the [[Second Sino-Japanese war]], and allow Japan to access the resources of the [[Dutch East Indies]]. Anticipating a negative response, Japan sent out its naval attack groups in November 1941 just prior to receiving the [[Hull note]]—the United States demand that Japan withdraw from China and [[Vichy France|French]] [[French Indochina|Indochina]]. Japan intended the attack as a [[Preventive war|preventive]] action. Its aim was to prevent the [[United States Pacific Fleet]] from interfering with its planned military actions in [[Southeast Asia]] against overseas territories of the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Netherlands]], and the United States. Over the course of seven hours, Japan conducted coordinated attacks on the U.S.-held [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Philippines]], [[Battle of Guam (1941)|Guam]], and [[Battle of Wake Island|Wake Island]]; and on the [[British Empire]] in [[Japanese invasion of Malaya|Malaya]], [[Battle of Singapore#Outbreak of war|Singapore]], and [[Battle of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].<ref name="Gill85">{{Harvnb|Gill|1957|p=485}}</ref>
The attack on Pearl Harbor started at 7:48{{spaces}}a.m. Hawaiian time (6:18{{spaces}}p.m. GMT).{{refn|name=Hawaii time|In 1941, Hawaii was half an hour different from the majority of other time zones. See [[UTC−10:30]].|group=nb}} The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft (including [[fighter aircraft|fighter]]s, [[Bomber|level and dive bomber]]s, and [[torpedo bomber]]s) in two waves, launched from six [[aircraft carrier]]s.<ref name="parillo288">{{Harvnb|Parillo|2006|p=288}}</ref> Of the eight United States Navy [[battleship]]s present, all were damaged and four were sunk. All but {{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}} were later raised, and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three [[cruiser]]s, three [[destroyer]]s, an anti-aircraft training ship,{{refn|{{USS|Utah|BB-31|6}}; the former battleship ''Utah'' was moored in the space intended to have been occupied by the aircraft carrier ''Enterprise'' which, returning with a task force, had been expected to enter the channel at 0730 on December 7; delayed by weather, the task force did not reach Pearl Harbor until dusk the following day.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thomas|2007|pp=57–59}}.</ref>|group=nb}} and one [[minelayer]]. More than 180 US aircraft were destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearl Harbor attack | Date, History, Map, Casualties, Timeline, & Facts | Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Pearl-Harbor-attack |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408061328/https://www.britannica.com/event/Pearl-Harbor-attack |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> A total of 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded, making it the deadliest event ever recorded in Hawaii.<ref>{{cite web |title=The deadliest disaster to ever happen in each state |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/the-deadliest-disaster-to-ever-happen-in-each-state/ss-AA15iVyW?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=b852eb5146d44c5497c7b7a63e1e26f8&ei=70#image=12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425014953/https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/the-deadliest-disaster-to-ever-happen-in-each-state/ss-AA15iVyW?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=b852eb5146d44c5497c7b7a63e1e26f8&ei=70#image=12 |archive-date=April 25, 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=MSN}}</ref> Important base installations, such as the power station, [[dry dock]], [[Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard|shipyard]], maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of the [[Station Hypo|intelligence section]]) were not attacked. Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five [[midget submarine]]s lost, and 129 servicemen killed.<ref name=PHFS/><ref name=Kimberly/> [[Kazuo Sakamaki]], the commanding officer of one of the submarines, was captured.
[[Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire|Japan declared war]] on the United States and the British Empire later that day (December 8 in [[Tokyo]]), but the declarations were not delivered until the following day. [[United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan|The British government declared war on Japan]] immediately after learning that their territory had also been attacked, while the following day (December 8), [[United States declaration of war on Japan|the United States Congress declared war on Japan]]. On December 11, though they had no formal obligation to do so under the [[Tripartite Pact]] with Japan, [[German declaration of war against the United States (1941)|Germany]] and [[Italian declaration of war on the United States|Italy]] each declared war on the United States, which responded with a declaration of war against [[1941 United States declaration of war upon Germany|Germany]] and [[United States declaration of war upon Italy|Italy]].
While there were historical precedents for the unannounced military action by Japan, the lack of any formal warning, as required by the [[Hague Convention of 1907]], and the perception that the attack had been unprovoked, led then-[[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], in the opening line of his speech to a [[Joint Session of Congress]] the following day, to famously label December 7, 1941, "[[Day of Infamy speech|a date which will live in infamy]]".
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}
==Background==
{{Main|Prelude to the attack on Pearl Harbor}}
===Diplomacy===
[[File:Pearl Harbor looking southwest-Oct41.jpg|thumb|[[Pearl Harbor]] on October 30, 1941, a month prior to the attack, with [[Ford Island]] visible (in the center)]]
War between the [[Empire of Japan]] and the [[United States]] was seen as a possibility since the 1920s. Japan had been wary of American territorial and military expansion in the Pacific and Asia since the late 1890s, followed by the annexation of islands, such as [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom|Hawaii]] and the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippines]], which they felt were close to or within their [[sphere of influence]].{{sfn|Worth|2014}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Bailey|Farber|2019}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{Cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Burress |first=Charles |date=July 19, 2001 |title=Biased history helps feed U.S. fascination with Pearl Harbor |work=The Japan Times |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2001/07/19/commentary/world-commentary/biased-history-helps-feed-u-s-fascination-with-pearl-harbor/ |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812140356/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2001/07/19/commentary/world-commentary/biased-history-helps-feed-u-s-fascination-with-pearl-harbor/ |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |mode=cs2 |title=United States Maritime Expansion across the Pacific during the 19th Century |website=Milestones: 1830–1860 |publisher=United States Department of State, Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/pacific-expansion |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321022956/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/pacific-expansion |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
At the same time, Japanese strategic thinkers believed that Japan needed economic self-sufficiency in order to wage modern war. The experiences of World War I had taught the Japanese that modern wars would be protracted, require total mobilization and create vulnerabilities for [[trade embargo]]es and encirclement. As a consequence, Japan needed access to strategically important resources (e.g. iron, oil) that could not be extracted at sufficient levels in the home islands.{{sfn|Barnhart|1987|pp=17–49}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Iriye |first=Akira |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Origins-of-the-Second-World-War-in-Asia-and-the-Pacific/Iriye/p/book/9780582493490 |title=The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific |date=1987 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-49349-0 |pages=168–177 |language=en |access-date=July 21, 2023 |archive-date=July 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721172204/https://www.routledge.com/The-Origins-of-the-Second-World-War-in-Asia-and-the-Pacific/Iriye/p/book/9780582493490 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Although Japan had begun to take a hostile stance against the United States after the rejection of the [[Racial Equality Proposal]],<ref>{{Cite news |mode=cs2 |last1=Axelrod |first1=Josh |date=August 11, 2019 |title=A Century Later: The Treaty Of Versailles And Its Rejection Of Racial Equality |website=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413202236/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality |url-status=live}}</ref> the relationship between the two countries was cordial enough that they remained trading partners.{{sfn|Lauren|1978}}<ref name="PaW-94,96">{{Harvnb|Department of State|1943|pp=94, 96}}</ref> Tensions did not seriously grow until [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931]]. Over the next decade, Japan expanded into [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], leading to the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in 1937. Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and endeavored to secure enough independent resources to attain victory on the mainland. The "[[Nanshin-ron|Southern Operation]]" was designed to assist these efforts.{{sfn|Bailey|Farber|2019}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Barnhart|1987}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
Starting in December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on [[USS Panay incident|USS ''Panay'']], the [[John Moore Allison|Allison incident]], and the [[Nanking Massacre]] swung Western public opinion sharply against Japan. The United States unsuccessfully proposed a joint action with the United Kingdom to blockade Japan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gruhl|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA39 39]}}</ref> In 1938, following an appeal by President Roosevelt, American companies stopped providing Japan with implements of war.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gruhl|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA40 40]}}</ref>
In 1940, [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina|Japan invaded French Indochina]], attempting to stymie the flow of supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, [[machine tool]]s, and [[Avgas|aviation gasoline]] to Japan, which the latter perceived as an unfriendly act.{{refn|After it was announced in September that iron and steel scrap export would also be prohibited, Japanese Ambassador Horinouchi protested to Secretary Hull on October 8, 1940, warning this might be considered an "unfriendly act".<ref name="PaW-96">{{Harvnb|Department of State|1943|p=96}}</ref>|group=nb}} The United States did not stop oil exports, however, partly because of the prevailing sentiment in Washington that given Japanese dependence on American oil, such an action was likely to be considered an extreme provocation.{{sfn|Worth|2014}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref name="PaW-94">{{Harvnb|Department of State|1943|p=94}}</ref>
In mid-1940, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] moved the Pacific Fleet from [[San Diego]] to Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Belair |first=Felix Jr. |date=June 23, 1940 |title=Shift of Our Fleet to Atlantic Studied |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/06/23/113094328.pdf |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 28, 2018 }}. "Except for the Atlantic Battle Squadron, the entire fleet is now in the Pacific, based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii."</ref> He also ordered a military buildup in the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippines]], taking both actions in the hope of discouraging Japanese aggression in the Far East. Because the Japanese high command was (mistakenly) certain any attack on the [[List of former European colonies#Asia-Pacific|United Kingdom's Southeast Asian colonies]], including Singapore,<ref>{{Cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Harper |first=Tim |date=August 7, 2009 |title=Japan's Gigantic Second World War Gamble |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/07/japan-imperialism-militarism |access-date=December 7, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824111258/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/07/japan-imperialism-militarism}}</ref> would bring the United States into the war, a devastating preventive strike appeared to be the only way to prevent American naval interference.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} An [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|invasion of the Philippines]] was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners. The American [[War Plan Orange]] had envisioned defending the Philippines with an elite force of 40,000 men; this option was never implemented due to opposition from [[Douglas MacArthur#Field Marshal of the Philippine Army|Douglas MacArthur]], who felt he would need a force ten times that size.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} By 1941, American planners expected to have to abandon the Philippines at the outbreak of war. Late that year, Admiral [[Thomas C. Hart]], commander of the [[United States Asiatic Fleet]], was given orders to that effect.{{sfn|Miller|2007|p=63}}
The United States finally ceased oil exports to Japan in July 1941, following the seizure of French Indochina<ref>[https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html Chapter V: The Decision for War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525064812/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html|date=May 25, 2013}} Morton, Louis. ''Strategy and Command: The First Two Years'' 1961</ref> after the [[Fall of France]], in part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption.<ref name="PaW-125">{{Harvnb|Department of State|1943|p=125}}</ref> Because of this decision, Japan proceeded with [[Dutch East Indies campaign|plans to take the oil-rich Dutch East Indies]].{{refn|This was mainly a Japanese Navy preference; the Japanese Army would have chosen to attack the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Hayashi|1959}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}|group=nb}} On August 17, Roosevelt warned Japan that America was prepared to take opposing steps if "neighboring countries" were attacked.{{sfn|Matloff|Snell|1980}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
Japan and the United States engaged in negotiations during 1941, attempting to improve relations. In the course of these negotiations, Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina after making peace with the Nationalist government. It also proposed to adopt an independent interpretation of the [[Tripartite Pact]] and to refrain from trade discrimination, provided all other nations reciprocated. Washington rejected these proposals. Japanese Prime Minister [[Fumimaro Konoe|Konoe]] then offered to meet with Roosevelt, but Roosevelt insisted on reaching an agreement before any meeting.{{sfn|Matloff|Snell|1980}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Morton|1962|loc=[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-4.html ch. IV: The Fatal Turn]}}</ref> The American ambassador to Japan repeatedly urged Roosevelt to accept the meeting, warning that it was the only way to preserve the conciliatory Konoe government and peace in the Pacific.{{sfn|Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack – "Review of the Diplomatic Conversations"|1946|p=[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#314 314]}} However, his recommendation was not acted upon. The Konoe government collapsed the following month when the Japanese military rejected a withdrawal of all troops from China.<ref name="Chapter V: The Decision for War">{{Harvnb|Morton|1962|loc=[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html ch. V: The Decision for War]}}</ref>
Japan's final proposal, delivered on November 20, offered to withdraw from southern Indochina and to refrain from attacks in Southeast Asia, so long as the United States, United Kingdom, and Netherlands supplied {{convert|1|e6USgal|e6L|abbr=off|sp=us|spell=in}} of aviation fuel, lifted their sanctions against Japan, and ceased aid to China.<ref>{{Cite web |website=www.cv6.org |title=Battle Order Number One: Nov. 28, 1941 |url=http://www.cv6.org/1941/btlord1/btlord1.htm |access-date=March 2, 2020 |archive-date=March 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302183032/http://www.cv6.org/1941/btlord1/btlord1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chapter V: The Decision for War"/> The American counter-proposal of November 26 (November 27 in Japan), the [[Hull note]], required Japan to completely evacuate China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers. On November 26 in Japan, the day before the note's delivery, the Japanese task force left port for [[Pearl Harbor]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Beyond Pearl Harbor: A Pacific History | publisher=University Press of Kansas | author=Bailey, Beth L. | year=2019 | pages=74 | isbn=9780700628131}}</ref>
The Japanese intended the attack as a [[Preventive war|preventive action]] to keep the [[United States Pacific Fleet]] from interfering with their planned military actions in [[Southeast Asia]] against overseas territories of the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Netherlands]], and the United States. Over the course of seven hours, there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the American-held [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Philippines]], [[Battle of Guam (1941)|Guam]], and [[Battle of Wake Island|Wake Island]] and on the [[British Empire]] in [[Japanese invasion of Malaya|Malaya]], [[Battle of Singapore#Outbreak of war|Singapore]], and [[Battle of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].<ref name=Gill85/> From the Japanese point of view, it was seen as a preemptive strike "before the oil gauge ran empty."{{sfn|Worth|2014}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
===Military planning===
[[File:Japanese attack plan at Pearl Harbor, Japan, 1941.jpg|thumb|The [[Empire of Japan]]'s 1941 attack plan on [[Pearl Harbor]]]]
Preliminary planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor to protect the move into the "Southern Resource Area", the Japanese term for the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally, began early in 1941 under the auspices of Admiral [[Isoroku Yamamoto]], then commanding Japan's [[Combined Fleet]].<ref name=Gailey1997p68>{{Harvnb|Gailey|1997|p=68}}</ref><ref>[https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/japanese-announcement-attack-pearl-harbor-1941 ''Japanese announcement of the attack at Pearl Harbor, 1941.''], "History Resources", The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, New York (USA), retrieved 18. Dezember 2023.</ref> He won assent to formal planning and training for an attack from the [[Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff]] only after much contention with Naval Headquarters, including a threat to resign his command.<ref name=Gailey1997p70>{{Harvnb|Gailey|1997|p=70}}</ref> Full-scale planning was underway by early spring 1941, primarily by Rear Admiral [[Ryūnosuke Kusaka]], with assistance from Commander [[Minoru Genda]] and Yamamoto's Deputy Chief of Staff, Captain Kameto Kuroshima.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lord|1957|pp=12–14}}</ref> The planners studied the [[Battle of Taranto|1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet]] at [[Taranto]] intensively.{{refn|"The Dorn report did not state with certainty that Kimmel and Short knew about Taranto. There is, however, no doubt that they did know, as did the Japanese. Lieutenant Commander Takeshi Naito, the assistant [[Military attaché|naval attaché]] to Berlin, flew to Taranto to investigate the attack first hand, and Naito subsequently had a lengthy conversation with Commander [[Mitsuo Fuchida]] about his observations. Fuchida led the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941."<ref>{{Harvnb|Borch|Martinez|2005|pp=53–54}}.</ref>|group=nb}}{{refn|"A [[torpedo bomber]] needed a long, level flight, and when released, its conventional torpedo would plunge nearly a hundred feet deep before swerving upward to strike a hull. Pearl Harbor deep averages 42 feet. But the Japanese borrowed an idea from the British carrier-based torpedo raid on the Italian naval base of Taranto. They fashioned auxiliary wooden tail fins to keep the torpedoes horizontal, so they would dive to only 35 feet, and they added a breakaway "nosecone" of soft wood to cushion the impact with the surface of the water."<ref>{{Harvnb|Gannon|1996|p=49}}</ref>|group=nb}}
Over the next several months, pilots were trained, equipment was adapted, and intelligence was collected. Despite these preparations, Emperor [[Hirohito]] did not approve the attack plan until November 5, after the third of four [[Gozen Kaigi|Imperial Conferences]] called to consider the matter.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wetzler|1998|p=39}}.</ref> At first, he hesitated to engage in war but eventually authorized the Pearl Harbor strike despite dissent from certain advisors.<ref name = "nuclearm">https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/profile/emperor-hirohito/#:~:text=The%20emperor%27s%20office%20signed%20off,his%20ability%20to%20do%20so</ref> Final authorization was not given by the emperor until December 1, after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him the "Hull note" would "destroy the fruits of the China incident, endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea".<ref>{{Harvnb|Bix|2000|p=417}}, citing the Sugiyama memo</ref> Before the attack, he became more involved in military matters, even joining the Conference of Military Councillors, which was considered unusual for him.<ref name="nuclearm"/> Additionally, he actively sought more information about the war plans.<ref name="nuclearm"/> According to an aide, he openly displayed happiness upon hearing about the success of the surprise attacks.<ref name="nuclearm"/>
By late 1941, many observers believed that hostilities between the United States and Japan were imminent. A [[Gallup poll]] just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52% of Americans expected war with Japan, 27% did not, and 21% had no opinion.<ref name="cipo19411208">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RPcuAAAAIBAJ&pg=5721%2C1471377 |title=Gallup Poll Found 52 p.c. of Americans Expected War |work=Ottawa Citizen |date=December 8, 1941 |access-date=November 28, 2011 |author=The Canadian Institute of Public Opinion |page=1 |url-status=live |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812143117/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RPcuAAAAIBAJ&pg=5721%2C1471377}}</ref> While American Pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions, officials doubted Pearl Harbor would be the first target; instead, they expected the Philippines to be attacked first. This presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout the country and the naval base at Manila posed to sea lanes, as well as to the shipment of supplies to Japan from territory to the south.{{refn|Noted by [[Arthur MacArthur Jr.|Arthur MacArthur]] in the 1890s.{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}}|group=nb}} They also incorrectly believed that Japan was not capable of mounting more than one major naval operation at a time.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
===Objectives===
[[File:PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg|thumb|The route followed by the Japanese fleet to Pearl Harbor and back]]
[[File:A6M2 on carrier Akagi 1941.jpeg|thumb|An Imperial Japanese Navy [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]] fighter on the aircraft carrier ''[[Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi|Akagi]]'']]
The Japanese attack had several major aims. First, it intended to destroy important American fleet units, thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with the Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and enabling Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference. The leaders of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] (IJN) ascribed to [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]]'s "[[decisive battle]]" doctrine, especially that of destroying the maximum number of battleships. Second, it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 [[Two-Ocean Navy Act|Vinson-Walsh Act]] erased any chance of victory.<ref name=Willmott14>{{Harvnb|Willmott|1983|p=14}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Fukudome|1955|p=150}}</ref> Third, to deliver a blow to America's ability to mobilize its forces in the Pacific, battleships were chosen as the main targets, since they were the prestige ships of navies at the time.<ref name=Willmott14/> Finally, it was hoped that the attack would undermine American morale to such an extent that the American government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests and seek a peace compromise.{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Zimm|2011}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
Striking the Pacific Fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor had two distinct disadvantages: the targeted ships would be in very shallow water, so it would be relatively easy to salvage and possibly repair them, and most of the crews would survive the attack since many would be on [[shore leave]] or would be rescued from the harbor. A further important disadvantage was the absence of all three of the Pacific Fleet's aircraft carriers ({{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|2}}, {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|2}}, and {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|2}}). Despite these concerns, Yamamoto decided to press ahead.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Willmott|1983}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Blair|1975}}{{page needed|date=October 2015}}
Japanese confidence in their ability to win a short war meant that other targets in the harbor, especially the navy yard, oil tank farms and submarine base, were left unscathed<!--not exactly ignored: commanders debated another attack to get them, but it was seen as being too risky-->, since by their thinking the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt.{{sfn|Willmott|1983}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
==Approach and attack==
{{See also|Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor}}
[[File:Kirishima Kaga and Hiei at Hitokappu.jpg|thumb|Part of the Japanese task force on November 22, 1941, prior to its departure]]
On November 26, 1941, a Japanese task force (the [[Kido Butai|Striking Force]]) of six aircraft carriers{{snd}}{{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Akagi||2}}, {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Kaga||2}}, {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Sōryū||2}}, {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hiryū||2}}, {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shōkaku||2}}, and {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Zuikaku||2}}{{snd}}departed [[Kasatka Bay|Hittokapu Bay]] on [[Iturup|Etorofu]] (now Iterup) Island in the [[Kuril Islands]], ''en route'' to a position northwest of Hawaii, intending to launch its 408 aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor: 360 for the two attack waves and 48 on defensive [[combat air patrol]] (CAP), including nine fighters from the first wave.
The first wave was to be the primary attack, while the second wave was to attack carriers as its first objective and cruisers as its second, with battleships as the third target.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimm|2011|p=132}}</ref> The first wave carried most of the weapons designed to attack capital ships, mainly specially adapted [[Type 91 torpedo|Type 91]] [[aerial torpedo]]es which were designed with an anti-roll mechanism and a rudder extension that let them operate in shallow water.<ref>{{Harvnb|Peattie|2001|p=145}}</ref> The aircrews were ordered to select the highest-value targets (battleships and [[aircraft carrier]]s) or, if these were not present, any other high-value ships (cruisers and destroyers). First-wave [[dive bomber]]s were to attack ground targets. Fighters were ordered to strafe and destroy as many parked aircraft as possible to ensure they did not intercept the bombers, especially in the first wave. When the fighters' fuel got low, they were to refuel aboard the aircraft carriers and return to combat. Fighters were to assume CAP duties where needed, especially over American airfields.{{citation needed|date = September 2014}}
Before the attack commenced, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched reconnaissance floatplanes from [[heavy cruiser]]s {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Chikuma|1938|2}} and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Tone|1937|2}}, to scout Oahu and Lahaina Roads, Maui, respectively, with orders to report on American fleet composition and location.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/usar/scrs/scrs2t.htm | title=Japanese Naval Aircraft at Pearl Harbor | publisher=National Park Service | work=21 April 2001 | accessdate=13 April 2024}}</ref> Reconnaissance aircraft flights risked alerting the Americans,<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimm|2011|pp=173, 174}}</ref> and were not necessary. Fleet composition and preparedness information in Pearl Harbor were already known from the reports of the Japanese spy [[Takeo Yoshikawa]]. A report of the absence of the American fleet at Lahaina anchorage off Maui was received from the ''Tone''{{'}}s floatplane and the fleet submarine {{Nowrap|{{Jsub|I-72||2}}}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimm|2011|p=153}}</ref> Another four scout planes patrolled the area between the Japanese carrier force (the [[Kidō Butai]]) and [[Niihau]], to detect any counterattack.<ref name="DiGiulian OOB">{{Harvnb|DiGiulian|2021}}</ref>
===Submarines===
Fleet submarines {{Jsub|I-16||2}}, {{Jsub|I-18||2}}, {{Jsub|I-20||2}}, {{Jsub|I-22|1938|2}}, and {{Jsub|I-24|1939|2}} each embarked a [[Ko-hyoteki class submarine|Type A]] [[midget submarine]] for transport to the waters off Oahu.<ref name="Stewart1974p56">{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|p=56}}</ref> The five I-boats left [[Kure Naval District]] on November 25, 1941.<ref name="Stewart1974p56"/> On December 6, they came to within {{cvt|10|nmi|km mi}} of the mouth of Pearl Harbor<ref>{{Harvnb|Goldstein|Dillon|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=q2pFnALHfykC&pg=PA146 146]}}</ref> and launched their midget subs at about 01:00 local time on December 7.<ref name="Stewart1974p57">{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|p=57}}</ref> At 03:42 Hawaiian time, the [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]] {{USS|Condor|AMc-14|2}} spotted a midget submarine periscope southwest of the Pearl Harbor entrance buoy and alerted the destroyer {{USS|Ward|DD-139|2}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1999|p=36}}</ref><ref name="Stewart1974p58">{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|p=58}}</ref> The midget may have entered Pearl Harbor. However, ''Ward'' sank another midget submarine at 06:37<ref name="Stewart1974p58"/>{{refn|She was located by a [[University of Hawaiʻi]] research submersible on August 28, 2002, in {{cvt|400|m|ft}} of water, {{cvt|6|nmi|km}} outside the harbor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/gallery/archaeology/midget.html |title=Japanese Midget Submarine |access-date=January 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212152317/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/gallery/archaeology/midget.html |archive-date=December 12, 2012 }}</ref>|group=nb}} in the first American shots in the Pacific Theater. A midget submarine on the north side of [[Ford Island]] missed the [[seaplane tender]] {{USS|Curtiss|AV-4|2}} with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer {{USS|Monaghan|DD-354|2}} with her other one before being sunk by ''Monaghan'' at 08:43.<ref name="Stewart1974p58"/>
A third midget submarine, ''[[HA. 19 (Japanese Midget Submarine)|Ha-19]]'', grounded twice, once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of Oahu, where it was captured on December 8.<ref>{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|pp=59–61}}</ref> Ensign [[Kazuo Sakamaki]] swam ashore and was captured by [[Hawaii National Guard]] Corporal [[David Akui]], becoming the first Japanese [[prisoner of war]].{{refn|While the nine sailors who died in the attack were quickly lionized by the Japanese government as ''Kyūgunshin'' ("The Nine War Heroes"), the news of Sakamaki's capture, which had been publicized in American news broadcasts, was kept secret. Even after the war, however, he received recriminating correspondence from those who despised him for not sacrificing his own life.|group=nb}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Kazuo Sakamaki, 81, Pacific P.O.W. No. 1 |date=December 21, 1999 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/21/world/kazuo-sakamaki-81-pacific-pow-no-1.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=March 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911011213/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/21/world/kazuo-sakamaki-81-pacific-pow-no-1.html |url-status=live |archive-date=September 11, 2020}}</ref> A fourth had been damaged by a [[depth charge]] attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes.<ref>{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|pp=61–62}}</ref> It was found outside the harbor in 1960. Japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00:41 on December 8 claiming to have damaged one or more large warships inside Pearl Harbor.<ref name="USSBSp19">{{harvnb|United States Strategic Bombing Survey|1946|p=19}}</ref>
In 1992, 2000, and 2001 [[Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory]]'s submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside Pearl Harbor. The wreck was in the debris field where much surplus American equipment had been dumped after the war, including vehicles and landing craft. Both of its torpedoes were missing. This correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the [[light cruiser]] {{USS|St. Louis|CL-49|2}} at 10:04 at the entrance of Pearl Harbor, and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer {{USS|Helm|DD-388|2}} at 08:21.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimm|2011|pp=330–341}}</ref> There is dispute over this official chain of events though. The "torpedo" that ''St. Louis'' saw was also reportedly a porpoising minesweeping float being towed by the destroyer {{USS|Boggs|DD-136|2}}.<ref>Owen, RAdm USN, Thomas B. (1989). Memories of the War Years. Vol. I. Washington: Unpublished memoir.</ref> A photo taken by a Japanese naval aviator of Battleship Row during the attack on Pearl Harbor was declassified in the 1990s and publicized in the 2000s to the public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.okhistory.org/learn/ussok2|title=Pearl Harbor | Oklahoma Historical Society|website=Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS}}</ref> According to numerous historians and naval architects, this photo shows that the fifth midget submarine appeared to have fired a torpedo at ''West Virginia'' and another one at ''Oklahoma''. These torpedoes were twice the size of the aerial torpedoes so it was possible that both torpedoes heavily contributed to the sinkings of both ships and especially helped to capsize ''Oklahoma'' because ''Oklahoma'' was the only battleship that day to suffer catastrophic damage to her [[belt armor]] at the waterline from a torpedo. Admiral Chester Nimitz, in a report to Congress, confirmed that one midget submarine's torpedo (possibly from the other midget submarine that fired torpedoes but failed to hit a target) which was fired but did not explode was recovered in Pearl Harbor and was much larger than the aerial torpedoes.<ref>[https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2004/december/pearl-harbor-midget-sub-picture Pearl Harbor: A Midget Sub in the Picture?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042049/https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2004/december/pearl-harbor-midget-sub-picture |date=March 23, 2023 }}, Retrieved 22 March 2023</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCaTpn6F_Ik PBS Pearl Harbor USS Oklahoma The Final Story 2016 Documentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042048/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCaTpn6F_Ik |date=March 23, 2023 }} (Timestamp: 25:10). Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref>
<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rhbN9NOSag Pearl Harbor midget sub attack: Photographic Evidence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rhbN9NOSag |date=March 23, 2023 }}. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref>
===Japanese declaration of war===
{{See also|Japanese war crimes}}
The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but this was not Admiral Yamamoto's intention. He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.historyonthenet.com/when-was-pearl-harbor/ |title=When was Pearl Harbor? |date=2014-11-26 |work=History |access-date=2018-08-17 |archive-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161358/https://www.historyonthenet.com/when-was-pearl-harbor/ |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the attack began before the notice could be delivered. Tokyo transmitted the 5000-word notification (commonly called the "14-Part Message") in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington. Transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it at 1:00{{spaces}}p.m. Washington time, as ordered, and consequently the message was not presented until more than one hour after the attack had {{nowrap|begun{{hsp}}{{mdash}}}}{{hsp}}but in fact, American code breakers had [[Purple cipher|already deciphered]] and translated most of the message hours before it was scheduled to be delivered.{{sfn|Toland|1983}}<ref name=codebreakers>{{cite book |last1=Kahn |first1=David |title=The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet |date=1996 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-0355-5}}</ref>{{rp|pp.2ff}} The final part of the message is sometimes described as a declaration of war. While it was viewed by a number of senior American government and military officials as a very strong indicator negotiations were likely to be terminated{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981|pp=424, 475}} and that war might break out at any moment,{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981|pp=493–494}} it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations. [[Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire|A declaration of war]] was printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8 (late December 7 in the United States),<ref>{{cite web |mode=cs2 |author=Emperor of Japan Hirohito |date=December 8, 1941 |title=Declaration of War against the United States and Britain |url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/inline-pdfs/T-01415_0.pdf |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715210137/https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/inline-pdfs/T-01415_0.pdf |archive-date=July 15, 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History]]}}</ref> but not delivered to the American government until the day after the attack.
For decades, [[conventional wisdom]] held that Japan attacked without first formally breaking diplomatic relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington.<ref>{{Cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Sterngold |first=James |date=November 21, 1994 |title=Japan Admits It Bungled Notice of War in '41 (Published 1994) |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/21/world/japan-admits-it-bungled-notice-of-war-in-41.html |access-date=December 1, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210000317/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/21/world/japan-admits-it-bungled-notice-of-war-in-41.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, however, Takeo Iguchi, a professor of law and international relations at [[International Christian University]] in Tokyo, discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how, and indeed whether, to notify Washington of Japan's intention to break off negotiations and start a war, including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying, "[O]ur deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success." Of this, Iguchi said, "The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war, or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations{{spaces}}... and they clearly prevailed."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/09/world/pearl-harbor-truly-a-sneak-attack-papers-show.html |title=Pearl Harbor Truly a Sneak Attack, Papers Show |author=Howard W. French |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 9, 1999 |access-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=December 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205202932/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/09/world/pearl-harbor-truly-a-sneak-attack-papers-show.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Kawabata |first=Tai |date=December 9, 2014 |title=Historian seeks to clear embassy of Pearl Harbor 'sneak attack' infamy |newspaper=[[The Japan Times]] |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/12/09/national/history/historian-seeks-to-clear-embassy-of-pearl-harbor-sneak-attack-infamy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516225555/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/12/09/national/history/historian-seeks-to-clear-embassy-of-pearl-harbor-sneak-attack-infamy/ |archive-date=May 16, 2021}}</ref>
In any event, even if the Japanese had decoded and delivered the 14-Part Message before the beginning of the attack, it would not have constituted either a formal break of diplomatic relations or a declaration of war.<ref>{{harvnb|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981|p=485}}. "[The] fourteenth part was not a formal declaration of war. It did not even rupture diplomatic relations. It merely broke off the discussions."</ref> The final two paragraphs of the message read:<ref>{{cite web |mode=cs2 |date=December 7, 1941 |title=Japanese 'Fourteen Part' Message of December 7, 1941 |type=Memorandum |via=HyperWar Foundation |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/Fourteen.html |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917001957/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/Fourteen.html |archive-date=September 17, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote| Thus the earnest hope of the Japanese Government to adjust Japanese-American relations and to preserve and promote the peace of the Pacific through cooperation with the American Government has finally been lost.{{parabr}}The Japanese Government regrets to have to notify hereby the American Government that in view of the attitude of the American Government it cannot but consider that it is impossible to reach an agreement through further negotiations.}}
United States naval intelligence officers were alarmed by the unusual timing for delivering the {{nowrap|message{{hsp}}{{mdash}}{{hsp}}}}1:00{{spaces}}p.m. on a Sunday, which was 7:30{{spaces}}a.m. in {{nowrap|Hawaii{{hsp}}{{mdash}}{{hsp}}}}and attempted to alert Pearl Harbor. But due to communication problems the warning was not delivered before the attack.<ref name=codebreakers/>{{rp|Ch. 1}}
===First wave composition===
[[File:Pearlmap1.png|thumb|The Japanese attacked in two waves. The first wave was detected by [[United States Army]] [[radar]] at {{convert|136|nmi|km|0}}, but was misidentified as [[United States Army Air Forces]] [[bombers]] arriving from the American mainland.<br />'''Top:''' {{nowrap|A: Ford Island NAS.}} {{nowrap|B: Hickam Field.}} {{nowrap|C: Bellows Field.}} {{nowrap|D: Wheeler Field.}} {{nowrap|E: Kaneohe NAS.}} {{nowrap|F: Ewa MCAS.}} {{nowrap|R-1: Opana Radar Station.}} {{nowrap|R-2: Kawailoa RS.}} {{nowrap|R-3: Kaaawa RS.}} {{nowrap|G: Kahuku.}} {{nowrap|H: Haleiwa.}} {{nowrap|I: Wahiawa.}} {{nowrap|J: Kaneohe.}} {{nowrap|K: Honolulu.}} {{nowrap|0: B-17s from mainland.}} {{nowrap|1: First strike group.}} {{nowrap|1-1: Level bombers.}} {{nowrap|1–2: Torpedo bombers.}} {{nowrap|1–3: Dive bombers.}} {{nowrap|2: Second strike group.}} {{nowrap|2-1: Level bombers.}} {{nowrap|2-1F: Fighters.}} {{nowrap|2-2: Dive bombers.}}<br />'''Bottom:''' {{nowrap|A: Wake Island.}} {{nowrap|B: Midway Islands.}} {{nowrap|C: Johnston Island.}} {{nowrap|D: Hawaii.}} {{nowrap|D-1: Oahu.}} {{nowrap|1: {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|2}}.}} {{nowrap|2: {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|2}}.}} {{nowrap|3: First Air Fleet.}}]]
[[File:Pearlmap2.png|thumb|{{legend inline|#E1E1E1|City}} {{legend inline|#4E583F|Army base}} {{legend inline|#808080|Navy base}}<br />'''Attacked targets:''' {{nowrap|1: {{USS|California|BB-44|6}}.}} {{nowrap|2: {{USS|Maryland|BB-46|6}}.}} {{nowrap|3: {{USS|Oklahoma|BB-37|6}}.}} {{nowrap|4: {{USS|Tennessee|BB-43|6}}.}} {{nowrap|5: {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|6}}.}} {{nowrap|6: {{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}}.}} {{nowrap|7: {{USS|Nevada|BB-36|6}}.}} {{nowrap|8: {{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|6}}.}} {{nowrap|9: [[Ford Island|Ford Island NAS]].}} {{nowrap|10: [[Hickam Air Force Base|Hickam field]].}}<br />'''Ignored infrastructure targets:''' {{nowrap|A: Oil storage tanks.}} {{nowrap|B: CINCPAC headquarters building.}} {{nowrap|C: Submarine base.}} {{nowrap|D: Navy Yard.}}]]
The first attack wave of 183 airplanes, led by Commander [[Mitsuo Fuchida]], was launched north of Oahu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fuchida|2011|loc=chs. 19, 20}}</ref> Six airplanes failed to launch due to technical difficulties.<ref name="DiGiulian OOB" /> The first wave included three groups of airplanes:{{refn|The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, Planning and Execution. First wave: 189 planes, 50 Kates w/bombs, 40 Kates with torpedoes, 54 Vals, 45 Zekes Second wave: 171 planes, 54 Kates w/bombs, 81 Vals, 36 Zekes. The Combat Air Patrol over the carriers alternated 18 plane shifts every two hours, with 18 more ready for takeoff on the flight decks and an additional 18 ready on hangar decks.<ref name="IJN">{{cite web |title=Aircraft Attack Organization |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/PTO-Campaigns/USSBS-PTO-2.html#appendix3 |publisher=Ibiblio.org |access-date=July 17, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623081726/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/PTO-Campaigns/USSBS-PTO-2.html |archive-date=June 23, 2011}}</ref>|group=nb}}
*'''1st Group''' (targets: battleships and aircraft carriers)<ref name="navsource-ijnaf">{{Harvnb|Yarnell|2003}}</ref>
**49 [[Nakajima B5N]] ''Kate'' bombers armed with 800{{nbh}}kg (1760{{spaces}}lb) [[armor-piercing bomb]]s, organized in four sections (one failed to launch)
**40 B5N bombers armed with [[Type 91 torpedo]]es, also in four sections
*'''2nd Group''' – (targets: [[Ford Island]] and [[Wheeler Field]])
**51 [[Aichi D3A]] ''Val'' dive bombers armed with {{cvt|550|lb|kg|0}} [[general-purpose bomb]]s (3 failed to launch)
*'''3rd Group''' – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe)
**43 [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero|Mitsubishi A6M "Zero"]] fighters for air control and [[strafe|strafing]]<ref name="IJN" /> (2 failed to launch)
As the first wave approached Oahu, it was [[Radar warning of Pearl Harbor attack|detected]] by United States Army [[SCR-270 radar]] positioned at [[Opana Radar Site|Opana Point]] near the island's northern tip. This post had been in training mode for months, but was not yet operational.<ref>{{harvnb|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981|pp=730–731}}. "'Short mishandled radar{{spaces}}...' In his (Short's) words '...{{spaces}}more for training than any idea it would be real'".</ref> The operators, Privates George Elliot Jr. and [[Joseph Lockard]], reported a target to Private [[Joseph P. McDonald]], a private stationed at [[Fort Shafter]]'s Intercept Center near Pearl Harbor.<ref>{{Harvnb|Evans|1998|p=309}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |mode=cs2 |author=<!--Staff, no by-line--> |date=December 6, 2013 |title=Son recounts father's day during bombing of Pearl Harbor |newspaper=New Haven Register |url=https://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/Son-recounts-father-s-day-during-bombing-of-11416239.php |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817215302/https://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/Son-recounts-father-s-day-during-bombing-of-11416239.php |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |mode=cs2 |title=Testimony of Joseph P. McDonald, Technician Fourth-Class; 580th Aircraft Warning |series=Proceedings of Army Pearl Harbor Board |pages=2121–2123 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/myths/radar/mcdonald_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421035329/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/myths/radar/mcdonald_1.html |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |url-status=live |via=iBiblio.org}}</ref> Lieutenant [[Kermit A. Tyler]], a newly assigned officer at the thinly manned Intercept Center, presumed it was the scheduled arrival of six [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17]] bombers from California. The Japanese planes were approaching from a direction very close (only a few degrees difference) to the bombers,<ref>{{Harvnb|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1988|p=98}}</ref> and while the operators had never seen a formation as large on radar, they neglected to tell Tyler of its size.<ref name="prange501">{{harvnb|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981|pp=500–501}}</ref> Tyler, for security reasons, could not tell the operators of the six B-17s that were due (even though it was widely known).<ref name="prange501"/>
As the first wave approached Oahu, they encountered and shot down several American aircraft. At least one of these radioed a somewhat incoherent warning. Other warnings from ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed or awaiting confirmation when the Japanese air assault began at 7:48{{spaces}}a.m. Hawaiian time<ref name="Prange 1941, p.174">{{harvnb|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1988|p=174}}</ref> (3:18{{spaces}}a.m. December 8 [[Japanese Standard Time]], as kept by ships of the ''Kido Butai''),<ref>{{Harvnb|Symonds|2011|p=218}}</ref> with the attack on Kaneohe. A total of 353<ref name="parillo288"/> Japanese planes reached Oahu in two waves. Slow, vulnerable torpedo bombers led the first wave, exploiting the first moments of surprise to attack the most important ships present (the battleships), while dive bombers attacked American [[Military airbase|air bases]] across Oahu, starting with [[Hickam Field]], the largest, and [[Wheeler Field]], the main United States Army Air Forces fighter base. The 171 planes in the second wave attacked the Army Air Forces' [[Bellows Field]], near Kaneohe on the windward side of the island, and Ford Island. The only aerial opposition came from a handful of [[P-36 Hawk]]s, [[P-40 Warhawk]]s and some [[SBD Dauntless]] dive bombers from the carrier {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|2}}.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}{{refn|In the twenty-five sorties flown, USAF Historical Study No.85 credits six pilots with ten planes destroyed: 1st Lieutenant Lewis M. Sanders (P-36) and 2nd Lieutenants Philip M Rasmussen (P-36), Gordon H. Sterling Jr. (P-36, [[killed in action]]), Harry W. Brown (P-36), [[Kenneth M. Taylor]] (P-40, 2), and [[George Welch (pilot)|George S. Welch]] (P-40, 4). Three of the P-36 kills were not verified by the Japanese and may have been shot down by naval [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] fire.<ref>{{cite report |author=Office of Air Force History |date=1978 |title=USAF Credits for the Destruction of Enemy Aircraft, World War II |series=USAF Historical Study |volume=85 |id={{DTIC|ADA542272}} |publisher=Alfred F. Simpson Historical Research Center |location=Montgomery, AL}}
</ref>{{pages needed|date=January 2024}}|group=nb}}
In the first-wave attack, about eight of the forty-nine 800{{nbh}}kg (1760{{spaces}}lb) armor-piercing bombs dropped hit their intended battleship targets. At least two of those bombs broke up on impact, another detonated before penetrating an unarmored deck, and one was a dud. Thirteen of the forty torpedoes hit battleships, while four hit other ships.{{sfn|Hone|1977}} Men aboard the ships awoke to the sounds of alarms, bombs exploding, and gunfire, prompting them to dress as they ran to [[General quarters|General Quarters]] stations. (The famous message, "Air raid Pearl Harbor. This is not<!--sic--> drill.",{{refn|Odd though it may sound, "not" is correct, in keeping with standard Navy telegraphic practice. This was confirmed by Beloite and Beloite after years of research and debate.|group=nb}} was sent from the headquarters of Patrol Wing Two, the first senior Hawaiian command to respond.) American servicemen were caught unprepared by the attack. Ammunition lockers were locked, aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip in the open to prevent sabotage,<ref name="parillo293">{{Harvnb|Parillo|2006|p=293}}</ref> guns unmanned (none of the Navy's [[5"/38 caliber gun|5"/38s]], only a quarter of its machine guns, and only four of 31 Army batteries got in action).<ref name="parillo293" /> Despite this low [[Alert state|alert status]], many American military personnel responded effectively during the attack.{{refn|The gunners that did get in action scored most of the victories against Japanese aircraft that morning, including the first of the attack by {{USS|Tautog|SS-199|2}}, and [[Dorie Miller]]'s [[Navy Cross]]-worthy effort. Miller was an African-American cook aboard ''West Virginia'' who took over an unattended [[anti-aircraft gun]] on which he had no training. He was the first African-American sailor to be awarded the [[Navy Cross]].<ref name="navyfaq57">{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-m/miller-doris.html |title=Miller, Doris |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |date=June 6, 2017 |access-date=February 8, 2018 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511152931/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-m/miller-doris.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|group=nb}} Ensign [[Joseph K. Taussig Jr.|Joseph Taussig Jr.]], aboard {{USS|Nevada|BB-36|2}}, commanded the ship's antiaircraft guns and was severely wounded but remained at his post. Lieutenant Commander F. J. Thomas commanded ''Nevada'' in the captain's absence and got her underway until the ship was grounded at 9:10{{spaces}}a.m.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bonner|1996|p=105}}</ref> One of the destroyers, {{USS|Aylwin|DD-355|2}}, got underway with only four officers aboard, all ensigns, none with more than a year's sea duty; she operated at sea for 36 hours before her commanding officer managed to get back aboard.<ref>{{Harvnb|DANFS ''Aylwin''}}</ref> Captain [[Mervyn Bennion]], commanding {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|2}}, led his men until he was cut down by fragments from a bomb which hit {{USS|Tennessee|BB-43|2}}, moored alongside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographical Sketch of Mervyn S. Bennion |url=https://www.usswestvirginia.org/stories/story.php?id=10 |access-date=August 30, 2021 |website=USSWestVirginia.org |archive-date=May 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529125155/https://www.usswestvirginia.org/stories/story.php?id=10 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Second wave composition===
[[File:B5N2 Bomber "Kate" Over Hickam Field.jpg|thumb|Second wave B5N2 Bomber ''Kate'' Over Hickam Field]]
[[File:Message pertaining to the attack on Pearl Harbor. - NARA - 296806.jpg|thumb|This message, in response to the question "Is channel clear?" denotes the first U.S. ship, relates to orders for {{USS|St. Louis|CL-49|2}} to clear [[Pearl Harbor]]. It is now housed with the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]]]
The second planned wave consisted of 171 planes: 54 B5Ns, 81 D3As, and 36 A6Ms, commanded by [[Lieutenant-Commander]] [[Shigekazu Shimazaki]].<ref name="IJN"/> Four planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties.<ref name="DiGiulian OOB" /> This wave and its targets also comprised three groups of planes:<ref name="IJN"/>
*'''1st Group''' – 54 B5Ns armed with {{cvt|550|lb|kg|0}} and {{cvt|132|lb|kg}} general-purpose bombs<ref name="navsource-ijnaf" />
**27 B5Ns – aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point
**27 B5Ns – hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field
*'''2nd Group''' (targets: aircraft carriers and cruisers)
**78 D3As armed with {{cvt|550|lb|kg|0}} general-purpose bombs, in four sections (3 aborted)
*'''3rd Group''' – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe)
**35 A6Ms for defense and strafing (1 aborted)
The second wave was divided into three groups. One was tasked to attack Kāne{{okina}}ohe, the rest Pearl Harbor proper. The separate sections arrived at the attack point almost simultaneously from several directions.
===American casualties and damage===
{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 880
| image1 = The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = ''Arizona'' during the attack
| image2 = USS Nevada passing seaplane ramp prior to first grounding NARA 80-G-32894.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = ''Nevada'', on fire and down at the bow, attempting to leave the harbor before being deliberately beached
| image3 = USS West Virginia2.jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = ''West Virginia'' was sunk by six torpedoes and two bombs during the attack.
| image4 = SB2U-3 VMSB-231 Ewa 7Dec1941.jpg
| alt4 =
| caption4 = A destroyed [[Vought SB2U Vindicator|Vindicator]] at [[Marine Corps Air Station Ewa|Ewa field]], the victim of one of the smaller attacks on the approach to Pearl Harbor
}}
Ninety minutes after it began, the attack was over. 2,008 sailors were killed and 710 others wounded; 218 soldiers and airmen (who were part of the Army prior to the independent [[United States Air Force]] in 1947) were killed and 364 wounded; 109 Marines were killed and 69 wounded; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded. In total, 2,403 Americans were killed, and 1,178 were wounded.<ref>{{Cite web |mode=cs2 |url=https://visitpearlharbor.org/faqs/how-many-people-died-at-pearl-harbor-during-the-attack/ |title=How many people died at Pearl Harbor during the attack? |website=Pearl Harbor Visitors Bureau |url-status=live |access-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817124953/https://visitpearlharbor.org/faqs/how-many-people-died-at-pearl-harbor-during-the-attack/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Jennifer |date=January 23, 2019 |title=Facts About the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/pearl-harbor-facts-1779469 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020725/https://www.thoughtco.com/pearl-harbor-facts-1779469 |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |access-date=December 10, 2021 |website=ThoughtCo. Humanities > History & Culture |mode=cs2}}</ref> Eighteen ships were sunk or run aground, including five battleships.{{sfn|Conn|Engelman|Fairchild|2000|p=194}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack – "The Japanese Attack And Its Aftermath" |1946 |loc=Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack |pp=[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_2.html#64 64–65]}}</ref> All of the Americans killed or wounded during the attack were legally non-combatants, given that there was no state of war when the attack occurred.{{sfn|McCaffrey|2004|pp=210–229}}{{sfn|Shepherd|2004|p=57}}
Of the American fatalities, nearly half were due to the explosion of {{USS|Arizona|BB-39|2}}'s forward [[Gunpowder magazine|magazine]] after she was hit by a modified {{convert|16|in|mm|adj=on}} shell.{{refn|The wreck has become a [[USS Arizona Memorial|memorial]] to those lost that day, most of whom remain within the ship. She continues to leak small amounts of [[fuel oil]], decades after the attack.|group=nb}} Author Craig Nelson wrote that the vast majority of the U.S. sailors killed at Pearl Harbor were junior enlisted personnel. "The officers of the Navy all lived in houses and the junior people were the ones on the boats, so pretty much all of the people who died in the direct line of the attack were very junior people", Nelson said. "So everyone is about 17 or 18 whose story is told there."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uso.org/stories/1732-9-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor |title=9 Things You Might Not Know About the Attack on Pearl Harbor |author=Chad Stewart |date=December 1, 2018 |publisher=[[United Service Organizations]] |access-date=March 31, 2019 |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331220410/https://www.uso.org/stories/1732-9-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor |url-status=live}}</ref>
Among the notable [[civilian casualties]] were nine [[Honolulu Fire Department]] firefighters who responded to Hickam Field during the bombing in Honolulu, becoming the only fire department members on American soil to be attacked by a foreign power in history. Fireman Harry Tuck Lee Pang of Engine{{spaces}}6 was killed near the hangars by machine-gun fire from a Japanese plane. Captains Thomas Macy and John Carreira of Engine{{spaces}}4 and Engine{{spaces}}1, respectively, died while battling flames inside the hangar after a Japanese bomb crashed through the roof. An additional six firefighters were wounded by Japanese shrapnel. The wounded later received [[Purple Heart]]s (originally reserved for service members [[Wounded in action|wounded]] by enemy action while partaking in armed conflicts) for their peacetime actions that day on June 13, 1944; the three firefighters killed did not receive theirs until December 7, 1984, on the 43rd anniversary of the attack. This made the nine men the only non-military firefighters to receive such an award in American history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firehouse.com/home/article/10447100/fire-service-history-firefighters-at-dec-7-pearl-harbor-attack-firefighter-history |title=Fire History: Dec. 7, 1941: A Day of Infamy And Fire |author=Paul Hashgen |date=November 1, 2011 |publisher=Firehouse |access-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401085357/https://www.firehouse.com/home/article/10447100/fire-service-history-firefighters-at-dec-7-pearl-harbor-attack-firefighter-history |url-status=live}}</ref>
Already damaged by a torpedo and on fire amidships, ''Nevada'' attempted to exit the harbor. She was targeted by many Japanese bombers as she got under way and sustained more hits from {{cvt|250|lb|kg|0}} bombs, which started further fires. She was deliberately beached to avoid risking blocking the harbor entrance if she sank there. {{USS|California|BB-44|2}} was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes. The crew might have kept her afloat, but were ordered to abandon ship just as they were raising power for the pumps. Burning oil from ''Arizona'' and {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|2}} was drifted down toward her and probably made the situation look worse than it was. The disarmed [[target ship]] {{USS|Utah|BB-31|2}} was holed twice by torpedoes. ''West Virginia'' was hit by seven torpedoes, the seventh tearing away her rudder. {{USS|Oklahoma|BB-37|2}} was hit by four torpedoes, the last two above her [[belt armor]], which caused her to capsize. {{USS|Maryland|BB-46|2}} was hit by two of the converted 16" shells, but neither caused serious damage.
Although the Japanese concentrated on battleships (the largest vessels present), they did not ignore other targets. The light cruiser {{USS|Helena|CL-50|2}} was torpedoed, and the concussion from the blast capsized the neighboring minelayer {{USS|Oglala|CM-4|2}}. Two destroyers in [[dry dock]], {{USS|Cassin|DD-372|2}} and {{USS|Downes|DD-375|2}}, were destroyed when bombs penetrated their fuel [[Bunker fuel|bunkers]]. The leaking fuel caught fire; flooding the dry dock in an effort to fight fire made the burning oil rise, and both were burned out. ''Cassin'' slipped from her keel blocks and rolled against ''Downes''. The light cruiser {{USS|Raleigh|CL-7|2}} was holed by a torpedo. The light cruiser {{USS|Honolulu|CL-48|2}} was damaged but remained in service. The repair vessel {{USS|Vestal|AR-4|2}}, moored alongside ''Arizona'', was heavily damaged and beached. The seaplane tender ''Curtiss'' was also damaged. The destroyer {{USS|Shaw|DD-373|2}} was badly damaged when two bombs penetrated her forward magazine.<ref>{{Harvnb|DANFS ''Shaw''}}</ref>
Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii, 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged, 155 of them on the ground.<ref name="parillo288" /> Almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base. Eight Army Air Forces pilots managed to get airborne during the attack,{{sfn|Dorr|Borch|2008}} and six were credited with downing at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack: 1st Lieutenant Lewis M. Sanders and 2nd Lieutenants [[Phil Rasmussen|Philip M. Rasmussen]], [[Kenneth M. Taylor]], [[George Welch (pilot)|George S. Welch]], [[Harry W. Brown (pilot)|Harry W. Brown]], and Gordon H. Sterling Jr.{{sfn|Arakaki|1991|loc=ch. IV}}{{sfn|Potter|1982}} Of 33 [[Consolidated PBY Catalina]]s in Hawaii, 30 were destroyed, while three on patrol at the time of the attack returned undamaged. Friendly fire brought down some American planes on top of that, including four from an inbound flight from {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|2}}.{{sfn|Toland|1970|p=235}}
At the time of the attack, nine civilian aircraft were flying in the vicinity of Pearl Harbor. Of these, three were shot down.<ref name="ALA">{{Harvnb|Watson|2007|p=[{{Google books|IHb_geGUpFcC|p=592|plainurl=yes}} 592]}}</ref>
===Japanese losses===
Fifty-five Japanese airmen and nine submariners were killed in the attack, and one, [[Kazuo Sakamaki]], was captured. Of Japan's 414<ref name="IJN"/> available planes, 350 took part in the raid. Twenty-nine were lost, nine in the first wave (three fighters, one dive bomber, and five torpedo bombers) and twenty in the second (six fighters and fourteen dive bombers),<ref name="USSBSp18">{{harvnb|United States Strategic Bombing Survey|1946|p=18}}</ref>{{refn|[[USAAF]] pilots of the 46th and 47th Pursuit Squadrons, 15th Pursuit Group, claim to have destroyed ten. Overall, the Americans claimed to have shot down 41 Japanese aircraft.|group=nb}} with another 74 damaged by antiaircraft fire from the ground.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
===Possible third wave===
According to some accounts, several Japanese junior officers, including Fuchida and Genda, urged Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to sink more of the Pearl Harbor's remaining warships, and damage the base's maintenance shops, drydock facilities and oil tank yards.<ref name=Gailey1997p68 /> Most notably, Fuchida gave a firsthand account of this meeting several times after the war. However, some historians have [[Mitsuo Fuchida#Historical controversy|cast doubt]] on this and many other of Fuchida's later claims, which sometimes conflict with documented historic records.{{sfn|Parshall|2010}} Genda, who opined during the planning for the attack that [[Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor#Concept of Japanese invasion of Hawaii|without an invasion]] three strikes were necessary to fully disable the Pacific Fleet,{{sfn|Caravaggio|2014}} denied requesting an additional attack.{{sfn|Willmott|2001|p=156–157}} Regardless, it is undisputed that the captains of the other five carriers in the task force reported they were willing and ready to carry out a third strike soon after the second returned,{{sfn|Horn|2005|p=16}} but Nagumo decided to withdraw for several reasons:
*American anti-aircraft performance had improved considerably during the second strike, and two-thirds of Japan's losses were incurred during the second wave.{{sfn|Hoyt|2000|p=190}}
*Nagumo felt if he launched a third strike, he would be risking three-quarters of the Combined Fleet's strength to wipe out the remaining targets (which included the facilities) while suffering higher aircraft losses.{{sfn|Hoyt|2000|p=190}}
*The location of the American carriers remained unknown. In addition, the admiral was concerned his force was now within range of American land-based bombers.{{sfn|Hoyt|2000|p=190}} Nagumo was uncertain whether the United States had enough surviving planes remaining on Hawaii to launch an attack against his carriers.{{sfn|Hoyt|2000|p=191}}
*A third wave would have required substantial preparation and turnaround time, and would have meant returning planes would have had to land at night. At the time, only the [[Royal Navy]] had developed night carrier techniques, so this was a substantial risk.{{sfn|Stephen|1988|pp=34–38}} The first two waves had launched the entirety of the Combined Fleet's air strength. A third wave would have required landing both the first and second wave before launching the first wave again. Compare Nagumo's situation in the [[Battle of Midway]], where an attack returning from Midway kept Nagumo from launching an immediate strike on American carriers.
*The task force's fuel situation did not permit him to remain in waters north of Pearl Harbor much longer, since he was at the very limit of logistical support. To do so risked running unacceptably low on fuel, perhaps even having to abandon destroyers en route home.{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1988|p={{Page needed|date=August 2021}}}}
*He believed the second strike had essentially accomplished the mission's main objective (neutralizing the United States Pacific Fleet) and did not wish to risk further losses.{{sfn|Gailey|1997|p=97}} Moreover, it was IJN practice to prefer the conservation of strength over the total destruction of the enemy.{{sfn|Willmott|1983|p=16}}
Although a hypothetical third strike would have likely focused on the base's remaining warships,{{refn|Fuchida would later claim he had designated Pearl Harbor's oil storage facilities as the primary target, although this contradicted Japanese military doctrine and even several interviews on the subject he had given earlier in life {{sfn|Parshall|2010}}}} military historians have suggested any potential damage to the shore facilities would have hampered the Pacific Fleet far more seriously.{{sfn|Willmott|1983}}{{page needed|date=December 2015}}{{sfn|Blair|1975}}{{page needed|date=December 2015}} If they had been wiped out, "serious [American] operations in the Pacific would have been postponed for more than a year";{{sfn|Gailey|1997|pp=97–98}} according to Admiral [[Chester W. Nimitz]], later Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, "it would have prolonged the war another two years".{{sfn|Yergin|1991|p=327}}
At a conference aboard his flagship the following morning, Yamamoto supported Nagumo's withdrawal without launching a third wave.{{sfn|Gailey|1997|p=97}} In retrospect, sparing the vital dockyards, maintenance shops, and the oil tank farm meant the United States could respond relatively quickly in the Pacific. Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo's decision to withdraw and categorically stated it had been a great mistake not to order a third strike.{{sfn|Gailey|1997|p=98}}
==Ships lost or damaged==
{{Further|List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941}}
[[File:NH64486 Wallin aboard BB-44.jpg|thumb|Captain [[Homer N. Wallin]] (center) supervises salvage operations aboard {{USS|California|BB-44|6}} in early 1942]]
Twenty-one American ships were damaged or lost in the attack, of which all but three were repaired and returned to service.{{sfn|Wallin|1968|pp=203–269}}
===Battleships===
*{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|2}} (Rear Admiral [[Isaac C. Kidd]]'s flagship of [[ComBatPac|Battleship Division One]]): hit by four armor-piercing bombs, exploded; total loss, not salvaged. 1,177 dead. Later [[USS Arizona Memorial|memorialized]].
*{{USS|Oklahoma|BB-37|2}}: hit by five torpedoes, capsized; total loss, salvaged, sank en route to scrapping May 1947. 429 dead.
*{{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|2}}: hit by two bombs, seven torpedoes, sunk; returned to service July 1944. 106 dead.
*{{USS|California|BB-44|2}}: hit by two bombs, two torpedoes, sunk; returned to service January 1944. 104 dead.<ref>[https://www.dpaa.mil/News-Stories/News-Releases/PressReleaseArticleView/Article/2874015/uss-california-sailor-accounted-for-from-world-war-ii-simmons-t/ USS California Sailor Accounted For From World War II (Simmons, T.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325053444/https://www.dpaa.mil/News-Stories/News-Releases/PressReleaseArticleView/Article/2874015/uss-california-sailor-accounted-for-from-world-war-ii-simmons-t/ |date=March 25, 2023 }}. Retrieved 25 March 2023</ref>
*{{USS|Nevada|BB-36|2}}: hit by six bombs, one torpedo, beached; returned to service October 1942. 60 dead.
*{{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|2}} (Admiral [[Husband E. Kimmel]]'s flagship of the [[United States Pacific Fleet]]):{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981|p=49}} in [[dry dock]] with ''Cassin'' and ''Downes'', hit by one bomb and debris from USS ''Cassin''; remained in service. 9 dead.
*{{USS|Tennessee|BB-43|2}}: hit by two bombs; returned to service February 1942. 5 dead.
*{{USS|Maryland|BB-46|2}}: hit by two bombs; returned to service February 1942. 4 dead (including floatplane pilot shot down).
===Ex-battleship (target/AA training ship)===
*{{USS|Utah|BB-31|2}}: hit by two torpedoes, capsized; total loss, salvage stopped. 64 dead.
===Cruisers===
*{{USS|Helena|CL-50|2}}: hit by one torpedo; returned to service January 1942. 20 dead.
*{{USS|Raleigh|CL-7|2}}: hit by one torpedo; returned to service February 1942.<ref>{{cite DANFS| url= https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/r/raleigh-iii.html| title= Raleigh III (CL-7) | publisher= [[Naval History and Heritage Command]]| date= 26 August 2015 | access-date= 30 January 2024| ref= {{sfnRef|DANFS|2015}} }}</ref>{{PD-notice}}
*{{USS|Honolulu|CL-48|2}}: near miss, light damage; remained in service.
===Destroyers===
*{{USS|Cassin|DD-372|2}}: in drydock with ''Downes'' and ''Pennsylvania'', hit by one bomb, burned; reconstructed and returned to service February 1944.
*{{USS|Downes|DD-375|2}}: in drydock with ''Cassin'' and ''Pennsylvania'', caught fire from ''Cassin'', burned; reconstructed and returned to service November 1943.
*{{USS|Helm|DD-388|2}}: underway to West Loch, damaged by two near-miss bombs;{{sfn|Wallin|1968|p=198}} continued patrol; dry-docked January 15, 1942, and sailed January 20, 1942.
*{{USS|Shaw|DD-373|2}}: hit by three bombs; returned to service June 1942.
===Auxiliaries===
*{{USS|Oglala|CM-4|2}} (minelayer): damaged by torpedo hit on ''Helena'', capsized; returned to service (as engine-repair ship) February 1944.
*{{USS|Vestal|AR-4|2}} (repair ship): hit by two bombs, blast and fire from ''Arizona'', beached; returned to service by August 1942.
*{{USS|Curtiss|AV-4|2}} (seaplane tender): hit by one bomb, one crashed Japanese aircraft; returned to service January 1942. 19 dead.
*{{USS|Sotoyomo|YTM-9|2}} (harbor tug): damaged by explosion and fires in ''Shaw''; sunk; returned to service August 1942.
*{{USS|YFD-2|YFD-2|2}} ([[Auxiliary floating drydock|yard floating dock]]): damaged by bombs; sunk; returned to service January 25, 1942, servicing ''Shaw''.
==Salvage==
After a systematic search for survivors, Captain [[Homer N. Wallin]] was ordered to lead a formal salvage operation.{{sfn|Wallin|1968|p=v}}{{refn| Wallin had been assigned to go to [[Massawa]] in East Africa. The harbor there was blocked by scuttled Italian and German ships, which prevented British use of the port. Commander [[Edward Ellsberg]] was sent instead.{{sfn|Ellsberg|1946}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} |group=nb}}
Around Pearl Harbor, divers from the Navy (shore and tenders), the [[Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard]], and civilian contractors ([[Pacific Bridge Company]] and others) began work on the ships that could be refloated. They patched holes, cleared debris, and pumped water out of ships. [[Melvin Storer]] and other Navy divers worked inside the damaged ships.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Gribble |first=Joanne |date=1975-12-07 |title=Telegram was wrong: 'Dead' man tells tale about Pearl Harbor Day |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/imperial-beach-star-news-telegram-was-wr/126665399/ |journal=[[The Star-News (Chula Vista, California)|The Star-News]] |volume=45 |issue=80 |pages=17 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Within six months, five battleships and two cruisers were patched or refloated so they could be sent to shipyards in Pearl Harbor and on the mainland for extensive repair.<ref name="GrierCSM">{{cite web |last=Grier |first=Peter |date=December 7, 2021 |title=Pearl Harbor resurrection: the warships that rose to fight again |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Decoder/2012/1207/Pearl-Harbor-resurrection-the-warships-that-rose-to-fight-again |access-date=December 10, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008202956/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Decoder/2012/1207/Pearl-Harbor-resurrection-the-warships-that-rose-to-fight-again |archive-date=October 8, 2021}}</ref>
Intensive salvage operations continued for another year, a total of some 20,000 man-hours under water.{{sfn|Raymer|1996}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} ''Arizona'' and the target ship ''Utah'' were too heavily damaged for salvage and remain where they were sunk,<ref name="usnp-pearl-battleship">{{cite web |title=Battleship Row |url=https://www.nps.gov/valr/learn/historyculture/battleship-row.htm |website=US National Park Service |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=July 2, 2019 |archive-date=March 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312072705/https://www.nps.gov/valr/learn/historyculture/battleship-row.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> with ''Arizona'' becoming a [[USS Arizona Memorial|war memorial]]. ''Oklahoma'', while successfully raised, was never repaired and capsized while under tow to the mainland in 1947. The ''Nevada'' proved particularly difficult to raise and repair; two men involved in the operation died after inhaling poisonous gases that had accumulated in the ship's interior.<ref name="GrierCSM"/> When feasible, armament and equipment were removed from vessels too damaged to repair and put to use aboard other craft. {{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
==News coverage==
=== Coverage in the United States ===
[[File:USS Downes (DD-375), USS Cassin (DD-372) and USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) in Dry Dock No. 1 at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard, 7 December 1941 (306533).jpg|thumb|The {{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|2}} behind the wreckage of ''Downes'' and ''Cassin'']]
The initial announcement of the attack on Pearl Harbor was made by the White House Press Secretary, [[Stephen Early]], at 2:22{{spaces}}p.m. Eastern time (8:52{{spaces}}a.m. Hawaiian time): "The Japanese have attacked Pearl Harbor from the air and all naval and military activities on the island of Oahu, principal American base in the Hawaiian islands."<ref>"Planes Blast U.S. Naval Bases; No Warning Is Given", ''Lawton Constitution'', December 7, 1941, Extra Edition, at 1.</ref> As information developed, Early made a number of additional announcements to approximately 150 White House reporters over the course of the afternoon.<ref>"War Brings a Tense Day to White House Press Room", ''Washington Post'', December 8, 1941, at 4.</ref>
Initial reports of the attack moved on news wires at approximately 2:25{{spaces}}p.m. Eastern time. The first radio coverage (which, at the time, represented the earliest opportunity for ordinary people to learn of the attack) was on the CBS radio network's scheduled news program, ''World News Today'', at 2:30{{spaces}}p.m. Eastern time. [[John Charles Daly]] read the initial report, then switched to London, where [[Robert Trout]] ad-libbed on the possible London reaction. The first report on NBC cut into a play, a dramatization of ''The Inspector-General'', at 2:33{{spaces}}p.m. Eastern time and lasted only 21 seconds. Unlike the later practice with major news stories, there were only brief interruptions of scheduled commercial programming.<ref>{{cite news |mode=cs2 |last=McDonough |first=John |date=December 6, 1991 |title=Hear It Now: Pearl Harbor Day Radio |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |page=A13}}</ref> The attacks were covered on television but the extent of it was limited; as commercial television had started just 6 months earlier, "a few thousand TV sets existed" in the United States with most being in the [[New York metropolitan area|Greater New York City area]] and only a handful of stations existed which were in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and Philadelphia. [[WNBC|WNBT]] from New York was the only TV station that was regularly airing that day in the country with the comedy movie ''[[Millionaire Playboy]]'' which was scheduled for 3:30-4:30 PM being interrupted with the news of the attack. The other know station to cover the attacks was WCBW also from New York which prepared a special report on the attack and was broadcast that evening. There are no recordings of either stations coverage either visual or audio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2016 |title=A FORGOTTEN MILESTONE: TELEVISION AND PEARL HARBOR |url=https://www.tvobscurities.com/lost/forgotten-milestone-television-pearl-harbor/ |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Television Obscurities: Exploring forgotten TV from the 1920s to today.}}</ref>
A contemporaneous newspaper report compared the attack to the [[Battle of Port Arthur]] in which the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the Imperial Russian Navy, triggering the [[Russo-Japanese War]], 37 years prior.<ref>{{Cite web |mode=cs2 |last=Butcher |first=Clifford F. |date=January 19, 1942 |title=Port Arthur Was 'the Pearl Harbor of 1904' |newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19420119&id=-e4ZAAAAIBAJ&pg=4412,1516787 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515202140/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19420119&id=-e4ZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8SIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4412,1516787 |archive-date=May 15, 2016 }}</ref> Modern writers have continued to note parallels between the attacks, albeit more dispassionately.{{sfn|Peck|2016}}
=== Coverage in Japan ===
News of the attack was first broadcast at 11:30 AM ([[Japan Standard Time|Japanese Standard Time]]) but however earlier at "shortly after" 7 AM (Japanese Standard Time) it was announced Japan "entered into a situation of war with the United States and Britain in the Western Pacific before dawn." without any further elaboration or explanation and after the attacks had already finished which was at 5:30 AM JST.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hotta |first=Eri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOS_5EfYtEEC |title=Japan 1941: Countdown to Infamy |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=2013 |chapter=PROLOGUE: What A Difference a Day Makes |isbn=978-0-385-35051-8 |access-date=February 22, 2024 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The attack on Pearl Harbor was covered in the Japanese press but during World War II and by this point the press was heavily censored.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kunii |first=Maiko |url=https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7744&context=etd_theses |title=Asahi Shimbun and The New York Times: Framing Pearl Harbor and the 9/11 Attacks |publisher=San Jose State University |year=2012 |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref> One Japanese newspaper, [[The Asahi Shimbun|The ''Asahi Shimbun'']] did report on the attack the day it occurred and from that point onward the editorials begun to back governmental decisions regardless of what they were.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yoshimoto |first=Hideko |url=https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1813&context=etd_theses |title=Media treatment of World War II in Japan and the United States, 1931-1945: a propaganda theory approach (unpublished) |publisher=San Jose State University |year=1994 |pages=81–83 |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref> It also reported the declaration of war on the United States after the attacks framing it as an Imperial Order with most Japanese people taking it that way as opposed to the ''New York Times'' writing which focused on "the danger to democracy and to the nation" because of the attacks.<ref name=":0" /> [[NHK]] broadcast 12 special news reports along with its 6 regularly scheduled ones that day.<ref name=":1" />
==Aftermath==
{{Main|Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor|Day of Infamy speech}}{{History of Hawaii}}
[[File:Remember december 7th.jpg|thumb|A 1942 poster by [[Allen Saalburg]] issued by the [[United States Office of War Information]]]]
The day after the attack, U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] delivered his famous [[Day of Infamy speech]] to a [[Joint Session of Congress]], calling for a [[United States declaration of war on Japan|formal declaration of war on the Empire of Japan]]. Congress obliged his request less than an hour later. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, even though the Tripartite Pact did not require it.{{refn|The pact had one of its objectives limiting US intervention in conflicts involving the three nations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Liddell Hart|1971|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofsecondw00lidd/page/n225/206 206]}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Shirer|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/risefallthirdreich00shir/page/873/ 873]}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Keegan|1990|p=[https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00john/page/130/ 130]}}</ref>|group=nb}} Congress issued a declaration of war against Germany and Italy later that same day.
The United Kingdom had already been at war with Germany since September 1939 and with Italy since June 1940, and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] had promised to declare war "within the hour" of a Japanese attack on the United States.<ref>{{cite magazine |mode=cs2 |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772812,00.html |magazine=Time |title=The U.S. At War, The Last Stage |date=December 15, 1941 |access-date=August 12, 2014 |archive-date=August 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810134435/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772812,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Upon learning of the Japanese attacks on [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Colony of Singapore|Singapore]], and [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], Churchill promptly determined there was no need to either wait or further consult the US government and immediately summoned the Japanese Ambassador. As a result, [[United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan|the United Kingdom declared war on Japan]] nine hours before the United States did.
The attack was an initial shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater. Further losses compounded the alarming setback. Japan [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|attacked the Philippines]] hours later (because of the time difference, it was December 8 in the Philippines). Only three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, [[sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse|the battleship ''Prince of Wales'' and battlecruiser ''Repulse'' were sunk]] off the coast of Malaya, causing Churchill later to recollect "In all the war I never received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California. Over this vast expanse of waters, Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked."<ref>{{Harvnb|Churchill|Gilbert|2001|pp=1593–1594}}</ref>
Throughout the war, Pearl Harbor was frequently used in [[American propaganda during World War II|American propaganda]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Rhodes|1987|p=257}}</ref>
One further consequence of the attack on Pearl Harbor and its aftermath (notably the [[Niihau incident]]) was that Japanese-American residents and citizens were relocated to nearby [[Japanese-American internment]] camps. Within hours of the attack, hundreds of Japanese-American leaders were rounded up and taken to high-security camps such as [[Sand Island (Hawaii)|Sand Island]] at the mouth of Honolulu harbor and [[Kilauea Military Camp]] on the [[Hawaii (island)|island of Hawaii]].{{sfn|Levine|1995}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{cite web |mode=cs2 |title=The Untold Story |publisher=Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaiʻi |website=The Untold Story: Internment of Japanese Americans in Hawaiʻi |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/untold-story/untold-story |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813150853/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/untold-story/untold-story |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Eventually, more than 110,000 Japanese Americans, nearly all who lived on the West Coast, were forced into interior camps, but in [[Territory of Hawaii|Hawaii]], where the 150,000-plus Japanese Americans composed over one-third of the population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were interned.{{sfn|Daniels|1972}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pearlharboroahu.com/after.htm |title=What Happened After the Attack? |access-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201005141/http://www.pearlharboroahu.com/after.htm |archive-date=December 1, 2011 |website=The Official Pearl Harbor Tour Site}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newmexicohistory.org/2014/01/17/japanese-american-internment-camps-in-new-mexico-1942-1946/ |title=Japanese-American Internment Camps in New Mexico 1942-1946 |website=New Mexico History.org |access-date=December 7, 2021 |archive-date=October 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017223234/https://newmexicohistory.org/2014/01/17/japanese-american-internment-camps-in-new-mexico-1942-1946/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
The attack also had international consequences. The Canadian province of [[British Columbia]], bordering the Pacific Ocean, had long had a large population of Japanese immigrants and their [[Japanese Canadians|Japanese-Canadian]] descendants. Pre-war tensions were exacerbated by the Pearl Harbor attack, leading to a reaction from the [[government of Canada]]. On February 24, 1942, Order-in-Council P.C. no. 1486 was passed under the [[War Measures Act]], allowing for the forced removal of any and all Canadians of Japanese descent from British Columbia, as well as prohibiting them from returning to the province. On March 4, regulations under the act were adopted to evacuate Japanese Canadians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/canada-gazette/093/001060-119.01-e.php?image_id_nbr=335121&document_id_nbr=8985&f=g&PHPSESSID=t6i5g5h5dhq1c9qvlkttga2l80 |title=Regulations made 4 March 1942 |access-date=November 23, 2016 |archive-date=November 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124025400/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/canada-gazette/093/001060-119.01-e.php?image_id_nbr=335121&document_id_nbr=8985&f=g&PHPSESSID=t6i5g5h5dhq1c9qvlkttga2l80 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, 12,000 were [[interned]] in interior camps, 2,000 were sent to road camps, and another 2,000 were forced to work in the [[Canadian Prairies|prairies]] on sugar beet farms.<ref>{{Cite conference |mode=cs2 |ref={{harvid|War Measures Act Conference|1978}} |date=1978 |title=The Japanese Canadian Experience: The October Crisis |conference=War Measures Act Conference (1977, McMaster University) |publisher=P. Anas Pub. |location=London, Ontario |pages=12–14}}</ref>
In the wake of the attack, 15 [[Medal of Honor|Medals of Honor]], 51 [[Navy Cross]]es, 53 [[Silver Star]]s, four [[Navy and Marine Corps Medal]]s, one [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]], four [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Crosses]], one [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal|Distinguished Service Medal]], and three [[Bronze Star Medal]]s were awarded to the American servicemen who distinguished themselves in combat at Pearl Harbor.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1999}}{{page needed|date=September 2010}}.</ref> Additionally, a special [[Awards and decorations of the United States military|military award]], the [[Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal]], was later authorized for all military veterans of the attack.
===Niihau Incident===
{{Main|Niihau incident}}
[[File:Nishikaichi's Zero BII-120.jpg|thumb|Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi's aircraft ten days after it crashed]]
Japanese planners of the Pearl Harbor attack had determined that some means were required for rescuing fliers whose aircraft were damaged too badly to return to the carriers. The island of [[Niihau]], only thirty minutes by air from Pearl Harbor, was designated as the rescue point.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
During the second wave, a Zero fighter flown by Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi of ''Hiryu'' was damaged in the attack on Wheeler, so he flew to the rescue point. The aircraft was further damaged on his crash landing. Nishikaichi was helped from the wreckage by one of the Native Hawaiians, who, aware of the tension between the United States and Japan, took the pilot's pistol, maps, codes and other documents. The island's residents had no telephones or radios and were completely unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Nishikaichi enlisted the support of three Japanese-American residents in an attempt to recover the documents. During the ensuing struggles, Nishikaichi was killed, and a Hawaiian civilian was wounded; one collaborator committed suicide, and his wife and the third collaborator were sent to prison.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
The ease with which the local ethnic Japanese residents had apparently gone to Nishikaichi's assistance was a source of concern for many and tended to support those who believed that local Japanese could not be trusted.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fuchida|2011|pp=293–294}}</ref>
===Strategic implications===
Rear Admiral [[Chūichi Hara]] summed up the Japanese result by saying, "We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war."<ref>{{Harvnb|Haufler|2003|p=127}}</ref>
While the attack accomplished its intended objective, it turned out to be largely unnecessary. Unbeknownst to Yamamoto, who conceived the original plan, the United States Navy had decided as far back as 1935 to abandon "charging" across the Pacific towards the Philippines in response to an outbreak of war (in keeping with the evolution of [[War Plan Orange|Plan Orange]]).{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} The United States instead adopted "[[Plan Dog]]" in 1940, which emphasized keeping the IJN out of the eastern Pacific and away from the shipping lanes to Australia, while the United States concentrated on defeating Nazi Germany.<ref>{{harvnb|Hakim|1995}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Source is a textbook written for middle-school kids or younger, which does not meet the requirements of reliable tertiary sources for this type of article.|date=December 2021}}
Fortunately for the United States, the American aircraft carriers were untouched; otherwise the Pacific Fleet's ability to conduct offensive operations would have been crippled for a year or more (given no diversions from the Atlantic Fleet). As it was, the Navy was left with no choice but to rely on carriers and submarines. While six of the eight battleships were repaired and returned to service, their relatively low speed and high fuel consumption limited their deployment, and they served mainly in shore bombardment roles (their only major action being the [[Battle of Surigao Strait]] in October 1944). A major flaw in Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be fought by battleships, in keeping with the doctrine of Captain [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]]. As a result, Yamamoto (and his successors) hoarded battleships for a "decisive battle" that never happened.{{sfn|Willmott|1983}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Miller|2007}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
The Japanese confidence in their ability to win a quick victory meant that they neglected Pearl Harbor's navy repair yards, oil tank farms, submarine base and old headquarters building.{{sfn|Willmott|1983}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} All of these targets were omitted from Genda's list, yet they proved more important than any battleship to the American war effort in the Pacific. The survival of the repair shops and fuel depots allowed Pearl Harbor to maintain logistical support of the Navy,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://combinedfleet.com/battles/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor |title=Attack on Pearl Harbor | Nihon Kaigun |publisher=Combinedfleet.com |access-date=March 6, 2014 |archive-date=March 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319100939/http://combinedfleet.com/battles/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kalonanews.com/articles/2013/04/17/community/doc516eb7c9cbba1744569185.txt |title=Pearl Harbor vet remembers Dec. 7, 1941, sneak attack |work=The [[Kalona, Iowa|Kalona]] News |date=April 17, 2013 |access-date=March 6, 2014 |archive-date=August 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130801200017/http://www.kalonanews.com/articles/2013/04/17/community/doc516eb7c9cbba1744569185.txt }}</ref> such as the [[Doolittle Raid]] and the [[Battle of the Coral Sea|Battles of the Coral Sea]] and [[Battle of Midway|Midway]]. It was submarines that immobilized the Imperial Japanese Navy's heavy ships and brought Japan's economy to a virtual standstill by crippling the importation of oil and raw materials: by the end of 1942, the amount of raw materials brought in was cut in half, "to a disastrous ten million tons", while oil "was almost completely stopped".{{refn|In less than eleven months, most of Japan's elite naval aviators who had been at Pearl Harbor were lost in subsequent battles. Lack of fuel and an inflexible training policy meant that they could not be replaced.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}|group=nb}} Lastly, the basement of the Old Administration Building was the home of the [[Station HYPO|cryptanalytic unit]] which contributed significantly to the Midway ambush and the Submarine Force's success.<ref>{{harvnb|Blair|1975|pp=360, 816}}</ref>
===Retrospective debate on American intelligence===
{{Main|Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory}}
[[File:Arizona Memorial Wall.jpg|thumb|The [[USS Arizona Memorial|USS ''Arizona'' Memorial]]]]
Ever since the Japanese attack, there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught unaware, and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans and related topics. As early as 1924, Chief of United States Air Service [[Mason Patrick]] showed concern for military vulnerabilities in the Pacific, having sent General [[Billy Mitchell]] on a survey of the Pacific and the East. Patrick called Mitchell's subsequent report, which identified vulnerabilities in Hawaii, a "theoretical treatise on employment of airpower in the Pacific, which, in all probability undoubtedly will be of extreme value some 10 or 15 years hence".{{sfn|Wolk|2007}}
At least two naval war games, one in 1932 and another in 1936, proved that Pearl was vulnerable to such an attack. Admiral [[James O. Richardson|James Richardson]] was removed from command shortly after protesting President Roosevelt's decision to move the bulk of the Pacific fleet to Pearl Harbor.{{sfn|Wallin|1968}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{cite web |mode=cs2 |date=December 15, 2020 |title=Commander at Pearl Harbor relieved of his duties |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/commander-at-pearl-harbor-canned |access-date=December 8, 2021 |website=History.com |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425072542/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/commander-at-pearl-harbor-canned |url-status=live}}</ref> The decisions of military and political leadership to ignore these warnings have contributed to conspiracy theories. Several writers, including decorated World War{{spaces}}II veteran and journalist [[Robert Stinnett]], author of ''[[Day of Deceit]]'', and former United States Rear Admiral [[Robert Alfred Theobald]], author of ''The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor: The Washington Background of the Pearl Harbor Attack'', have argued that various parties high in the American and British governments knew of the attack in advance and may even have let it happen or encouraged it in order to force the United States into the war via the so-called "back door". However, this [[Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory|conspiracy theory]] is rejected by mainstream historians.{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1986}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Prados|1995|pp=[https://archive.org/details/combinedfleetdec00prad/page/161 161–177]}}{{sfn|Budiansky|2002}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Stevenson |first=Richard W. |date=August 3, 1994 |title=New Light Shed on Churchill and Pearl Harbor |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/03/world/new-light-shed-on-churchill-and-pearl-harbor.html |access-date=March 4, 2014 |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715175819/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/03/world/new-light-shed-on-churchill-and-pearl-harbor.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|[[Gordon Prange]] specifically addresses some revisionist works, including [[Charles A. Beard]], ''President Roosevelt and the Coming War 1941''; [[William Henry Chamberlin]], ''America's Second Crusade''; [[John T. Flynn]], ''The Roosevelt Myth''; George Morgenstern, ''Pearl Harbor''; Frederic R. Sanborn, ''Design for War''; [[Robert Alfred Theobald]], ''The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor''; Harry E. Barnes, ed., ''Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace'' and ''The Court Historians versus Revisionism''; [[Husband E. Kimmel]], ''Admiral Kimmel's Story''.{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1991|p=867}}|group=nb}}
The theory that the Americans were warned in advance, however, is supported by statements made by [[Dick Ellis]], a British-Australian intelligence officer for MI6 who helped [[William J. Donovan]] set up the [[Office of Strategic Services]]. Ellis was deputy to [[William Stephenson]] at [[British Security Co-ordination]]. In [[Jesse Fink]]'s 2023 biography of Ellis, ''The Eagle in the Mirror'', Ellis is quoted as saying: "[Stephenson] was convinced from the information that was reaching him that this attack was imminent, and through [[James Roosevelt|Jimmy Roosevelt]], President Roosevelt's son, he passed this information to the President. Now whether the President at that time had other information which corroborated this... it's impossible to say."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fink |first1=Jesse |title=The Eagle in the Mirror |date=2023 |publisher=Black & White Publishing |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9781785305108 |page=101}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
{{Main|Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture}}
==See also==
{{Div col}}
*[[List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor]]
*[[National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day]]
*[[Operation K]]
*[[Pearl Harbor National Memorial]]
*[[Pearl Harbor Survivors Association]]
*[[Winds Code]]
{{Div col end}}
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em|group=nb}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}
===Bibliography===
====Books====
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{{refend}}
====US government documents====
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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*{{Citation |last=Morton |first=Louis |date=1962 |title=Strategy and Command: The First Two Years |series=[[United States Army in World War II]] |publisher=[[US Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington, D.C. |id=CMD Pub 5-1 |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/ |via=HyperWar Foundation |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211231320/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/ |archive-date=February 11, 2021 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite report |mode=cs2 |last=Nimitz |first=Chester |date=February 15, 1942 |title=CINCPAC Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor, 7 December, 1941 |at=Enclosure (C) Damages Sustained by Ships as a Results of the Japanese Raid, December 7, 1941 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/rep/Pearl/CinCPac-Damage.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111235255/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/rep/Pearl/CinCPac-Damage.html |archive-date=January 11, 2012 |url-status=live |via=HyperWar Foundation |id=Cincpac File No. A16-3/Serial 0479 }}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|United States Strategic Bombing Survey|1946}} |author=United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific), Naval Analysis Division |editor-last=Daniels |editor-first=Gordon |title=The Campaigns of the Pacific War |date=1946 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/campaignsofpacif46unit/ |access-date=December 7, 2021 }}
*{{Citation |title=U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor |url=http://ww2db.com/doc.php?q=45 |date=1942 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113234417/http://ww2db.com/doc.php?q=45 |url-status=live |publisher=United States National Archives, Modern Military Branch |access-date=December 25, 2007 |archive-date=January 13, 2008 }}
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{{refend}}
====Journal articles====
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*{{Cite journal |mode=cs2 |last=Wilford |first=Timothy |title=Decoding Pearl Harbor: USN Cryptanalysis and the Challenge of JN-25B in 1941 |journal=[[The Northern Mariner]] |volume=XII |number=1 |pages=17–37 |date=January 2002 |doi=10.25071/2561-5467.571 |s2cid=247550000 |url=https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol12/nm_12_1_17to37.pdf |access-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705080832/https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol12/nm_12_1_17to37.pdf |url-status=live }}
*{{cite journal |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command/[[United States Naval War College]] ([[United States Department of the Navy]]) |publication-place=[[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], [[Rhode Island]], United States of America |issn=0028-1484 |lccn=75617787 |oclc=01779130 |date=21 March 2010 |title=Reflecting on Fuchida or "A Tale of Three Whoppers" |jstor=26397106 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=127–138 |access-date=15 August 2021 |first=Jonathan |last=Parshall |journal=Naval War College Review |url=http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/612aa0c4-47a1-4107-afbb-17fa992adf59/Reflecting-on-Fuchida,-or--A-Tale-of-Three-Whopper |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127070529/http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/612aa0c4-47a1-4107-afbb-17fa992adf59/Reflecting-on-Fuchida,-or--A-Tale-of-Three-Whopper |archive-date=27 November 2011 }}
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{{refend}}
====Magazine articles====
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{{refend}}
====Online sources====
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite web |mode=cs2 |last=Bjorkman |first=James |date=March 2, 2019 |title=December 7, 1941: Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor |publisher=Filminspector.com |url=https://worldwartwodaily.filminspector.com/2019/03/december-7-1941-japan-attacks-pearl.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111526/https://worldwartwodaily.filminspector.com/2019/03/december-7-1941-japan-attacks-pearl.html |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=March 3, 2019}}
*{{cite web |mode=cs2 |last=DiGiulian |first=Tony |date=March 7, 2021 |title=Order of Battle: Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 |publisher=Navweaps.com |url=http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Pearl_Harbor.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630214745/http://navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Pearl_Harbor.htm |archive-date=June 30, 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2021}}
*{{cite web |mode=cs2 |last=Yarnell |first=Paul R. |date=November 2003 |title=Organization of the Japanese Air Attack Units December 7, 1941 |url=http://www.navsource.org/Naval/ijnaf.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213181330/http://www.navsource.org/Naval/ijnaf.htm |url-status=live |publisher=NavSource Naval History |access-date=December 8, 2007 |archive-date=December 13, 2007}}
{{refend}}
===Further reading===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{Citation |last=Beach |first=Edward L. Jr. |date=1995 |title=Scapegoats: A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=1-55750-059-2 |author-link=Edward L. Beach, Jr.}}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last1=Clausen |first1=Henry C. |last2=Lee |first2=Bruce |date=2001 |title=Pearl Harbor: Final Judgment |publisher=HarperCollins}}. An account of the secret "[[Clausen Inquiry]]" undertaken late in the war by order of Congress to Secretary of War [[Henry L. Stimson]]. Clausen was given the authority to go anywhere and question anyone under oath. Ultimately, he traveled more than 55,000 miles and interviewed over a hundred US and British Army, Navy, and civilian personnel, in addition to being given access to all relevant Magic intercepts.
*{{cite journal |mode=cs2 |last1=Condon-Rall |first1=M. E. |date=1989 |title=The U.S. Army medical department and the attack on Pearl Harbor |journal=J Mil Hist |volume=53 |pages=65–78 |issue=1 |pmid=11617401 |doi=10.2307/1986020 |jstor=1986020}}. This article discusses the state of medical readiness prior to the attack, and the post-attack response by medical personnel.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Dorsey |first=James |date=2009 |contribution=Literary Tropes, Rhetorical Looping, and the Nine Gods of War: 'Fascist Proclivities' Made Real |editor-last=Tansman |editor-first=Alan |title=The Culture of Japanese Fascism |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, North Carolina / London |pages=409–431}}. A study of Japanese wartime media representations of the submarine component of the attack on Pearl Harbor.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Fish |first=Hamilton III |date=1983 |title=Tragic Deception: FDR and America's Involvement in World War II |publisher=Devin-Adair |isbn=0-8159-6917-1 |author-link=Hamilton Fish III}}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Gannon |first=Michael V. |date=2001 |title=Pearl Harbor Betrayed |publisher=Henry Holt and Company}}. A recent examination of the issues surrounding the surprise of the attack.
*{{Cite magazine |mode=cs2 |ref=none |last=Haynok |first=Robert J. |date=2009 |title=How the Japanese Did It |publisher=United States Naval Institute |volume=23 |issue=6 |journal=Naval History Magazine |url=http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2009-12/how-japanese-did-it |access-date=February 6, 2013 |archive-date=June 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607195401/http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2009-12/how-japanese-did-it |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |editor-last=Hixson |editor-first=Walter L. |date=2003 |title=The United States and the Road to War in the Pacific |volume=3 |series=The American Experience in World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mJWrEeqMfgC |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-94031-1 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404221251/https://books.google.com/books?id=5mJWrEeqMfgC |url-status=live }}. Part of a twelve-volume series.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Holmes |first=W. J. |date=1979 |title=Double-Edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II |publisher=United States Naval Institute}}. Contains some important material, such as Holmes's argument that, had the US Navy been warned of the attack and put to sea, it would have likely resulted in an even greater disaster.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Hughes-Wilson |first=John |date=2004 |title=Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover-Ups |edition=revised |orig-date=1999 |publisher=Robinson}}. Contains a brief but insightful chapter on the particular intelligence failures, and a broader overview of what causes them.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last1=Kimmett |first1=Larry |last2=Regis |first2=Margaret |date=2004 |title=The Attack on Pearl Harbor: An Illustrated History |publisher=NavPublishing}}. Using maps, photos, unique illustrations, and an animated CD, this book provides a detailed overview of the surprise attack that brought the United States into World War{{spaces}}II.
*{{cite report |mode=cs2 |last=Krepinevich |first=Andrew F. |date=February 25, 2002 |title=Lighting the Path Ahead: Field Exercises and Transformation |publisher=Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments |url=https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2002.02.25-Field-Exercises-and-Military-Transformation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924003422/https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2002.02.25-Field-Exercises-and-Military-Transformation.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live }}. Contains a passage regarding the Yarnell attack, as well as reference citations.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last1=Layton |first1=Edwin T. |last2=Pineau |first2=Roger |last3=Costello |first3=John |date=1985 |title=And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway – Breaking the Secrets |location=New York |publisher=W. Morrow |isbn=978-0-688-06968-1 |author1-link=Edwin T. Layton}}. Layton, Kimmel's Combat Intelligence Officer, says that [[Douglas MacArthur]] was the only field commander who had received any substantial amount of [[Purple (cipher machine)|Purple]] intelligence.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Madsen |first=Daniel |date=2003 |title=Resurrection-Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]]}}
*{{cite report |ref=none |mode=cs2 |last=McCollum |first=Arthur H. |date=October 7, 1940 |title=Memorandum for the Director: Estimate of the Situation in the Pacific and Recommendations for Action by the United States |type=Memorandum |publisher=Office of Naval Intelligence |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum |access-date=December 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124120956/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum |url-status=live }}. The [[McCollum memo]] is a 1940 memo from a Naval headquarters staff officer to his superiors outlining possible provocations to Japan, which might lead to war (declassified in 1994).
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Melber |first=Takuma |date=2016 |title=Pearl Harbor: Japans Angriff und der Kriegseintritt der USA |language=de |trans-title=Pearl Harbor: Japan's Attack and the US Entry into the War |publisher=C.H. Beck |location=München |isbn=978-3-406-69818-7}}.
*{{Cite journal |ref=none |mode=cs2 |last=Moorhead |first=John J. |date=1942 |title=Surgical Experience at Pearl Harbor |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=118 |issue=9 |page=712 |doi=10.1001/jama.1942.62830090002009}}. An overview of different surgical procedures at the hospital at the scene of the event.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Morgenstern |first=George Edward |date=1947 |title=Pearl Harbor: The Story of the Secret War |publisher=The Devin-Adair Company |url=https://archive.org/details/pearlharborthestoryofthesecretwar/ }}. Conspiracy theory.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Parker |first=Frederick D. |date=1994 |title=Pearl Harbor Revisited: United States Navy Communications Intelligence 1924–1941 |publisher=National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/pearl-harbor-revisited-usn-communications-intelligence.html |via=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]] |access-date=December 9, 2021 |archive-date=December 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209030151/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/pearl-harbor-revisited-usn-communications-intelligence.html |url-status=live }}. Contains a detailed description of what the Navy knew from intercepted and decrypted Japan's communications prior to Pearl.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last1=Rodgaard |first1=John |last2=Hsu |first2=Peter K. |last3=Lucas |first3=Carroll L. |last4=Biache |first4=Andrew Jr. |date=December 1999 |title=Pearl Harbor – Attack from Below |work=[[Naval History (magazine)|Naval History]] |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/1999/december/pearl-harbor-attack-below |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930030611/http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/Articles99/Nhrodgaard.htm |url-status=live |volume=13 |issue=6 |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |archive-date=September 30, 2006 |name-list-style=amp }}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Seki |first=Eiji |date=2006 |title=Mrs. Ferguson's Tea-Set, Japan and the Second World War: The Global Consequences Following Germany's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940 |location=London |publisher=Brill/[[Global Oriental]] |isbn=978-1-905246-28-1}}.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Stille |first=Mark E. |date=2011 |title=Tora! Tora! Tora!: Pearl Harbor 1941 |series=Raid Series |volume=26 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84908-509-0}}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Stinnett |first=Robert |date=1999 |title=Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor |publisher=Free Press |isbn=0-7432-0129-9 |author-link=Robert Stinnett |url=http://www.pearlharbor41.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050616074335/http://www.pearlharbor41.com/ |archive-date=June 16, 2005 }}. A study of the Freedom of Information Act documents that led Congress to direct clearance of Kimmel and Short.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Takeo |first=Iguchi |date=2010 |title=Demystifying Pearl Harbor: A New Perspective From Japan |publisher=I-House Press}}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Theobald |first=Robert A. |date=1954 |title=Final Secret of Pearl Harbor |publisher=Devin-Adair |isbn=0-8159-5503-0 |author-link=Robert A. Theobald}}. Foreword by Fleet Admiral [[William F. Halsey, Jr.]]
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Toll |first=Ian W. |date=2011 |author-link=Ian W. Toll |title=[[Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942]] |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton}}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Wedemeyer |first=Albert C. |date=1958 |title=Wedemeyer Reports! |publisher=Henry Holt Co. |isbn=0-89275-011-1 |author-link=Albert Coady Wedemeyer}}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Wohlstetter |first=Roberta |date=1962 |title=Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision |publisher=Stanford University Press}}. The most cited scholarly work on the intelligence failure at Pearl Harbor. Her introduction and analysis of the concept of "noise" persist in understanding intelligence failures.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Wohlstetter |first=Roberta |date=1965 |title=Cuba and Pearl Harbor: Hindsight and Foresight |journal=Foreign Affairs |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |volume=43 |number=4 |pages=691–707 |doi=10.2307/20039133 |jstor=20039133 |url=http://ias.wustl.edu/files/ias/imce/wohlstetter_cuba_and_pearl_harbor.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210231934/http://ias.wustl.edu/files/ias/imce/wohlstetter_cuba_and_pearl_harbor.pdf |archive-date=December 10, 2017 }}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Pearl Harbor attack}}
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100818203925/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq66-1.htm Overview](archived) from [[Naval History and Heritage Command]]
*[http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/pearl-harbor Account (with Video)] on History.com
*[http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/Attack-Pearl-Harbor.htm The Attack on Pearl Harbor] on ThoughtCo.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190614081536/https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/18arizona/18arizona.htm ''"Remembering Pearl Harbor:The USS Arizona Memorial"'' — Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan] (archived) from National Park Service
*[https://manoa.hawaii.edu/library/research/collections/archives/manuscript-collections/hawaii-war-records-depository/ Hawaii War Records Depository], Archives & Manuscripts Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa Library
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/7Dec41/index.html 7 December 1941, The Air Force Story] on ibiblio.org
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/magic/ The "Magic" Background] (PDFs or readable online) on ibiblio.org
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/congress/ The Congressional investigation] on ibiblio.org
*{{cite report |author1=LTC Jeffrey J. Gudmens |author2=COL Timothy R. Reese |date=2009 |title=Staff Ride Handbook for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941: A Study of Defending America |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/educational-services/staff-rides/StaffRideHB_PearlHarbor.pdf |publisher=Combat Studies Institute}}
*{{NYTtopic|subjects/w/world_war_ii_/pearl_harbor|Pearl Harbor}}
===Accounts===
*[http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/ch7.htm Guarding The United States And Its Outposts], in ''[http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents Guarding the United States and Its Outposts] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225041653/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents |date=December 25, 2007 }}'' Official US Army history of Pearl Harbor by the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
*[http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/09/13/special/index.html War comes to Hawaii] ''Honolulu Star-Bulletin'', Monday, September 13, 1999
===Media===
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/video/pearl-harbour-first-pictures Video of first Newsreel from December 23, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor] from [[British-Pathe]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8H-BTblzqO0&list=PLNxwX7r4A557deayljDNLqVA7Pl9Y8K9Z&index=1 ''Pearl Harbour'' – British Movietone News, 1942] from the [[Associated Press|AP]] Archive
*[http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675029979_attack-on-Pearl-Harbor_Harbor-installations_USS-Arizona-burns_black-smoke-rises Historic footage of Pearl Harbor during and immediately following attack on December 7, 1941] on CriticalPast
* Emily DeLetter: [https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/pearl-harbor-remembrance-day-historical-photos-show-the-dec-7-1941-attack-in-hawaii/ar-AA1l7Znw?ocid=socialshare ''Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day - 82 years later.''] Historical photos show and video of the Dec. 7, 1941 attack in Hawaii, [[USA Today]], 7 December 2023
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gb7XUDlhz6k December 7th (long version)] {{dash}} Documentary made by the [[Office of Strategic Services]] several years after the attack, which shows (mostly by dramatization) life in Hawaii before, during, and after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
===Historical documents===
*[http://ww2db.com/doc.php?q=45 US Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor] from World War II Database
*[http://www.worldwar-two.net/events/usa_declaration_of_war_on_japan/ Second World War – USA Declaration of War on Japan] from WorldWar-Two.net
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/monos/097/index.html Collection of extensive Japanese preparation military documents] on ibiblio.org
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[[Category:Attack on Pearl Harbor| ]]
[[Category:1941 in Hawaii]]
[[Category:1941 in the United States]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1941]]
[[Category:December 1941 events]]
[[Category:Pearl Harbor]]
[[Category:Airstrikes conducted by Japan]]
[[Category:World War II aerial operations and battles of the Pacific theatre]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in the 1940s]]
[[Category:History of Oahu]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|1941 surprise attack by Japan on the US military base in Hawaii}}
{{Redirect|December 7, 1941|the date|December 1941#December 7, 1941 (Sunday)}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Attack on Pearl Harbor
| partof = the [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater]] of [[World War II]]
| image = File:Attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese planes view.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Photograph of [[Battleship Row]] taken from a Japanese plane at the beginning of the attack. The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|6}}.<!--see image at commons--> Two attacking Japanese planes can be seen: one over {{USS|Neosho|AO-23|6}} and one over the [[Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard|Naval Yard]].
| date = {{start date and age|1941|12|7}}
| place = [[Oahu]], [[Territory of Hawaii]], US
| coordinates = {{Coord|21.365|-157.950|format=dms|type:event_region:US-HI|display=inline,title}}
| result = Japanese victory
| map_type = Hawaii#Pacific Ocean
| map_size = 300
| combatant1 = {{flag|United States|1912}}
| combatant2 = {{flag|Empire of Japan}}
| commander1 = {{indented plainlist|
*[[Husband E. Kimmel]]
*[[Walter Short]]
}}
| commander2 = {{indented plainlist|
*[[Isoroku Yamamoto]]
*[[Chūichi Nagumo]]
}}
| units1 = {{indented plainlist|
*{{flagicon|USA|1912}} [[United States Pacific Fleet|US Pacific Fleet]]}}
| units2 = {{indented plainlist|
*{{flagicon|Empire of Japan|naval}} [[1st Air Fleet]]}}
| strength1 = {{indented plainlist|
*8 [[battleship]]s
*8 [[cruiser]]s
*30 [[destroyer]]s
*4 [[submarine]]s
*73 other ships<ref>{{Citation |date=November 13, 2020 |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/ships-present-at-pearl-harbor.html |title=Ships and District Craft Present at Pearl Harbor, 0800 7 December 1941 |website=The Navy Department Library |publisher=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]] |access-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118145021/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/ships-present-at-pearl-harbor.html |archive-date=November 18, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|Total includes {{USCGC|Taney|WHEC-37}}, {{USCGC|Reliance|WSC-150}}, and {{USCGC|Tiger|WSC-152}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Thiesen |first=William H. |date=December 7, 2017 |title=The Long Blue Line: The Attack on Pearl Harbor – "a date that will live in infamy" |url=http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2017/12/the-long-blue-line-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor-a-date-that-will-live-in-infamy/ |website=Coast Guard Compass |access-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100049/http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2017/12/the-long-blue-line-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor-a-date-that-will-live-in-infamy/}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |date=2017 |title=U.S. Coast Guard Units in Hawaii: December 7, 1941 |url=https://media.defense.gov/2017/Jul/01/2001772263/-1/-1/0/PEARLHARBOR.PDF |website=media.defense.gov |access-date=December 8, 2017 |archive-date=December 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100100/https://media.defense.gov/2017/Jul/01/2001772263/-1/-1/0/PEARLHARBOR.PDF |url-status=live}}</ref>|group=nb}}
*390 aircraft
}}
| strength2 = {{indented plainlist|
*6 [[aircraft carrier]]s
*2 battleships
*2 [[heavy cruiser]]s
*1 [[light cruiser]]
*9 destroyers
*8 tankers
*23 [[fleet submarine]]s
*5 [[midget submarine]]s
*414 [[Carrier-based aircraft|aircraft]] (353 took part in the raid)
}}
| casualties1 = {{indented plainlist|
*4 battleships sunk
*4 battleships damaged
*1 ex-battleship sunk
*1 harbor [[tug]] sunk
*3 [[light cruiser]]s damaged{{refn|Unless otherwise stated, all vessels listed were salvageable.{{sfn|Nimitz|1942}}|group=nb}}
*3 destroyers damaged
*3 other ships damaged
*188 aircraft destroyed
*159 aircraft damaged
*2,008 [[Personnel of the United States Navy|sailors]] killed
*109 [[United States Marines|Marines]] killed
*208 soldiers killed<ref name=USN>{{Citation |date=December 2, 2020 |title=Overview of The Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941 |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/the-pearl-harbor-attack-7-december-1941.html |access-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602043203/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/the-pearl-harbor-attack-7-december-1941.html |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |url-status=live |website=The Navy Department Library |publisher=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]]}}</ref>
*68 civilians killed<ref name=censusfactsheet /><ref name=USN />
*2,403 total killed<ref name=censusfactsheet>[https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf "A Pearl Harbor Fact Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516060130/https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf |date=May 16, 2023 }} [[United States Census Bureau]]</ref><ref name=USN />
*1,178 military and civilians wounded<ref name=USN />
}}
| casualties2 = {{indented plainlist|
*4 [[midget submarine]]s sunk
*1 [[midget submarine]] grounded
*29 aircraft destroyed
*74 aircraft damaged
*129 killed<ref name=PHFS>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Pearl Harbor: A Pearl Harbor Fact Sheet |url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf |website=www.census.gov |publisher=[[The National WWII Museum]] |via=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name=Kimberly>{{Cite book |last=Sarmiento |first=Kimberly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsvqDQAAQBAJ |title=Events That Changed the Course of History: The Story of the Attack on Pearl Harbor 75 Years Later |date=2017-01-17 |publisher=Atlantic Publishing Company |isbn=978-1-62023-149-4 |language=en |quote=Only 129 Japanese soldiers were killed during that attack, and one was taken prisoner.}}</ref>
*1 [[Kazuo Sakamaki|sailor]] captured{{sfn|Gilbert|2004|p=272}}
}}
| notes = <div style="text-align: center;">'''Civilian casualties'''</div>{{indented plainlist|
*68 killed<ref>{{Harvnb|Gailey|1997|p=96}}: "There were 103 civilian casualties, including 68 dead."</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Full Pearl Harbor Casualty List |publisher=USSWestVirginia.org |url=http://www.usswestvirginia.org/ph/phresults.php |access-date=December 8, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117104216/http://www.usswestvirginia.org/ph/phresults.php}}</ref>
*35 wounded{{sfn|Conn|Engelman|Fairchild|2000|p=194}}
*3 aircraft shot down }}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Hawaiian Islands Campaign}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific 1941}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific Ocean}}
}}
The '''attack on Pearl Harbor'''<ref group=nb>Also known as the '''Battle of Pearl Harbor'''</ref> was a surprise [[military strike]] by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service]] on the [[Naval Station Pearl Harbor|American naval base]] at [[Pearl Harbor]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Territory of Hawaii|Hawaii]], in the [[United States]], just before 8:00{{spaces}}a.m. (local time) on Sunday, December 7, 1941. At the time, the United States was a [[Neutral powers during World War II|neutral country]] in the [[World War II]] conflict. The attack on Hawaii and other U.S. territories led the United States to formally enter World War II on the side of the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] the day following the attack, on December 8, 1941. The [[Imperial General Headquarters|Japanese military leadership]] referred to the attack as the '''Hawaii Operation''' and '''Operation AI''',{{refn|For the Japanese designator of Oahu.{{sfn|Wilford|2002|p=32 fn. 81}}|group=nb}} and as '''Operation Z''' during its planning.{{sfn|Fukudome|1955b}}{{sfn|Goldstein|Dillon|2000|pp=17ff}}{{sfn|Morison|2001|pp=101, 120, 250}}
The [[Empire of Japan]]'s attack on Pearl Harbor was preceded by months of negotiations between the United States and Japan over the future of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. Japanese demands included that the United States [[ABCD line|end its sanctions against Japan]], cease aiding [[Republic of China (1912-1949)|China]] in the [[Second Sino-Japanese war]], and allow Japan to access the resources of the [[Dutch East Indies]]. Anticipating a negative response, Japan sent out its naval attack groups in November 1941 just prior to receiving the [[Hull note]]—the United States demand that Japan withdraw from China and [[Vichy France|French]] [[French Indochina|Indochina]]. Japan intended the attack as a [[Preventive war|preventive]] action. Its aim was to prevent the [[United States Pacific Fleet]] from interfering with its planned military actions in [[Southeast Asia]] against overseas territories of the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Netherlands]], and the United States. Over the course of seven hours, Japan conducted coordinated attacks on the U.S.-held [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Philippines]], [[Battle of Guam (1941)|Guam]], and [[Battle of Wake Island|Wake Island]]; and on the [[British Empire]] in [[Japanese invasion of Malaya|Malaya]], [[Battle of Singapore#Outbreak of war|Singapore]], and [[Battle of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].<ref name="Gill85">{{Harvnb|Gill|1957|p=485}}</ref>
The attack on Pearl Harbor started at 7:48{{spaces}}a.m. Hawaiian time (6:18{{spaces}}p.m. GMT).{{refn|name=Hawaii time|In 1941, Hawaii was half an hour different from the majority of other time zones. See [[UTC−10:30]].|group=nb}} The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft (including [[fighter aircraft|fighter]]s, [[Bomber|level and dive bomber]]s, and [[torpedo bomber]]s) in two waves, launched from six [[aircraft carrier]]s.<ref name="parillo288">{{Harvnb|Parillo|2006|p=288}}</ref> Of the eight United States Navy [[battleship]]s present, all were damaged and four were sunk. All but {{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}} were later raised, and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three [[cruiser]]s, three [[destroyer]]s, an anti-aircraft training ship,{{refn|{{USS|Utah|BB-31|6}}; the former battleship ''Utah'' was moored in the space intended to have been occupied by the aircraft carrier ''Enterprise'' which, returning with a task force, had been expected to enter the channel at 0730 on December 7; delayed by weather, the task force did not reach Pearl Harbor until dusk the following day.<ref>{{Harvnb|Thomas|2007|pp=57–59}}.</ref>|group=nb}} and one [[minelayer]]. More than 180 US aircraft were destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pearl Harbor attack | Date, History, Map, Casualties, Timeline, & Facts | Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Pearl-Harbor-attack |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408061328/https://www.britannica.com/event/Pearl-Harbor-attack |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> A total of 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded, making it the deadliest event ever recorded in Hawaii.<ref>{{cite web |title=The deadliest disaster to ever happen in each state |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/the-deadliest-disaster-to-ever-happen-in-each-state/ss-AA15iVyW?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=b852eb5146d44c5497c7b7a63e1e26f8&ei=70#image=12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425014953/https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/the-deadliest-disaster-to-ever-happen-in-each-state/ss-AA15iVyW?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=b852eb5146d44c5497c7b7a63e1e26f8&ei=70#image=12 |archive-date=April 25, 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=MSN}}</ref> Important base installations, such as the power station, [[dry dock]], [[Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard|shipyard]], maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of the [[Station Hypo|intelligence section]]) were not attacked. Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five [[midget submarine]]s lost, and 129 servicemen killed.<ref name=PHFS/><ref name=Kimberly/> [[Kazuo Sakamaki]], the commanding officer of one of the submarines, was captured.
[[Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire|Japan declared war]] on the United States and the British Empire later that day (December 8 in [[Tokyo]]), but the declarations were not delivered until the following day. [[United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan|The British government declared war on Japan]] immediately after learning that their territory had also been attacked, while the following day (December 8), [[United States declaration of war on Japan|the United States Congress declared war on Japan]]. On December 11, though they had no formal obligation to do so under the [[Tripartite Pact]] with Japan, [[German declaration of war against the United States (1941)|Germany]] and [[Italian declaration of war on the United States|Italy]] each declared war on the United States, which responded with a declaration of war against [[1941 United States declaration of war upon Germany|Germany]] and [[United States declaration of war upon Italy|Italy]].
While there were historical precedents for the unannounced military action by Japan, the lack of any formal warning, as required by the [[Hague Convention of 1907]], and the perception that the attack had been unprovoked, led then-[[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], in the opening line of his speech to a [[Joint Session of Congress]] the following day, to famously label December 7, 1941, "[[Day of Infamy speech|a date which will live in infamy]]".
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}
==Background==
{{Main|Prelude to the attack on Pearl Harbor}}
===Diplomacy===
[[File:Pearl Harbor looking southwest-Oct41.jpg|thumb|[[Pearl Harbor]] on October 30, 1941, a month prior to the attack, with skibidi people fanum taxing
everywhere
[[Ford Island]] visible (in the center)]]
War between the [[Empire of Japan]] and the [[United States]] was seen as a possibility since the 1920s. Japan had been wary of American territorial and military expansion in the Pacific and Asia since the late 1890s, followed by the annexation of islands, such as [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom|Hawaii]] and the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippines]], which they felt were close to or within their [[sphere of influence]].{{sfn|Worth|2014}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Bailey|Farber|2019}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{Cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Burress |first=Charles |date=July 19, 2001 |title=Biased history helps feed U.S. fascination with Pearl Harbor |work=The Japan Times |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2001/07/19/commentary/world-commentary/biased-history-helps-feed-u-s-fascination-with-pearl-harbor/ |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812140356/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2001/07/19/commentary/world-commentary/biased-history-helps-feed-u-s-fascination-with-pearl-harbor/ |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |mode=cs2 |title=United States Maritime Expansion across the Pacific during the 19th Century |website=Milestones: 1830–1860 |publisher=United States Department of State, Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/pacific-expansion |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321022956/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/pacific-expansion |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
At the same time, Japanese strategic thinkers believed that Japan needed economic self-sufficiency in order to wage modern war. The experiences of World War I had taught the Japanese that modern wars would be protracted, require total mobilization and create vulnerabilities for [[trade embargo]]es and encirclement. As a consequence, Japan needed access to strategically important resources (e.g. iron, oil) that could not be extracted at sufficient levels in the home islands.{{sfn|Barnhart|1987|pp=17–49}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Iriye |first=Akira |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Origins-of-the-Second-World-War-in-Asia-and-the-Pacific/Iriye/p/book/9780582493490 |title=The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific |date=1987 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-49349-0 |pages=168–177 |language=en |access-date=July 21, 2023 |archive-date=July 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721172204/https://www.routledge.com/The-Origins-of-the-Second-World-War-in-Asia-and-the-Pacific/Iriye/p/book/9780582493490 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Although Japan had begun to take a hostile stance against the United States after the rejection of the [[Racial Equality Proposal]],<ref>{{Cite news |mode=cs2 |last1=Axelrod |first1=Josh |date=August 11, 2019 |title=A Century Later: The Treaty Of Versailles And Its Rejection Of Racial Equality |website=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413202236/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality |url-status=live}}</ref> the relationship between the two countries was cordial enough that they remained trading partners.{{sfn|Lauren|1978}}<ref name="PaW-94,96">{{Harvnb|Department of State|1943|pp=94, 96}}</ref> Tensions did not seriously grow until [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931]]. Over the next decade, Japan expanded into [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], leading to the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] in 1937. Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and endeavored to secure enough independent resources to attain victory on the mainland. The "[[Nanshin-ron|Southern Operation]]" was designed to assist these efforts.{{sfn|Bailey|Farber|2019}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Barnhart|1987}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
Starting in December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on [[USS Panay incident|USS ''Panay'']], the [[John Moore Allison|Allison incident]], and the [[Nanking Massacre]] swung Western public opinion sharply against Japan. The United States unsuccessfully proposed a joint action with the United Kingdom to blockade Japan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gruhl|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA39 39]}}</ref> In 1938, following an appeal by President Roosevelt, American companies stopped providing Japan with implements of war.<ref>{{Harvnb|Gruhl|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA40 40]}}</ref>
In 1940, [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina|Japan invaded French Indochina]], attempting to stymie the flow of supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, [[machine tool]]s, and [[Avgas|aviation gasoline]] to Japan, which the latter perceived as an unfriendly act.{{refn|After it was announced in September that iron and steel scrap export would also be prohibited, Japanese Ambassador Horinouchi protested to Secretary Hull on October 8, 1940, warning this might be considered an "unfriendly act".<ref name="PaW-96">{{Harvnb|Department of State|1943|p=96}}</ref>|group=nb}} The United States did not stop oil exports, however, partly because of the prevailing sentiment in Washington that given Japanese dependence on American oil, such an action was likely to be considered an extreme provocation.{{sfn|Worth|2014}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref name="PaW-94">{{Harvnb|Department of State|1943|p=94}}</ref>
In mid-1940, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] moved the Pacific Fleet from [[San Diego]] to Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Belair |first=Felix Jr. |date=June 23, 1940 |title=Shift of Our Fleet to Atlantic Studied |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/06/23/113094328.pdf |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 28, 2018 }}. "Except for the Atlantic Battle Squadron, the entire fleet is now in the Pacific, based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii."</ref> He also ordered a military buildup in the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippines]], taking both actions in the hope of discouraging Japanese aggression in the Far East. Because the Japanese high command was (mistakenly) certain any attack on the [[List of former European colonies#Asia-Pacific|United Kingdom's Southeast Asian colonies]], including Singapore,<ref>{{Cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Harper |first=Tim |date=August 7, 2009 |title=Japan's Gigantic Second World War Gamble |newspaper=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/07/japan-imperialism-militarism |access-date=December 7, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824111258/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/07/japan-imperialism-militarism}}</ref> would bring the United States into the war, a devastating preventive strike appeared to be the only way to prevent American naval interference.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} An [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|invasion of the Philippines]] was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners. The American [[War Plan Orange]] had envisioned defending the Philippines with an elite force of 40,000 men; this option was never implemented due to opposition from [[Douglas MacArthur#Field Marshal of the Philippine Army|Douglas MacArthur]], who felt he would need a force ten times that size.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} By 1941, American planners expected to have to abandon the Philippines at the outbreak of war. Late that year, Admiral [[Thomas C. Hart]], commander of the [[United States Asiatic Fleet]], was given orders to that effect.{{sfn|Miller|2007|p=63}}
The United States finally ceased oil exports to Japan in July 1941, following the seizure of French Indochina<ref>[https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html Chapter V: The Decision for War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525064812/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html|date=May 25, 2013}} Morton, Louis. ''Strategy and Command: The First Two Years'' 1961</ref> after the [[Fall of France]], in part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption.<ref name="PaW-125">{{Harvnb|Department of State|1943|p=125}}</ref> Because of this decision, Japan proceeded with [[Dutch East Indies campaign|plans to take the oil-rich Dutch East Indies]].{{refn|This was mainly a Japanese Navy preference; the Japanese Army would have chosen to attack the Soviet Union.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Hayashi|1959}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}|group=nb}} On August 17, Roosevelt warned Japan that America was prepared to take opposing steps if "neighboring countries" were attacked.{{sfn|Matloff|Snell|1980}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
Japan and the United States engaged in negotiations during 1941, attempting to improve relations. In the course of these negotiations, Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina after making peace with the Nationalist government. It also proposed to adopt an independent interpretation of the [[Tripartite Pact]] and to refrain from trade discrimination, provided all other nations reciprocated. Washington rejected these proposals. Japanese Prime Minister [[Fumimaro Konoe|Konoe]] then offered to meet with Roosevelt, but Roosevelt insisted on reaching an agreement before any meeting.{{sfn|Matloff|Snell|1980}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Morton|1962|loc=[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-4.html ch. IV: The Fatal Turn]}}</ref> The American ambassador to Japan repeatedly urged Roosevelt to accept the meeting, warning that it was the only way to preserve the conciliatory Konoe government and peace in the Pacific.{{sfn|Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack – "Review of the Diplomatic Conversations"|1946|p=[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#314 314]}} However, his recommendation was not acted upon. The Konoe government collapsed the following month when the Japanese military rejected a withdrawal of all troops from China.<ref name="Chapter V: The Decision for War">{{Harvnb|Morton|1962|loc=[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html ch. V: The Decision for War]}}</ref>
Japan's final proposal, delivered on November 20, offered to withdraw from southern Indochina and to refrain from attacks in Southeast Asia, so long as the United States, United Kingdom, and Netherlands supplied {{convert|1|e6USgal|e6L|abbr=off|sp=us|spell=in}} of aviation fuel, lifted their sanctions against Japan, and ceased aid to China.<ref>{{Cite web |website=www.cv6.org |title=Battle Order Number One: Nov. 28, 1941 |url=http://www.cv6.org/1941/btlord1/btlord1.htm |access-date=March 2, 2020 |archive-date=March 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302183032/http://www.cv6.org/1941/btlord1/btlord1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chapter V: The Decision for War"/> The American counter-proposal of November 26 (November 27 in Japan), the [[Hull note]], required Japan to completely evacuate China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers. On November 26 in Japan, the day before the note's delivery, the Japanese task force left port for [[Pearl Harbor]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Beyond Pearl Harbor: A Pacific History | publisher=University Press of Kansas | author=Bailey, Beth L. | year=2019 | pages=74 | isbn=9780700628131}}</ref>
The Japanese intended the attack as a [[Preventive war|preventive action]] to keep the [[United States Pacific Fleet]] from interfering with their planned military actions in [[Southeast Asia]] against overseas territories of the [[United Kingdom]], the [[Netherlands]], and the United States. Over the course of seven hours, there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the American-held [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Philippines]], [[Battle of Guam (1941)|Guam]], and [[Battle of Wake Island|Wake Island]] and on the [[British Empire]] in [[Japanese invasion of Malaya|Malaya]], [[Battle of Singapore#Outbreak of war|Singapore]], and [[Battle of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].<ref name=Gill85/> From the Japanese point of view, it was seen as a preemptive strike "before the oil gauge ran empty."{{sfn|Worth|2014}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
===Military planning===
[[File:Japanese attack plan at Pearl Harbor, Japan, 1941.jpg|thumb|The [[Empire of Japan]]'s 1941 attack plan on [[Pearl Harbor]]]]
Preliminary planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor to protect the move into the "Southern Resource Area", the Japanese term for the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally, began early in 1941 under the auspices of Admiral [[Isoroku Yamamoto]], then commanding Japan's [[Combined Fleet]].<ref name=Gailey1997p68>{{Harvnb|Gailey|1997|p=68}}</ref><ref>[https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/japanese-announcement-attack-pearl-harbor-1941 ''Japanese announcement of the attack at Pearl Harbor, 1941.''], "History Resources", The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, New York (USA), retrieved 18. Dezember 2023.</ref> He won assent to formal planning and training for an attack from the [[Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff]] only after much contention with Naval Headquarters, including a threat to resign his command.<ref name=Gailey1997p70>{{Harvnb|Gailey|1997|p=70}}</ref> Full-scale planning was underway by early spring 1941, primarily by Rear Admiral [[Ryūnosuke Kusaka]], with assistance from Commander [[Minoru Genda]] and Yamamoto's Deputy Chief of Staff, Captain Kameto Kuroshima.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lord|1957|pp=12–14}}</ref> The planners studied the [[Battle of Taranto|1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet]] at [[Taranto]] intensively.{{refn|"The Dorn report did not state with certainty that Kimmel and Short knew about Taranto. There is, however, no doubt that they did know, as did the Japanese. Lieutenant Commander Takeshi Naito, the assistant [[Military attaché|naval attaché]] to Berlin, flew to Taranto to investigate the attack first hand, and Naito subsequently had a lengthy conversation with Commander [[Mitsuo Fuchida]] about his observations. Fuchida led the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941."<ref>{{Harvnb|Borch|Martinez|2005|pp=53–54}}.</ref>|group=nb}}{{refn|"A [[torpedo bomber]] needed a long, level flight, and when released, its conventional torpedo would plunge nearly a hundred feet deep before swerving upward to strike a hull. Pearl Harbor deep averages 42 feet. But the Japanese borrowed an idea from the British carrier-based torpedo raid on the Italian naval base of Taranto. They fashioned auxiliary wooden tail fins to keep the torpedoes horizontal, so they would dive to only 35 feet, and they added a breakaway "nosecone" of soft wood to cushion the impact with the surface of the water."<ref>{{Harvnb|Gannon|1996|p=49}}</ref>|group=nb}}
Over the next several months, pilots were trained, equipment was adapted, and intelligence was collected. Despite these preparations, Emperor [[Hirohito]] did not approve the attack plan until November 5, after the third of four [[Gozen Kaigi|Imperial Conferences]] called to consider the matter.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wetzler|1998|p=39}}.</ref> At first, he hesitated to engage in war but eventually authorized the Pearl Harbor strike despite dissent from certain advisors.<ref name = "nuclearm">https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/profile/emperor-hirohito/#:~:text=The%20emperor%27s%20office%20signed%20off,his%20ability%20to%20do%20so</ref> Final authorization was not given by the emperor until December 1, after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him the "Hull note" would "destroy the fruits of the China incident, endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea".<ref>{{Harvnb|Bix|2000|p=417}}, citing the Sugiyama memo</ref> Before the attack, he became more involved in military matters, even joining the Conference of Military Councillors, which was considered unusual for him.<ref name="nuclearm"/> Additionally, he actively sought more information about the war plans.<ref name="nuclearm"/> According to an aide, he openly displayed happiness upon hearing about the success of the surprise attacks.<ref name="nuclearm"/>
By late 1941, many observers believed that hostilities between the United States and Japan were imminent. A [[Gallup poll]] just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52% of Americans expected war with Japan, 27% did not, and 21% had no opinion.<ref name="cipo19411208">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RPcuAAAAIBAJ&pg=5721%2C1471377 |title=Gallup Poll Found 52 p.c. of Americans Expected War |work=Ottawa Citizen |date=December 8, 1941 |access-date=November 28, 2011 |author=The Canadian Institute of Public Opinion |page=1 |url-status=live |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812143117/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RPcuAAAAIBAJ&pg=5721%2C1471377}}</ref> While American Pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions, officials doubted Pearl Harbor would be the first target; instead, they expected the Philippines to be attacked first. This presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout the country and the naval base at Manila posed to sea lanes, as well as to the shipment of supplies to Japan from territory to the south.{{refn|Noted by [[Arthur MacArthur Jr.|Arthur MacArthur]] in the 1890s.{{sfn|Manchester|1978|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}}|group=nb}} They also incorrectly believed that Japan was not capable of mounting more than one major naval operation at a time.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
===Objectives===
[[File:PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg|thumb|The route followed by the Japanese fleet to Pearl Harbor and back]]
[[File:A6M2 on carrier Akagi 1941.jpeg|thumb|An Imperial Japanese Navy [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]] fighter on the aircraft carrier ''[[Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi|Akagi]]'']]
The Japanese attack had several major aims. First, it intended to destroy important American fleet units, thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with the Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and enabling Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference. The leaders of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] (IJN) ascribed to [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]]'s "[[decisive battle]]" doctrine, especially that of destroying the maximum number of battleships. Second, it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 [[Two-Ocean Navy Act|Vinson-Walsh Act]] erased any chance of victory.<ref name=Willmott14>{{Harvnb|Willmott|1983|p=14}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Fukudome|1955|p=150}}</ref> Third, to deliver a blow to America's ability to mobilize its forces in the Pacific, battleships were chosen as the main targets, since they were the prestige ships of navies at the time.<ref name=Willmott14/> Finally, it was hoped that the attack would undermine American morale to such an extent that the American government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests and seek a peace compromise.{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Zimm|2011}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
Striking the Pacific Fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor had two distinct disadvantages: the targeted ships would be in very shallow water, so it would be relatively easy to salvage and possibly repair them, and most of the crews would survive the attack since many would be on [[shore leave]] or would be rescued from the harbor. A further important disadvantage was the absence of all three of the Pacific Fleet's aircraft carriers ({{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|2}}, {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|2}}, and {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|2}}). Despite these concerns, Yamamoto decided to press ahead.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Willmott|1983}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Blair|1975}}{{page needed|date=October 2015}}
Japanese confidence in their ability to win a short war meant that other targets in the harbor, especially the navy yard, oil tank farms and submarine base, were left unscathed<!--not exactly ignored: commanders debated another attack to get them, but it was seen as being too risky-->, since by their thinking the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt.{{sfn|Willmott|1983}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
==Approach and attack==
{{See also|Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor}}
[[File:Kirishima Kaga and Hiei at Hitokappu.jpg|thumb|Part of the Japanese task force on November 22, 1941, prior to its departure]]
On November 26, 1941, a Japanese task force (the [[Kido Butai|Striking Force]]) of six aircraft carriers{{snd}}{{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Akagi||2}}, {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Kaga||2}}, {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Sōryū||2}}, {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Hiryū||2}}, {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shōkaku||2}}, and {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Zuikaku||2}}{{snd}}departed [[Kasatka Bay|Hittokapu Bay]] on [[Iturup|Etorofu]] (now Iterup) Island in the [[Kuril Islands]], ''en route'' to a position northwest of Hawaii, intending to launch its 408 aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor: 360 for the two attack waves and 48 on defensive [[combat air patrol]] (CAP), including nine fighters from the first wave.
The first wave was to be the primary attack, while the second wave was to attack carriers as its first objective and cruisers as its second, with battleships as the third target.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimm|2011|p=132}}</ref> The first wave carried most of the weapons designed to attack capital ships, mainly specially adapted [[Type 91 torpedo|Type 91]] [[aerial torpedo]]es which were designed with an anti-roll mechanism and a rudder extension that let them operate in shallow water.<ref>{{Harvnb|Peattie|2001|p=145}}</ref> The aircrews were ordered to select the highest-value targets (battleships and [[aircraft carrier]]s) or, if these were not present, any other high-value ships (cruisers and destroyers). First-wave [[dive bomber]]s were to attack ground targets. Fighters were ordered to strafe and destroy as many parked aircraft as possible to ensure they did not intercept the bombers, especially in the first wave. When the fighters' fuel got low, they were to refuel aboard the aircraft carriers and return to combat. Fighters were to assume CAP duties where needed, especially over American airfields.{{citation needed|date = September 2014}}
Before the attack commenced, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched reconnaissance floatplanes from [[heavy cruiser]]s {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Chikuma|1938|2}} and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Tone|1937|2}}, to scout Oahu and Lahaina Roads, Maui, respectively, with orders to report on American fleet composition and location.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/usar/scrs/scrs2t.htm | title=Japanese Naval Aircraft at Pearl Harbor | publisher=National Park Service | work=21 April 2001 | accessdate=13 April 2024}}</ref> Reconnaissance aircraft flights risked alerting the Americans,<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimm|2011|pp=173, 174}}</ref> and were not necessary. Fleet composition and preparedness information in Pearl Harbor were already known from the reports of the Japanese spy [[Takeo Yoshikawa]]. A report of the absence of the American fleet at Lahaina anchorage off Maui was received from the ''Tone''{{'}}s floatplane and the fleet submarine {{Nowrap|{{Jsub|I-72||2}}}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimm|2011|p=153}}</ref> Another four scout planes patrolled the area between the Japanese carrier force (the [[Kidō Butai]]) and [[Niihau]], to detect any counterattack.<ref name="DiGiulian OOB">{{Harvnb|DiGiulian|2021}}</ref>
===Submarines===
Fleet submarines {{Jsub|I-16||2}}, {{Jsub|I-18||2}}, {{Jsub|I-20||2}}, {{Jsub|I-22|1938|2}}, and {{Jsub|I-24|1939|2}} each embarked a [[Ko-hyoteki class submarine|Type A]] [[midget submarine]] for transport to the waters off Oahu.<ref name="Stewart1974p56">{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|p=56}}</ref> The five I-boats left [[Kure Naval District]] on November 25, 1941.<ref name="Stewart1974p56"/> On December 6, they came to within {{cvt|10|nmi|km mi}} of the mouth of Pearl Harbor<ref>{{Harvnb|Goldstein|Dillon|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=q2pFnALHfykC&pg=PA146 146]}}</ref> and launched their midget subs at about 01:00 local time on December 7.<ref name="Stewart1974p57">{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|p=57}}</ref> At 03:42 Hawaiian time, the [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]] {{USS|Condor|AMc-14|2}} spotted a midget submarine periscope southwest of the Pearl Harbor entrance buoy and alerted the destroyer {{USS|Ward|DD-139|2}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1999|p=36}}</ref><ref name="Stewart1974p58">{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|p=58}}</ref> The midget may have entered Pearl Harbor. However, ''Ward'' sank another midget submarine at 06:37<ref name="Stewart1974p58"/>{{refn|She was located by a [[University of Hawaiʻi]] research submersible on August 28, 2002, in {{cvt|400|m|ft}} of water, {{cvt|6|nmi|km}} outside the harbor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/gallery/archaeology/midget.html |title=Japanese Midget Submarine |access-date=January 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212152317/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/gallery/archaeology/midget.html |archive-date=December 12, 2012 }}</ref>|group=nb}} in the first American shots in the Pacific Theater. A midget submarine on the north side of [[Ford Island]] missed the [[seaplane tender]] {{USS|Curtiss|AV-4|2}} with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer {{USS|Monaghan|DD-354|2}} with her other one before being sunk by ''Monaghan'' at 08:43.<ref name="Stewart1974p58"/>
A third midget submarine, ''[[HA. 19 (Japanese Midget Submarine)|Ha-19]]'', grounded twice, once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of Oahu, where it was captured on December 8.<ref>{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|pp=59–61}}</ref> Ensign [[Kazuo Sakamaki]] swam ashore and was captured by [[Hawaii National Guard]] Corporal [[David Akui]], becoming the first Japanese [[prisoner of war]].{{refn|While the nine sailors who died in the attack were quickly lionized by the Japanese government as ''Kyūgunshin'' ("The Nine War Heroes"), the news of Sakamaki's capture, which had been publicized in American news broadcasts, was kept secret. Even after the war, however, he received recriminating correspondence from those who despised him for not sacrificing his own life.|group=nb}}<ref>{{Citation |title=Kazuo Sakamaki, 81, Pacific P.O.W. No. 1 |date=December 21, 1999 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/21/world/kazuo-sakamaki-81-pacific-pow-no-1.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=March 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911011213/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/21/world/kazuo-sakamaki-81-pacific-pow-no-1.html |url-status=live |archive-date=September 11, 2020}}</ref> A fourth had been damaged by a [[depth charge]] attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes.<ref>{{harvnb|Stewart|1974|pp=61–62}}</ref> It was found outside the harbor in 1960. Japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00:41 on December 8 claiming to have damaged one or more large warships inside Pearl Harbor.<ref name="USSBSp19">{{harvnb|United States Strategic Bombing Survey|1946|p=19}}</ref>
In 1992, 2000, and 2001 [[Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory]]'s submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside Pearl Harbor. The wreck was in the debris field where much surplus American equipment had been dumped after the war, including vehicles and landing craft. Both of its torpedoes were missing. This correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the [[light cruiser]] {{USS|St. Louis|CL-49|2}} at 10:04 at the entrance of Pearl Harbor, and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer {{USS|Helm|DD-388|2}} at 08:21.<ref>{{Harvnb|Zimm|2011|pp=330–341}}</ref> There is dispute over this official chain of events though. The "torpedo" that ''St. Louis'' saw was also reportedly a porpoising minesweeping float being towed by the destroyer {{USS|Boggs|DD-136|2}}.<ref>Owen, RAdm USN, Thomas B. (1989). Memories of the War Years. Vol. I. Washington: Unpublished memoir.</ref> A photo taken by a Japanese naval aviator of Battleship Row during the attack on Pearl Harbor was declassified in the 1990s and publicized in the 2000s to the public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.okhistory.org/learn/ussok2|title=Pearl Harbor | Oklahoma Historical Society|website=Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS}}</ref> According to numerous historians and naval architects, this photo shows that the fifth midget submarine appeared to have fired a torpedo at ''West Virginia'' and another one at ''Oklahoma''. These torpedoes were twice the size of the aerial torpedoes so it was possible that both torpedoes heavily contributed to the sinkings of both ships and especially helped to capsize ''Oklahoma'' because ''Oklahoma'' was the only battleship that day to suffer catastrophic damage to her [[belt armor]] at the waterline from a torpedo. Admiral Chester Nimitz, in a report to Congress, confirmed that one midget submarine's torpedo (possibly from the other midget submarine that fired torpedoes but failed to hit a target) which was fired but did not explode was recovered in Pearl Harbor and was much larger than the aerial torpedoes.<ref>[https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2004/december/pearl-harbor-midget-sub-picture Pearl Harbor: A Midget Sub in the Picture?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042049/https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2004/december/pearl-harbor-midget-sub-picture |date=March 23, 2023 }}, Retrieved 22 March 2023</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCaTpn6F_Ik PBS Pearl Harbor USS Oklahoma The Final Story 2016 Documentary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042048/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCaTpn6F_Ik |date=March 23, 2023 }} (Timestamp: 25:10). Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref>
<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rhbN9NOSag Pearl Harbor midget sub attack: Photographic Evidence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rhbN9NOSag |date=March 23, 2023 }}. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</ref>
===Japanese declaration of war===
{{See also|Japanese war crimes}}
The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but this was not Admiral Yamamoto's intention. He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.historyonthenet.com/when-was-pearl-harbor/ |title=When was Pearl Harbor? |date=2014-11-26 |work=History |access-date=2018-08-17 |archive-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161358/https://www.historyonthenet.com/when-was-pearl-harbor/ |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the attack began before the notice could be delivered. Tokyo transmitted the 5000-word notification (commonly called the "14-Part Message") in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington. Transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it at 1:00{{spaces}}p.m. Washington time, as ordered, and consequently the message was not presented until more than one hour after the attack had {{nowrap|begun{{hsp}}{{mdash}}}}{{hsp}}but in fact, American code breakers had [[Purple cipher|already deciphered]] and translated most of the message hours before it was scheduled to be delivered.{{sfn|Toland|1983}}<ref name=codebreakers>{{cite book |last1=Kahn |first1=David |title=The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet |date=1996 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-0355-5}}</ref>{{rp|pp.2ff}} The final part of the message is sometimes described as a declaration of war. While it was viewed by a number of senior American government and military officials as a very strong indicator negotiations were likely to be terminated{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981|pp=424, 475}} and that war might break out at any moment,{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981|pp=493–494}} it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations. [[Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire|A declaration of war]] was printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8 (late December 7 in the United States),<ref>{{cite web |mode=cs2 |author=Emperor of Japan Hirohito |date=December 8, 1941 |title=Declaration of War against the United States and Britain |url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/inline-pdfs/T-01415_0.pdf |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715210137/https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/inline-pdfs/T-01415_0.pdf |archive-date=July 15, 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History]]}}</ref> but not delivered to the American government until the day after the attack.
For decades, [[conventional wisdom]] held that Japan attacked without first formally breaking diplomatic relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington.<ref>{{Cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Sterngold |first=James |date=November 21, 1994 |title=Japan Admits It Bungled Notice of War in '41 (Published 1994) |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/21/world/japan-admits-it-bungled-notice-of-war-in-41.html |access-date=December 1, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210000317/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/21/world/japan-admits-it-bungled-notice-of-war-in-41.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1999, however, Takeo Iguchi, a professor of law and international relations at [[International Christian University]] in Tokyo, discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how, and indeed whether, to notify Washington of Japan's intention to break off negotiations and start a war, including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying, "[O]ur deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success." Of this, Iguchi said, "The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war, or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations{{spaces}}... and they clearly prevailed."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/09/world/pearl-harbor-truly-a-sneak-attack-papers-show.html |title=Pearl Harbor Truly a Sneak Attack, Papers Show |author=Howard W. French |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 9, 1999 |access-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=December 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205202932/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/09/world/pearl-harbor-truly-a-sneak-attack-papers-show.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Kawabata |first=Tai |date=December 9, 2014 |title=Historian seeks to clear embassy of Pearl Harbor 'sneak attack' infamy |newspaper=[[The Japan Times]] |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/12/09/national/history/historian-seeks-to-clear-embassy-of-pearl-harbor-sneak-attack-infamy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516225555/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/12/09/national/history/historian-seeks-to-clear-embassy-of-pearl-harbor-sneak-attack-infamy/ |archive-date=May 16, 2021}}</ref>
In any event, even if the Japanese had decoded and delivered the 14-Part Message before the beginning of the attack, it would not have constituted either a formal break of diplomatic relations or a declaration of war.<ref>{{harvnb|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981|p=485}}. "[The] fourteenth part was not a formal declaration of war. It did not even rupture diplomatic relations. It merely broke off the discussions."</ref> The final two paragraphs of the message read:<ref>{{cite web |mode=cs2 |date=December 7, 1941 |title=Japanese 'Fourteen Part' Message of December 7, 1941 |type=Memorandum |via=HyperWar Foundation |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/Fourteen.html |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917001957/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/Fourteen.html |archive-date=September 17, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{{blockquote| Thus the earnest hope of the Japanese Government to adjust Japanese-American relations and to preserve and promote the peace of the Pacific through cooperation with the American Government has finally been lost.{{parabr}}The Japanese Government regrets to have to notify hereby the American Government that in view of the attitude of the American Government it cannot but consider that it is impossible to reach an agreement through further negotiations.}}
United States naval intelligence officers were alarmed by the unusual timing for delivering the {{nowrap|message{{hsp}}{{mdash}}{{hsp}}}}1:00{{spaces}}p.m. on a Sunday, which was 7:30{{spaces}}a.m. in {{nowrap|Hawaii{{hsp}}{{mdash}}{{hsp}}}}and attempted to alert Pearl Harbor. But due to communication problems the warning was not delivered before the attack.<ref name=codebreakers/>{{rp|Ch. 1}}
===First wave composition===
[[File:Pearlmap1.png|thumb|The Japanese attacked in two waves. The first wave was detected by [[United States Army]] [[radar]] at {{convert|136|nmi|km|0}}, but was misidentified as [[United States Army Air Forces]] [[bombers]] arriving from the American mainland.<br />'''Top:''' {{nowrap|A: Ford Island NAS.}} {{nowrap|B: Hickam Field.}} {{nowrap|C: Bellows Field.}} {{nowrap|D: Wheeler Field.}} {{nowrap|E: Kaneohe NAS.}} {{nowrap|F: Ewa MCAS.}} {{nowrap|R-1: Opana Radar Station.}} {{nowrap|R-2: Kawailoa RS.}} {{nowrap|R-3: Kaaawa RS.}} {{nowrap|G: Kahuku.}} {{nowrap|H: Haleiwa.}} {{nowrap|I: Wahiawa.}} {{nowrap|J: Kaneohe.}} {{nowrap|K: Honolulu.}} {{nowrap|0: B-17s from mainland.}} {{nowrap|1: First strike group.}} {{nowrap|1-1: Level bombers.}} {{nowrap|1–2: Torpedo bombers.}} {{nowrap|1–3: Dive bombers.}} {{nowrap|2: Second strike group.}} {{nowrap|2-1: Level bombers.}} {{nowrap|2-1F: Fighters.}} {{nowrap|2-2: Dive bombers.}}<br />'''Bottom:''' {{nowrap|A: Wake Island.}} {{nowrap|B: Midway Islands.}} {{nowrap|C: Johnston Island.}} {{nowrap|D: Hawaii.}} {{nowrap|D-1: Oahu.}} {{nowrap|1: {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|2}}.}} {{nowrap|2: {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|2}}.}} {{nowrap|3: First Air Fleet.}}]]
[[File:Pearlmap2.png|thumb|{{legend inline|#E1E1E1|City}} {{legend inline|#4E583F|Army base}} {{legend inline|#808080|Navy base}}<br />'''Attacked targets:''' {{nowrap|1: {{USS|California|BB-44|6}}.}} {{nowrap|2: {{USS|Maryland|BB-46|6}}.}} {{nowrap|3: {{USS|Oklahoma|BB-37|6}}.}} {{nowrap|4: {{USS|Tennessee|BB-43|6}}.}} {{nowrap|5: {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|6}}.}} {{nowrap|6: {{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}}.}} {{nowrap|7: {{USS|Nevada|BB-36|6}}.}} {{nowrap|8: {{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|6}}.}} {{nowrap|9: [[Ford Island|Ford Island NAS]].}} {{nowrap|10: [[Hickam Air Force Base|Hickam field]].}}<br />'''Ignored infrastructure targets:''' {{nowrap|A: Oil storage tanks.}} {{nowrap|B: CINCPAC headquarters building.}} {{nowrap|C: Submarine base.}} {{nowrap|D: Navy Yard.}}]]
The first attack wave of 183 airplanes, led by Commander [[Mitsuo Fuchida]], was launched north of Oahu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fuchida|2011|loc=chs. 19, 20}}</ref> Six airplanes failed to launch due to technical difficulties.<ref name="DiGiulian OOB" /> The first wave included three groups of airplanes:{{refn|The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, Planning and Execution. First wave: 189 planes, 50 Kates w/bombs, 40 Kates with torpedoes, 54 Vals, 45 Zekes Second wave: 171 planes, 54 Kates w/bombs, 81 Vals, 36 Zekes. The Combat Air Patrol over the carriers alternated 18 plane shifts every two hours, with 18 more ready for takeoff on the flight decks and an additional 18 ready on hangar decks.<ref name="IJN">{{cite web |title=Aircraft Attack Organization |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/PTO-Campaigns/USSBS-PTO-2.html#appendix3 |publisher=Ibiblio.org |access-date=July 17, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623081726/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/PTO-Campaigns/USSBS-PTO-2.html |archive-date=June 23, 2011}}</ref>|group=nb}}
*'''1st Group''' (targets: battleships and aircraft carriers)<ref name="navsource-ijnaf">{{Harvnb|Yarnell|2003}}</ref>
**49 [[Nakajima B5N]] ''Kate'' bombers armed with 800{{nbh}}kg (1760{{spaces}}lb) [[armor-piercing bomb]]s, organized in four sections (one failed to launch)
**40 B5N bombers armed with [[Type 91 torpedo]]es, also in four sections
*'''2nd Group''' – (targets: [[Ford Island]] and [[Wheeler Field]])
**51 [[Aichi D3A]] ''Val'' dive bombers armed with {{cvt|550|lb|kg|0}} [[general-purpose bomb]]s (3 failed to launch)
*'''3rd Group''' – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe)
**43 [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero|Mitsubishi A6M "Zero"]] fighters for air control and [[strafe|strafing]]<ref name="IJN" /> (2 failed to launch)
As the first wave approached Oahu, it was [[Radar warning of Pearl Harbor attack|detected]] by United States Army [[SCR-270 radar]] positioned at [[Opana Radar Site|Opana Point]] near the island's northern tip. This post had been in training mode for months, but was not yet operational.<ref>{{harvnb|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981|pp=730–731}}. "'Short mishandled radar{{spaces}}...' In his (Short's) words '...{{spaces}}more for training than any idea it would be real'".</ref> The operators, Privates George Elliot Jr. and [[Joseph Lockard]], reported a target to Private [[Joseph P. McDonald]], a private stationed at [[Fort Shafter]]'s Intercept Center near Pearl Harbor.<ref>{{Harvnb|Evans|1998|p=309}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |mode=cs2 |author=<!--Staff, no by-line--> |date=December 6, 2013 |title=Son recounts father's day during bombing of Pearl Harbor |newspaper=New Haven Register |url=https://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/Son-recounts-father-s-day-during-bombing-of-11416239.php |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817215302/https://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/Son-recounts-father-s-day-during-bombing-of-11416239.php |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |mode=cs2 |title=Testimony of Joseph P. McDonald, Technician Fourth-Class; 580th Aircraft Warning |series=Proceedings of Army Pearl Harbor Board |pages=2121–2123 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/myths/radar/mcdonald_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421035329/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/myths/radar/mcdonald_1.html |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |url-status=live |via=iBiblio.org}}</ref> Lieutenant [[Kermit A. Tyler]], a newly assigned officer at the thinly manned Intercept Center, presumed it was the scheduled arrival of six [[Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17]] bombers from California. The Japanese planes were approaching from a direction very close (only a few degrees difference) to the bombers,<ref>{{Harvnb|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1988|p=98}}</ref> and while the operators had never seen a formation as large on radar, they neglected to tell Tyler of its size.<ref name="prange501">{{harvnb|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981|pp=500–501}}</ref> Tyler, for security reasons, could not tell the operators of the six B-17s that were due (even though it was widely known).<ref name="prange501"/>
As the first wave approached Oahu, they encountered and shot down several American aircraft. At least one of these radioed a somewhat incoherent warning. Other warnings from ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed or awaiting confirmation when the Japanese air assault began at 7:48{{spaces}}a.m. Hawaiian time<ref name="Prange 1941, p.174">{{harvnb|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1988|p=174}}</ref> (3:18{{spaces}}a.m. December 8 [[Japanese Standard Time]], as kept by ships of the ''Kido Butai''),<ref>{{Harvnb|Symonds|2011|p=218}}</ref> with the attack on Kaneohe. A total of 353<ref name="parillo288"/> Japanese planes reached Oahu in two waves. Slow, vulnerable torpedo bombers led the first wave, exploiting the first moments of surprise to attack the most important ships present (the battleships), while dive bombers attacked American [[Military airbase|air bases]] across Oahu, starting with [[Hickam Field]], the largest, and [[Wheeler Field]], the main United States Army Air Forces fighter base. The 171 planes in the second wave attacked the Army Air Forces' [[Bellows Field]], near Kaneohe on the windward side of the island, and Ford Island. The only aerial opposition came from a handful of [[P-36 Hawk]]s, [[P-40 Warhawk]]s and some [[SBD Dauntless]] dive bombers from the carrier {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|2}}.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}{{refn|In the twenty-five sorties flown, USAF Historical Study No.85 credits six pilots with ten planes destroyed: 1st Lieutenant Lewis M. Sanders (P-36) and 2nd Lieutenants Philip M Rasmussen (P-36), Gordon H. Sterling Jr. (P-36, [[killed in action]]), Harry W. Brown (P-36), [[Kenneth M. Taylor]] (P-40, 2), and [[George Welch (pilot)|George S. Welch]] (P-40, 4). Three of the P-36 kills were not verified by the Japanese and may have been shot down by naval [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] fire.<ref>{{cite report |author=Office of Air Force History |date=1978 |title=USAF Credits for the Destruction of Enemy Aircraft, World War II |series=USAF Historical Study |volume=85 |id={{DTIC|ADA542272}} |publisher=Alfred F. Simpson Historical Research Center |location=Montgomery, AL}}
</ref>{{pages needed|date=January 2024}}|group=nb}}
In the first-wave attack, about eight of the forty-nine 800{{nbh}}kg (1760{{spaces}}lb) armor-piercing bombs dropped hit their intended battleship targets. At least two of those bombs broke up on impact, another detonated before penetrating an unarmored deck, and one was a dud. Thirteen of the forty torpedoes hit battleships, while four hit other ships.{{sfn|Hone|1977}} Men aboard the ships awoke to the sounds of alarms, bombs exploding, and gunfire, prompting them to dress as they ran to [[General quarters|General Quarters]] stations. (The famous message, "Air raid Pearl Harbor. This is not<!--sic--> drill.",{{refn|Odd though it may sound, "not" is correct, in keeping with standard Navy telegraphic practice. This was confirmed by Beloite and Beloite after years of research and debate.|group=nb}} was sent from the headquarters of Patrol Wing Two, the first senior Hawaiian command to respond.) American servicemen were caught unprepared by the attack. Ammunition lockers were locked, aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip in the open to prevent sabotage,<ref name="parillo293">{{Harvnb|Parillo|2006|p=293}}</ref> guns unmanned (none of the Navy's [[5"/38 caliber gun|5"/38s]], only a quarter of its machine guns, and only four of 31 Army batteries got in action).<ref name="parillo293" /> Despite this low [[Alert state|alert status]], many American military personnel responded effectively during the attack.{{refn|The gunners that did get in action scored most of the victories against Japanese aircraft that morning, including the first of the attack by {{USS|Tautog|SS-199|2}}, and [[Dorie Miller]]'s [[Navy Cross]]-worthy effort. Miller was an African-American cook aboard ''West Virginia'' who took over an unattended [[anti-aircraft gun]] on which he had no training. He was the first African-American sailor to be awarded the [[Navy Cross]].<ref name="navyfaq57">{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-m/miller-doris.html |title=Miller, Doris |website=Naval History and Heritage Command |date=June 6, 2017 |access-date=February 8, 2018 |archive-date=May 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511152931/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-m/miller-doris.html |url-status=live }}</ref>|group=nb}} Ensign [[Joseph K. Taussig Jr.|Joseph Taussig Jr.]], aboard {{USS|Nevada|BB-36|2}}, commanded the ship's antiaircraft guns and was severely wounded but remained at his post. Lieutenant Commander F. J. Thomas commanded ''Nevada'' in the captain's absence and got her underway until the ship was grounded at 9:10{{spaces}}a.m.<ref>{{Harvnb|Bonner|1996|p=105}}</ref> One of the destroyers, {{USS|Aylwin|DD-355|2}}, got underway with only four officers aboard, all ensigns, none with more than a year's sea duty; she operated at sea for 36 hours before her commanding officer managed to get back aboard.<ref>{{Harvnb|DANFS ''Aylwin''}}</ref> Captain [[Mervyn Bennion]], commanding {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|2}}, led his men until he was cut down by fragments from a bomb which hit {{USS|Tennessee|BB-43|2}}, moored alongside.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographical Sketch of Mervyn S. Bennion |url=https://www.usswestvirginia.org/stories/story.php?id=10 |access-date=August 30, 2021 |website=USSWestVirginia.org |archive-date=May 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529125155/https://www.usswestvirginia.org/stories/story.php?id=10 |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Second wave composition===
[[File:B5N2 Bomber "Kate" Over Hickam Field.jpg|thumb|Second wave B5N2 Bomber ''Kate'' Over Hickam Field]]
[[File:Message pertaining to the attack on Pearl Harbor. - NARA - 296806.jpg|thumb|This message, in response to the question "Is channel clear?" denotes the first U.S. ship, relates to orders for {{USS|St. Louis|CL-49|2}} to clear [[Pearl Harbor]]. It is now housed with the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]]]
The second planned wave consisted of 171 planes: 54 B5Ns, 81 D3As, and 36 A6Ms, commanded by [[Lieutenant-Commander]] [[Shigekazu Shimazaki]].<ref name="IJN"/> Four planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties.<ref name="DiGiulian OOB" /> This wave and its targets also comprised three groups of planes:<ref name="IJN"/>
*'''1st Group''' – 54 B5Ns armed with {{cvt|550|lb|kg|0}} and {{cvt|132|lb|kg}} general-purpose bombs<ref name="navsource-ijnaf" />
**27 B5Ns – aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point
**27 B5Ns – hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field
*'''2nd Group''' (targets: aircraft carriers and cruisers)
**78 D3As armed with {{cvt|550|lb|kg|0}} general-purpose bombs, in four sections (3 aborted)
*'''3rd Group''' – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe)
**35 A6Ms for defense and strafing (1 aborted)
The second wave was divided into three groups. One was tasked to attack Kāne{{okina}}ohe, the rest Pearl Harbor proper. The separate sections arrived at the attack point almost simultaneously from several directions.
===American casualties and damage===
{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 880
| image1 = The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = ''Arizona'' during the attack
| image2 = USS Nevada passing seaplane ramp prior to first grounding NARA 80-G-32894.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = ''Nevada'', on fire and down at the bow, attempting to leave the harbor before being deliberately beached
| image3 = USS West Virginia2.jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = ''West Virginia'' was sunk by six torpedoes and two bombs during the attack.
| image4 = SB2U-3 VMSB-231 Ewa 7Dec1941.jpg
| alt4 =
| caption4 = A destroyed [[Vought SB2U Vindicator|Vindicator]] at [[Marine Corps Air Station Ewa|Ewa field]], the victim of one of the smaller attacks on the approach to Pearl Harbor
}}
Ninety minutes after it began, the attack was over. 2,008 sailors were killed and 710 others wounded; 218 soldiers and airmen (who were part of the Army prior to the independent [[United States Air Force]] in 1947) were killed and 364 wounded; 109 Marines were killed and 69 wounded; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded. In total, 2,403 Americans were killed, and 1,178 were wounded.<ref>{{Cite web |mode=cs2 |url=https://visitpearlharbor.org/faqs/how-many-people-died-at-pearl-harbor-during-the-attack/ |title=How many people died at Pearl Harbor during the attack? |website=Pearl Harbor Visitors Bureau |url-status=live |access-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-date=August 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817124953/https://visitpearlharbor.org/faqs/how-many-people-died-at-pearl-harbor-during-the-attack/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Jennifer |date=January 23, 2019 |title=Facts About the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/pearl-harbor-facts-1779469 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020725/https://www.thoughtco.com/pearl-harbor-facts-1779469 |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |access-date=December 10, 2021 |website=ThoughtCo. Humanities > History & Culture |mode=cs2}}</ref> Eighteen ships were sunk or run aground, including five battleships.{{sfn|Conn|Engelman|Fairchild|2000|p=194}}<ref>{{Harvnb|Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack – "The Japanese Attack And Its Aftermath" |1946 |loc=Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack |pp=[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_2.html#64 64–65]}}</ref> All of the Americans killed or wounded during the attack were legally non-combatants, given that there was no state of war when the attack occurred.{{sfn|McCaffrey|2004|pp=210–229}}{{sfn|Shepherd|2004|p=57}}
Of the American fatalities, nearly half were due to the explosion of {{USS|Arizona|BB-39|2}}'s forward [[Gunpowder magazine|magazine]] after she was hit by a modified {{convert|16|in|mm|adj=on}} shell.{{refn|The wreck has become a [[USS Arizona Memorial|memorial]] to those lost that day, most of whom remain within the ship. She continues to leak small amounts of [[fuel oil]], decades after the attack.|group=nb}} Author Craig Nelson wrote that the vast majority of the U.S. sailors killed at Pearl Harbor were junior enlisted personnel. "The officers of the Navy all lived in houses and the junior people were the ones on the boats, so pretty much all of the people who died in the direct line of the attack were very junior people", Nelson said. "So everyone is about 17 or 18 whose story is told there."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uso.org/stories/1732-9-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor |title=9 Things You Might Not Know About the Attack on Pearl Harbor |author=Chad Stewart |date=December 1, 2018 |publisher=[[United Service Organizations]] |access-date=March 31, 2019 |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331220410/https://www.uso.org/stories/1732-9-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor |url-status=live}}</ref>
Among the notable [[civilian casualties]] were nine [[Honolulu Fire Department]] firefighters who responded to Hickam Field during the bombing in Honolulu, becoming the only fire department members on American soil to be attacked by a foreign power in history. Fireman Harry Tuck Lee Pang of Engine{{spaces}}6 was killed near the hangars by machine-gun fire from a Japanese plane. Captains Thomas Macy and John Carreira of Engine{{spaces}}4 and Engine{{spaces}}1, respectively, died while battling flames inside the hangar after a Japanese bomb crashed through the roof. An additional six firefighters were wounded by Japanese shrapnel. The wounded later received [[Purple Heart]]s (originally reserved for service members [[Wounded in action|wounded]] by enemy action while partaking in armed conflicts) for their peacetime actions that day on June 13, 1944; the three firefighters killed did not receive theirs until December 7, 1984, on the 43rd anniversary of the attack. This made the nine men the only non-military firefighters to receive such an award in American history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firehouse.com/home/article/10447100/fire-service-history-firefighters-at-dec-7-pearl-harbor-attack-firefighter-history |title=Fire History: Dec. 7, 1941: A Day of Infamy And Fire |author=Paul Hashgen |date=November 1, 2011 |publisher=Firehouse |access-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401085357/https://www.firehouse.com/home/article/10447100/fire-service-history-firefighters-at-dec-7-pearl-harbor-attack-firefighter-history |url-status=live}}</ref>
Already damaged by a torpedo and on fire amidships, ''Nevada'' attempted to exit the harbor. She was targeted by many Japanese bombers as she got under way and sustained more hits from {{cvt|250|lb|kg|0}} bombs, which started further fires. She was deliberately beached to avoid risking blocking the harbor entrance if she sank there. {{USS|California|BB-44|2}} was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes. The crew might have kept her afloat, but were ordered to abandon ship just as they were raising power for the pumps. Burning oil from ''Arizona'' and {{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|2}} was drifted down toward her and probably made the situation look worse than it was. The disarmed [[target ship]] {{USS|Utah|BB-31|2}} was holed twice by torpedoes. ''West Virginia'' was hit by seven torpedoes, the seventh tearing away her rudder. {{USS|Oklahoma|BB-37|2}} was hit by four torpedoes, the last two above her [[belt armor]], which caused her to capsize. {{USS|Maryland|BB-46|2}} was hit by two of the converted 16" shells, but neither caused serious damage.
Although the Japanese concentrated on battleships (the largest vessels present), they did not ignore other targets. The light cruiser {{USS|Helena|CL-50|2}} was torpedoed, and the concussion from the blast capsized the neighboring minelayer {{USS|Oglala|CM-4|2}}. Two destroyers in [[dry dock]], {{USS|Cassin|DD-372|2}} and {{USS|Downes|DD-375|2}}, were destroyed when bombs penetrated their fuel [[Bunker fuel|bunkers]]. The leaking fuel caught fire; flooding the dry dock in an effort to fight fire made the burning oil rise, and both were burned out. ''Cassin'' slipped from her keel blocks and rolled against ''Downes''. The light cruiser {{USS|Raleigh|CL-7|2}} was holed by a torpedo. The light cruiser {{USS|Honolulu|CL-48|2}} was damaged but remained in service. The repair vessel {{USS|Vestal|AR-4|2}}, moored alongside ''Arizona'', was heavily damaged and beached. The seaplane tender ''Curtiss'' was also damaged. The destroyer {{USS|Shaw|DD-373|2}} was badly damaged when two bombs penetrated her forward magazine.<ref>{{Harvnb|DANFS ''Shaw''}}</ref>
Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii, 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged, 155 of them on the ground.<ref name="parillo288" /> Almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base. Eight Army Air Forces pilots managed to get airborne during the attack,{{sfn|Dorr|Borch|2008}} and six were credited with downing at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack: 1st Lieutenant Lewis M. Sanders and 2nd Lieutenants [[Phil Rasmussen|Philip M. Rasmussen]], [[Kenneth M. Taylor]], [[George Welch (pilot)|George S. Welch]], [[Harry W. Brown (pilot)|Harry W. Brown]], and Gordon H. Sterling Jr.{{sfn|Arakaki|1991|loc=ch. IV}}{{sfn|Potter|1982}} Of 33 [[Consolidated PBY Catalina]]s in Hawaii, 30 were destroyed, while three on patrol at the time of the attack returned undamaged. Friendly fire brought down some American planes on top of that, including four from an inbound flight from {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6|2}}.{{sfn|Toland|1970|p=235}}
At the time of the attack, nine civilian aircraft were flying in the vicinity of Pearl Harbor. Of these, three were shot down.<ref name="ALA">{{Harvnb|Watson|2007|p=[{{Google books|IHb_geGUpFcC|p=592|plainurl=yes}} 592]}}</ref>
===Japanese losses===
Fifty-five Japanese airmen and nine submariners were killed in the attack, and one, [[Kazuo Sakamaki]], was captured. Of Japan's 414<ref name="IJN"/> available planes, 350 took part in the raid. Twenty-nine were lost, nine in the first wave (three fighters, one dive bomber, and five torpedo bombers) and twenty in the second (six fighters and fourteen dive bombers),<ref name="USSBSp18">{{harvnb|United States Strategic Bombing Survey|1946|p=18}}</ref>{{refn|[[USAAF]] pilots of the 46th and 47th Pursuit Squadrons, 15th Pursuit Group, claim to have destroyed ten. Overall, the Americans claimed to have shot down 41 Japanese aircraft.|group=nb}} with another 74 damaged by antiaircraft fire from the ground.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
===Possible third wave===
According to some accounts, several Japanese junior officers, including Fuchida and Genda, urged Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to sink more of the Pearl Harbor's remaining warships, and damage the base's maintenance shops, drydock facilities and oil tank yards.<ref name=Gailey1997p68 /> Most notably, Fuchida gave a firsthand account of this meeting several times after the war. However, some historians have [[Mitsuo Fuchida#Historical controversy|cast doubt]] on this and many other of Fuchida's later claims, which sometimes conflict with documented historic records.{{sfn|Parshall|2010}} Genda, who opined during the planning for the attack that [[Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor#Concept of Japanese invasion of Hawaii|without an invasion]] three strikes were necessary to fully disable the Pacific Fleet,{{sfn|Caravaggio|2014}} denied requesting an additional attack.{{sfn|Willmott|2001|p=156–157}} Regardless, it is undisputed that the captains of the other five carriers in the task force reported they were willing and ready to carry out a third strike soon after the second returned,{{sfn|Horn|2005|p=16}} but Nagumo decided to withdraw for several reasons:
*American anti-aircraft performance had improved considerably during the second strike, and two-thirds of Japan's losses were incurred during the second wave.{{sfn|Hoyt|2000|p=190}}
*Nagumo felt if he launched a third strike, he would be risking three-quarters of the Combined Fleet's strength to wipe out the remaining targets (which included the facilities) while suffering higher aircraft losses.{{sfn|Hoyt|2000|p=190}}
*The location of the American carriers remained unknown. In addition, the admiral was concerned his force was now within range of American land-based bombers.{{sfn|Hoyt|2000|p=190}} Nagumo was uncertain whether the United States had enough surviving planes remaining on Hawaii to launch an attack against his carriers.{{sfn|Hoyt|2000|p=191}}
*A third wave would have required substantial preparation and turnaround time, and would have meant returning planes would have had to land at night. At the time, only the [[Royal Navy]] had developed night carrier techniques, so this was a substantial risk.{{sfn|Stephen|1988|pp=34–38}} The first two waves had launched the entirety of the Combined Fleet's air strength. A third wave would have required landing both the first and second wave before launching the first wave again. Compare Nagumo's situation in the [[Battle of Midway]], where an attack returning from Midway kept Nagumo from launching an immediate strike on American carriers.
*The task force's fuel situation did not permit him to remain in waters north of Pearl Harbor much longer, since he was at the very limit of logistical support. To do so risked running unacceptably low on fuel, perhaps even having to abandon destroyers en route home.{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1988|p={{Page needed|date=August 2021}}}}
*He believed the second strike had essentially accomplished the mission's main objective (neutralizing the United States Pacific Fleet) and did not wish to risk further losses.{{sfn|Gailey|1997|p=97}} Moreover, it was IJN practice to prefer the conservation of strength over the total destruction of the enemy.{{sfn|Willmott|1983|p=16}}
Although a hypothetical third strike would have likely focused on the base's remaining warships,{{refn|Fuchida would later claim he had designated Pearl Harbor's oil storage facilities as the primary target, although this contradicted Japanese military doctrine and even several interviews on the subject he had given earlier in life {{sfn|Parshall|2010}}}} military historians have suggested any potential damage to the shore facilities would have hampered the Pacific Fleet far more seriously.{{sfn|Willmott|1983}}{{page needed|date=December 2015}}{{sfn|Blair|1975}}{{page needed|date=December 2015}} If they had been wiped out, "serious [American] operations in the Pacific would have been postponed for more than a year";{{sfn|Gailey|1997|pp=97–98}} according to Admiral [[Chester W. Nimitz]], later Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, "it would have prolonged the war another two years".{{sfn|Yergin|1991|p=327}}
At a conference aboard his flagship the following morning, Yamamoto supported Nagumo's withdrawal without launching a third wave.{{sfn|Gailey|1997|p=97}} In retrospect, sparing the vital dockyards, maintenance shops, and the oil tank farm meant the United States could respond relatively quickly in the Pacific. Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo's decision to withdraw and categorically stated it had been a great mistake not to order a third strike.{{sfn|Gailey|1997|p=98}}
==Ships lost or damaged==
{{Further|List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941}}
[[File:NH64486 Wallin aboard BB-44.jpg|thumb|Captain [[Homer N. Wallin]] (center) supervises salvage operations aboard {{USS|California|BB-44|6}} in early 1942]]
Twenty-one American ships were damaged or lost in the attack, of which all but three were repaired and returned to service.{{sfn|Wallin|1968|pp=203–269}}
===Battleships===
*{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|2}} (Rear Admiral [[Isaac C. Kidd]]'s flagship of [[ComBatPac|Battleship Division One]]): hit by four armor-piercing bombs, exploded; total loss, not salvaged. 1,177 dead. Later [[USS Arizona Memorial|memorialized]].
*{{USS|Oklahoma|BB-37|2}}: hit by five torpedoes, capsized; total loss, salvaged, sank en route to scrapping May 1947. 429 dead.
*{{USS|West Virginia|BB-48|2}}: hit by two bombs, seven torpedoes, sunk; returned to service July 1944. 106 dead.
*{{USS|California|BB-44|2}}: hit by two bombs, two torpedoes, sunk; returned to service January 1944. 104 dead.<ref>[https://www.dpaa.mil/News-Stories/News-Releases/PressReleaseArticleView/Article/2874015/uss-california-sailor-accounted-for-from-world-war-ii-simmons-t/ USS California Sailor Accounted For From World War II (Simmons, T.)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325053444/https://www.dpaa.mil/News-Stories/News-Releases/PressReleaseArticleView/Article/2874015/uss-california-sailor-accounted-for-from-world-war-ii-simmons-t/ |date=March 25, 2023 }}. Retrieved 25 March 2023</ref>
*{{USS|Nevada|BB-36|2}}: hit by six bombs, one torpedo, beached; returned to service October 1942. 60 dead.
*{{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|2}} (Admiral [[Husband E. Kimmel]]'s flagship of the [[United States Pacific Fleet]]):{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1981|p=49}} in [[dry dock]] with ''Cassin'' and ''Downes'', hit by one bomb and debris from USS ''Cassin''; remained in service. 9 dead.
*{{USS|Tennessee|BB-43|2}}: hit by two bombs; returned to service February 1942. 5 dead.
*{{USS|Maryland|BB-46|2}}: hit by two bombs; returned to service February 1942. 4 dead (including floatplane pilot shot down).
===Ex-battleship (target/AA training ship)===
*{{USS|Utah|BB-31|2}}: hit by two torpedoes, capsized; total loss, salvage stopped. 64 dead.
===Cruisers===
*{{USS|Helena|CL-50|2}}: hit by one torpedo; returned to service January 1942. 20 dead.
*{{USS|Raleigh|CL-7|2}}: hit by one torpedo; returned to service February 1942.<ref>{{cite DANFS| url= https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/r/raleigh-iii.html| title= Raleigh III (CL-7) | publisher= [[Naval History and Heritage Command]]| date= 26 August 2015 | access-date= 30 January 2024| ref= {{sfnRef|DANFS|2015}} }}</ref>{{PD-notice}}
*{{USS|Honolulu|CL-48|2}}: near miss, light damage; remained in service.
===Destroyers===
*{{USS|Cassin|DD-372|2}}: in drydock with ''Downes'' and ''Pennsylvania'', hit by one bomb, burned; reconstructed and returned to service February 1944.
*{{USS|Downes|DD-375|2}}: in drydock with ''Cassin'' and ''Pennsylvania'', caught fire from ''Cassin'', burned; reconstructed and returned to service November 1943.
*{{USS|Helm|DD-388|2}}: underway to West Loch, damaged by two near-miss bombs;{{sfn|Wallin|1968|p=198}} continued patrol; dry-docked January 15, 1942, and sailed January 20, 1942.
*{{USS|Shaw|DD-373|2}}: hit by three bombs; returned to service June 1942.
===Auxiliaries===
*{{USS|Oglala|CM-4|2}} (minelayer): damaged by torpedo hit on ''Helena'', capsized; returned to service (as engine-repair ship) February 1944.
*{{USS|Vestal|AR-4|2}} (repair ship): hit by two bombs, blast and fire from ''Arizona'', beached; returned to service by August 1942.
*{{USS|Curtiss|AV-4|2}} (seaplane tender): hit by one bomb, one crashed Japanese aircraft; returned to service January 1942. 19 dead.
*{{USS|Sotoyomo|YTM-9|2}} (harbor tug): damaged by explosion and fires in ''Shaw''; sunk; returned to service August 1942.
*{{USS|YFD-2|YFD-2|2}} ([[Auxiliary floating drydock|yard floating dock]]): damaged by bombs; sunk; returned to service January 25, 1942, servicing ''Shaw''.
==Salvage==
After a systematic search for survivors, Captain [[Homer N. Wallin]] was ordered to lead a formal salvage operation.{{sfn|Wallin|1968|p=v}}{{refn| Wallin had been assigned to go to [[Massawa]] in East Africa. The harbor there was blocked by scuttled Italian and German ships, which prevented British use of the port. Commander [[Edward Ellsberg]] was sent instead.{{sfn|Ellsberg|1946}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} |group=nb}}
Around Pearl Harbor, divers from the Navy (shore and tenders), the [[Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard]], and civilian contractors ([[Pacific Bridge Company]] and others) began work on the ships that could be refloated. They patched holes, cleared debris, and pumped water out of ships. [[Melvin Storer]] and other Navy divers worked inside the damaged ships.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Gribble |first=Joanne |date=1975-12-07 |title=Telegram was wrong: 'Dead' man tells tale about Pearl Harbor Day |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/imperial-beach-star-news-telegram-was-wr/126665399/ |journal=[[The Star-News (Chula Vista, California)|The Star-News]] |volume=45 |issue=80 |pages=17 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Within six months, five battleships and two cruisers were patched or refloated so they could be sent to shipyards in Pearl Harbor and on the mainland for extensive repair.<ref name="GrierCSM">{{cite web |last=Grier |first=Peter |date=December 7, 2021 |title=Pearl Harbor resurrection: the warships that rose to fight again |publisher=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Decoder/2012/1207/Pearl-Harbor-resurrection-the-warships-that-rose-to-fight-again |access-date=December 10, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008202956/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Decoder/2012/1207/Pearl-Harbor-resurrection-the-warships-that-rose-to-fight-again |archive-date=October 8, 2021}}</ref>
Intensive salvage operations continued for another year, a total of some 20,000 man-hours under water.{{sfn|Raymer|1996}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} ''Arizona'' and the target ship ''Utah'' were too heavily damaged for salvage and remain where they were sunk,<ref name="usnp-pearl-battleship">{{cite web |title=Battleship Row |url=https://www.nps.gov/valr/learn/historyculture/battleship-row.htm |website=US National Park Service |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=July 2, 2019 |archive-date=March 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312072705/https://www.nps.gov/valr/learn/historyculture/battleship-row.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> with ''Arizona'' becoming a [[USS Arizona Memorial|war memorial]]. ''Oklahoma'', while successfully raised, was never repaired and capsized while under tow to the mainland in 1947. The ''Nevada'' proved particularly difficult to raise and repair; two men involved in the operation died after inhaling poisonous gases that had accumulated in the ship's interior.<ref name="GrierCSM"/> When feasible, armament and equipment were removed from vessels too damaged to repair and put to use aboard other craft. {{citation needed|date=October 2021}}
==News coverage==
=== Coverage in the United States ===
[[File:USS Downes (DD-375), USS Cassin (DD-372) and USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) in Dry Dock No. 1 at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard, 7 December 1941 (306533).jpg|thumb|The {{USS|Pennsylvania|BB-38|2}} behind the wreckage of ''Downes'' and ''Cassin'']]
The initial announcement of the attack on Pearl Harbor was made by the White House Press Secretary, [[Stephen Early]], at 2:22{{spaces}}p.m. Eastern time (8:52{{spaces}}a.m. Hawaiian time): "The Japanese have attacked Pearl Harbor from the air and all naval and military activities on the island of Oahu, principal American base in the Hawaiian islands."<ref>"Planes Blast U.S. Naval Bases; No Warning Is Given", ''Lawton Constitution'', December 7, 1941, Extra Edition, at 1.</ref> As information developed, Early made a number of additional announcements to approximately 150 White House reporters over the course of the afternoon.<ref>"War Brings a Tense Day to White House Press Room", ''Washington Post'', December 8, 1941, at 4.</ref>
Initial reports of the attack moved on news wires at approximately 2:25{{spaces}}p.m. Eastern time. The first radio coverage (which, at the time, represented the earliest opportunity for ordinary people to learn of the attack) was on the CBS radio network's scheduled news program, ''World News Today'', at 2:30{{spaces}}p.m. Eastern time. [[John Charles Daly]] read the initial report, then switched to London, where [[Robert Trout]] ad-libbed on the possible London reaction. The first report on NBC cut into a play, a dramatization of ''The Inspector-General'', at 2:33{{spaces}}p.m. Eastern time and lasted only 21 seconds. Unlike the later practice with major news stories, there were only brief interruptions of scheduled commercial programming.<ref>{{cite news |mode=cs2 |last=McDonough |first=John |date=December 6, 1991 |title=Hear It Now: Pearl Harbor Day Radio |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |page=A13}}</ref> The attacks were covered on television but the extent of it was limited; as commercial television had started just 6 months earlier, "a few thousand TV sets existed" in the United States with most being in the [[New York metropolitan area|Greater New York City area]] and only a handful of stations existed which were in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and Philadelphia. [[WNBC|WNBT]] from New York was the only TV station that was regularly airing that day in the country with the comedy movie ''[[Millionaire Playboy]]'' which was scheduled for 3:30-4:30 PM being interrupted with the news of the attack. The other know station to cover the attacks was WCBW also from New York which prepared a special report on the attack and was broadcast that evening. There are no recordings of either stations coverage either visual or audio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2016 |title=A FORGOTTEN MILESTONE: TELEVISION AND PEARL HARBOR |url=https://www.tvobscurities.com/lost/forgotten-milestone-television-pearl-harbor/ |access-date=February 16, 2024 |website=Television Obscurities: Exploring forgotten TV from the 1920s to today.}}</ref>
A contemporaneous newspaper report compared the attack to the [[Battle of Port Arthur]] in which the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the Imperial Russian Navy, triggering the [[Russo-Japanese War]], 37 years prior.<ref>{{Cite web |mode=cs2 |last=Butcher |first=Clifford F. |date=January 19, 1942 |title=Port Arthur Was 'the Pearl Harbor of 1904' |newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19420119&id=-e4ZAAAAIBAJ&pg=4412,1516787 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515202140/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19420119&id=-e4ZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8SIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4412,1516787 |archive-date=May 15, 2016 }}</ref> Modern writers have continued to note parallels between the attacks, albeit more dispassionately.{{sfn|Peck|2016}}
=== Coverage in Japan ===
News of the attack was first broadcast at 11:30 AM ([[Japan Standard Time|Japanese Standard Time]]) but however earlier at "shortly after" 7 AM (Japanese Standard Time) it was announced Japan "entered into a situation of war with the United States and Britain in the Western Pacific before dawn." without any further elaboration or explanation and after the attacks had already finished which was at 5:30 AM JST.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hotta |first=Eri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pOS_5EfYtEEC |title=Japan 1941: Countdown to Infamy |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |year=2013 |chapter=PROLOGUE: What A Difference a Day Makes |isbn=978-0-385-35051-8 |access-date=February 22, 2024 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The attack on Pearl Harbor was covered in the Japanese press but during World War II and by this point the press was heavily censored.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kunii |first=Maiko |url=https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7744&context=etd_theses |title=Asahi Shimbun and The New York Times: Framing Pearl Harbor and the 9/11 Attacks |publisher=San Jose State University |year=2012 |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref> One Japanese newspaper, [[The Asahi Shimbun|The ''Asahi Shimbun'']] did report on the attack the day it occurred and from that point onward the editorials begun to back governmental decisions regardless of what they were.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yoshimoto |first=Hideko |url=https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1813&context=etd_theses |title=Media treatment of World War II in Japan and the United States, 1931-1945: a propaganda theory approach (unpublished) |publisher=San Jose State University |year=1994 |pages=81–83 |access-date=February 16, 2024}}</ref> It also reported the declaration of war on the United States after the attacks framing it as an Imperial Order with most Japanese people taking it that way as opposed to the ''New York Times'' writing which focused on "the danger to democracy and to the nation" because of the attacks.<ref name=":0" /> [[NHK]] broadcast 12 special news reports along with its 6 regularly scheduled ones that day.<ref name=":1" />
==Aftermath==
{{Main|Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor|Day of Infamy speech}}{{History of Hawaii}}
[[File:Remember december 7th.jpg|thumb|A 1942 poster by [[Allen Saalburg]] issued by the [[United States Office of War Information]]]]
The day after the attack, U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] delivered his famous [[Day of Infamy speech]] to a [[Joint Session of Congress]], calling for a [[United States declaration of war on Japan|formal declaration of war on the Empire of Japan]]. Congress obliged his request less than an hour later. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, even though the Tripartite Pact did not require it.{{refn|The pact had one of its objectives limiting US intervention in conflicts involving the three nations.<ref>{{Harvnb|Liddell Hart|1971|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofsecondw00lidd/page/n225/206 206]}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Shirer|1960|p=[https://archive.org/details/risefallthirdreich00shir/page/873/ 873]}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Keegan|1990|p=[https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00john/page/130/ 130]}}</ref>|group=nb}} Congress issued a declaration of war against Germany and Italy later that same day.
The United Kingdom had already been at war with Germany since September 1939 and with Italy since June 1940, and British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] had promised to declare war "within the hour" of a Japanese attack on the United States.<ref>{{cite magazine |mode=cs2 |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772812,00.html |magazine=Time |title=The U.S. At War, The Last Stage |date=December 15, 1941 |access-date=August 12, 2014 |archive-date=August 10, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810134435/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,772812,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Upon learning of the Japanese attacks on [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Colony of Singapore|Singapore]], and [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], Churchill promptly determined there was no need to either wait or further consult the US government and immediately summoned the Japanese Ambassador. As a result, [[United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan|the United Kingdom declared war on Japan]] nine hours before the United States did.
The attack was an initial shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater. Further losses compounded the alarming setback. Japan [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|attacked the Philippines]] hours later (because of the time difference, it was December 8 in the Philippines). Only three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, [[sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse|the battleship ''Prince of Wales'' and battlecruiser ''Repulse'' were sunk]] off the coast of Malaya, causing Churchill later to recollect "In all the war I never received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California. Over this vast expanse of waters, Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked."<ref>{{Harvnb|Churchill|Gilbert|2001|pp=1593–1594}}</ref>
Throughout the war, Pearl Harbor was frequently used in [[American propaganda during World War II|American propaganda]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Rhodes|1987|p=257}}</ref>
One further consequence of the attack on Pearl Harbor and its aftermath (notably the [[Niihau incident]]) was that Japanese-American residents and citizens were relocated to nearby [[Japanese-American internment]] camps. Within hours of the attack, hundreds of Japanese-American leaders were rounded up and taken to high-security camps such as [[Sand Island (Hawaii)|Sand Island]] at the mouth of Honolulu harbor and [[Kilauea Military Camp]] on the [[Hawaii (island)|island of Hawaii]].{{sfn|Levine|1995}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{cite web |mode=cs2 |title=The Untold Story |publisher=Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaiʻi |website=The Untold Story: Internment of Japanese Americans in Hawaiʻi |url=https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/untold-story/untold-story |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813150853/https://www.hawaiiinternment.org/untold-story/untold-story |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Eventually, more than 110,000 Japanese Americans, nearly all who lived on the West Coast, were forced into interior camps, but in [[Territory of Hawaii|Hawaii]], where the 150,000-plus Japanese Americans composed over one-third of the population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were interned.{{sfn|Daniels|1972}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pearlharboroahu.com/after.htm |title=What Happened After the Attack? |access-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201005141/http://www.pearlharboroahu.com/after.htm |archive-date=December 1, 2011 |website=The Official Pearl Harbor Tour Site}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newmexicohistory.org/2014/01/17/japanese-american-internment-camps-in-new-mexico-1942-1946/ |title=Japanese-American Internment Camps in New Mexico 1942-1946 |website=New Mexico History.org |access-date=December 7, 2021 |archive-date=October 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017223234/https://newmexicohistory.org/2014/01/17/japanese-american-internment-camps-in-new-mexico-1942-1946/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
The attack also had international consequences. The Canadian province of [[British Columbia]], bordering the Pacific Ocean, had long had a large population of Japanese immigrants and their [[Japanese Canadians|Japanese-Canadian]] descendants. Pre-war tensions were exacerbated by the Pearl Harbor attack, leading to a reaction from the [[government of Canada]]. On February 24, 1942, Order-in-Council P.C. no. 1486 was passed under the [[War Measures Act]], allowing for the forced removal of any and all Canadians of Japanese descent from British Columbia, as well as prohibiting them from returning to the province. On March 4, regulations under the act were adopted to evacuate Japanese Canadians.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/canada-gazette/093/001060-119.01-e.php?image_id_nbr=335121&document_id_nbr=8985&f=g&PHPSESSID=t6i5g5h5dhq1c9qvlkttga2l80 |title=Regulations made 4 March 1942 |access-date=November 23, 2016 |archive-date=November 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124025400/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/canada-gazette/093/001060-119.01-e.php?image_id_nbr=335121&document_id_nbr=8985&f=g&PHPSESSID=t6i5g5h5dhq1c9qvlkttga2l80 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, 12,000 were [[interned]] in interior camps, 2,000 were sent to road camps, and another 2,000 were forced to work in the [[Canadian Prairies|prairies]] on sugar beet farms.<ref>{{Cite conference |mode=cs2 |ref={{harvid|War Measures Act Conference|1978}} |date=1978 |title=The Japanese Canadian Experience: The October Crisis |conference=War Measures Act Conference (1977, McMaster University) |publisher=P. Anas Pub. |location=London, Ontario |pages=12–14}}</ref>
In the wake of the attack, 15 [[Medal of Honor|Medals of Honor]], 51 [[Navy Cross]]es, 53 [[Silver Star]]s, four [[Navy and Marine Corps Medal]]s, one [[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]], four [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Crosses]], one [[Navy Distinguished Service Medal|Distinguished Service Medal]], and three [[Bronze Star Medal]]s were awarded to the American servicemen who distinguished themselves in combat at Pearl Harbor.<ref>{{Harvnb|Smith|1999}}{{page needed|date=September 2010}}.</ref> Additionally, a special [[Awards and decorations of the United States military|military award]], the [[Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal]], was later authorized for all military veterans of the attack.
===Niihau Incident===
{{Main|Niihau incident}}
[[File:Nishikaichi's Zero BII-120.jpg|thumb|Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi's aircraft ten days after it crashed]]
Japanese planners of the Pearl Harbor attack had determined that some means were required for rescuing fliers whose aircraft were damaged too badly to return to the carriers. The island of [[Niihau]], only thirty minutes by air from Pearl Harbor, was designated as the rescue point.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
During the second wave, a Zero fighter flown by Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi of ''Hiryu'' was damaged in the attack on Wheeler, so he flew to the rescue point. The aircraft was further damaged on his crash landing. Nishikaichi was helped from the wreckage by one of the Native Hawaiians, who, aware of the tension between the United States and Japan, took the pilot's pistol, maps, codes and other documents. The island's residents had no telephones or radios and were completely unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Nishikaichi enlisted the support of three Japanese-American residents in an attempt to recover the documents. During the ensuing struggles, Nishikaichi was killed, and a Hawaiian civilian was wounded; one collaborator committed suicide, and his wife and the third collaborator were sent to prison.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
The ease with which the local ethnic Japanese residents had apparently gone to Nishikaichi's assistance was a source of concern for many and tended to support those who believed that local Japanese could not be trusted.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fuchida|2011|pp=293–294}}</ref>
===Strategic implications===
Rear Admiral [[Chūichi Hara]] summed up the Japanese result by saying, "We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war."<ref>{{Harvnb|Haufler|2003|p=127}}</ref>
While the attack accomplished its intended objective, it turned out to be largely unnecessary. Unbeknownst to Yamamoto, who conceived the original plan, the United States Navy had decided as far back as 1935 to abandon "charging" across the Pacific towards the Philippines in response to an outbreak of war (in keeping with the evolution of [[War Plan Orange|Plan Orange]]).{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} The United States instead adopted "[[Plan Dog]]" in 1940, which emphasized keeping the IJN out of the eastern Pacific and away from the shipping lanes to Australia, while the United States concentrated on defeating Nazi Germany.<ref>{{harvnb|Hakim|1995}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Source is a textbook written for middle-school kids or younger, which does not meet the requirements of reliable tertiary sources for this type of article.|date=December 2021}}
Fortunately for the United States, the American aircraft carriers were untouched; otherwise the Pacific Fleet's ability to conduct offensive operations would have been crippled for a year or more (given no diversions from the Atlantic Fleet). As it was, the Navy was left with no choice but to rely on carriers and submarines. While six of the eight battleships were repaired and returned to service, their relatively low speed and high fuel consumption limited their deployment, and they served mainly in shore bombardment roles (their only major action being the [[Battle of Surigao Strait]] in October 1944). A major flaw in Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be fought by battleships, in keeping with the doctrine of Captain [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]]. As a result, Yamamoto (and his successors) hoarded battleships for a "decisive battle" that never happened.{{sfn|Willmott|1983}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Miller|2007}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}
The Japanese confidence in their ability to win a quick victory meant that they neglected Pearl Harbor's navy repair yards, oil tank farms, submarine base and old headquarters building.{{sfn|Willmott|1983}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}} All of these targets were omitted from Genda's list, yet they proved more important than any battleship to the American war effort in the Pacific. The survival of the repair shops and fuel depots allowed Pearl Harbor to maintain logistical support of the Navy,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://combinedfleet.com/battles/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor |title=Attack on Pearl Harbor | Nihon Kaigun |publisher=Combinedfleet.com |access-date=March 6, 2014 |archive-date=March 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319100939/http://combinedfleet.com/battles/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kalonanews.com/articles/2013/04/17/community/doc516eb7c9cbba1744569185.txt |title=Pearl Harbor vet remembers Dec. 7, 1941, sneak attack |work=The [[Kalona, Iowa|Kalona]] News |date=April 17, 2013 |access-date=March 6, 2014 |archive-date=August 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130801200017/http://www.kalonanews.com/articles/2013/04/17/community/doc516eb7c9cbba1744569185.txt }}</ref> such as the [[Doolittle Raid]] and the [[Battle of the Coral Sea|Battles of the Coral Sea]] and [[Battle of Midway|Midway]]. It was submarines that immobilized the Imperial Japanese Navy's heavy ships and brought Japan's economy to a virtual standstill by crippling the importation of oil and raw materials: by the end of 1942, the amount of raw materials brought in was cut in half, "to a disastrous ten million tons", while oil "was almost completely stopped".{{refn|In less than eleven months, most of Japan's elite naval aviators who had been at Pearl Harbor were lost in subsequent battles. Lack of fuel and an inflexible training policy meant that they could not be replaced.{{sfn|Evans|Peattie|1997}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}|group=nb}} Lastly, the basement of the Old Administration Building was the home of the [[Station HYPO|cryptanalytic unit]] which contributed significantly to the Midway ambush and the Submarine Force's success.<ref>{{harvnb|Blair|1975|pp=360, 816}}</ref>
===Retrospective debate on American intelligence===
{{Main|Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory}}
[[File:Arizona Memorial Wall.jpg|thumb|The [[USS Arizona Memorial|USS ''Arizona'' Memorial]]]]
Ever since the Japanese attack, there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught unaware, and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans and related topics. As early as 1924, Chief of United States Air Service [[Mason Patrick]] showed concern for military vulnerabilities in the Pacific, having sent General [[Billy Mitchell]] on a survey of the Pacific and the East. Patrick called Mitchell's subsequent report, which identified vulnerabilities in Hawaii, a "theoretical treatise on employment of airpower in the Pacific, which, in all probability undoubtedly will be of extreme value some 10 or 15 years hence".{{sfn|Wolk|2007}}
At least two naval war games, one in 1932 and another in 1936, proved that Pearl was vulnerable to such an attack. Admiral [[James O. Richardson|James Richardson]] was removed from command shortly after protesting President Roosevelt's decision to move the bulk of the Pacific fleet to Pearl Harbor.{{sfn|Wallin|1968}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{cite web |mode=cs2 |date=December 15, 2020 |title=Commander at Pearl Harbor relieved of his duties |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/commander-at-pearl-harbor-canned |access-date=December 8, 2021 |website=History.com |archive-date=April 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425072542/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/commander-at-pearl-harbor-canned |url-status=live}}</ref> The decisions of military and political leadership to ignore these warnings have contributed to conspiracy theories. Several writers, including decorated World War{{spaces}}II veteran and journalist [[Robert Stinnett]], author of ''[[Day of Deceit]]'', and former United States Rear Admiral [[Robert Alfred Theobald]], author of ''The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor: The Washington Background of the Pearl Harbor Attack'', have argued that various parties high in the American and British governments knew of the attack in advance and may even have let it happen or encouraged it in order to force the United States into the war via the so-called "back door". However, this [[Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory|conspiracy theory]] is rejected by mainstream historians.{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1986}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Prados|1995|pp=[https://archive.org/details/combinedfleetdec00prad/page/161 161–177]}}{{sfn|Budiansky|2002}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Stevenson |first=Richard W. |date=August 3, 1994 |title=New Light Shed on Churchill and Pearl Harbor |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/03/world/new-light-shed-on-churchill-and-pearl-harbor.html |access-date=March 4, 2014 |archive-date=July 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715175819/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/03/world/new-light-shed-on-churchill-and-pearl-harbor.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|[[Gordon Prange]] specifically addresses some revisionist works, including [[Charles A. Beard]], ''President Roosevelt and the Coming War 1941''; [[William Henry Chamberlin]], ''America's Second Crusade''; [[John T. Flynn]], ''The Roosevelt Myth''; George Morgenstern, ''Pearl Harbor''; Frederic R. Sanborn, ''Design for War''; [[Robert Alfred Theobald]], ''The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor''; Harry E. Barnes, ed., ''Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace'' and ''The Court Historians versus Revisionism''; [[Husband E. Kimmel]], ''Admiral Kimmel's Story''.{{sfn|Prange|Goldstein|Dillon|1991|p=867}}|group=nb}}
The theory that the Americans were warned in advance, however, is supported by statements made by [[Dick Ellis]], a British-Australian intelligence officer for MI6 who helped [[William J. Donovan]] set up the [[Office of Strategic Services]]. Ellis was deputy to [[William Stephenson]] at [[British Security Co-ordination]]. In [[Jesse Fink]]'s 2023 biography of Ellis, ''The Eagle in the Mirror'', Ellis is quoted as saying: "[Stephenson] was convinced from the information that was reaching him that this attack was imminent, and through [[James Roosevelt|Jimmy Roosevelt]], President Roosevelt's son, he passed this information to the President. Now whether the President at that time had other information which corroborated this... it's impossible to say."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fink |first1=Jesse |title=The Eagle in the Mirror |date=2023 |publisher=Black & White Publishing |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9781785305108 |page=101}}</ref>
==In popular culture==
{{Main|Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture}}
==See also==
{{Div col}}
*[[List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor]]
*[[National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day]]
*[[Operation K]]
*[[Pearl Harbor National Memorial]]
*[[Pearl Harbor Survivors Association]]
*[[Winds Code]]
{{Div col end}}
==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em|group=nb}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist|20em}}
===Bibliography===
====Books====
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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*{{Citation |editor1-last=Bailey |editor1-first=Beth |editor2-last=Farber |editor2-first=David |date=July 2019 |title=Beyond Pearl Harbor: A Pacific History |publisher=University Press of Kansas |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqmp3br |jstor=j.ctvqmp3br |isbn=978-0-7006-2813-1 |s2cid=240888293}}
*{{Citation |last=Barnhart |first=Michael A. |date=1987 |title=Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919–1941 |url=https://archive.org/details/japanpreparesfor00barn_0/ |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-1915-7 |access-date=December 8, 2021 |url-access=registration }}
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*{{Citation |last1=Borch |last2=Martinez |first1=Frederic L. |first2=Daniel |date=2005 |title=Kimmel, Short, and Pearl Harbor: The Final Report Revealed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jQfiAmaX9IC |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-59114-090-0 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=April 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426061825/http://books.google.com/books?id=7jQfiAmaX9IC |url-status=live }}
*{{Citation |last=Budiansky |first=Stephen |date=2002 |title=Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-1734-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/battleofwitscomp00step |url-access=registration |access-date=December 9, 2021 }}
*{{Citation |last1=Churchill |first1=Winston |last2=Gilbert |first2=Martin |date=2001 |title=The Churchill War Papers: The Ever-Widening War |volume=3 |chapter=December 1941 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vx3lMi6AKmIC&pg=PA1593 |location=London, New York |publisher=W.W. Norton |isbn=0-393-01959-4 |author-link=Winston Churchill |access-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812233258/https://books.google.com/books?id=vx3lMi6AKmIC&pg=PA1593 |url-status=live }}
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*{{Citation |last=Daniels |first=Roger |date=1972 |title=Concentration Camps USA: Japanese Americans and World War II |location=New York |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston}}
*{{Citation |last=Ellsberg |first=Edward |date=1946 |title=Under the Red Sea Sun Commander |publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company |url=https://archive.org/details/underredseasun00ells/ |url-access=registration |access-date=December 9, 2021 |author-link=Edward Ellsberg }}
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*{{Citation |last=Lord |first=Walter |date=1957 |title=Day of Infamy |edition=50th Anniversary |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=0-8050-1898-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/dayofinfamy00walt/ |url-access=registration |access-date=December 9, 2021 }}
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*{{Citation |last1=Prange |first1=Gordon William |last2=Goldstein |first2=Donald M. |last3=Dillon |first3=Katherine V. |date=1981 |title=At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=0-07-050669-8 |author1-link=Gordon Prange |url=https://archive.org/details/atdawnwesleptun00pran/ |url-access=registration }}
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*{{Citation |last1=Prange |first1=Gordon William |last2=Goldstein |first2=Donald M. |last3=Dillon |first3=Katherine V. |date=1986 |title=Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-07-050668-X |url=https://archive.org/details/pearlharborverdi00pran/ |url-access=registration }}
*{{Citation |last1=Prange |first1=Gordon William |last2=Goldstein |first2=Donald M. |last3=Dillon |first3=Katherine V. |date=1988 |title=December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-050682-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/dec71941dayjapan00gold |url-access=registration }}
*{{Citation |last=Prados |first=John |date=1995 |title=Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=1-55750-431-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/combinedfleetdec00prad/ }}
*{{Citation |last=Raymer |first=E. C. |date=1996 |title=Descent Into Darkness |publisher=Presidio Press}}
*{{Citation |last=Rhodes |first=Anthony |date=1987 |title=Propaganda: The Art of Persuasion: World War II |orig-date=1976 |publisher=The Wellfleet Press |url=https://archive.org/details/propagandaartofp0000rhod/ |url-access=registration }}
*{{Citation |last=Shepherd |first=Dennis W. |date=September 22, 2004 |title=Returning Son: From Baghdad, Kentucky to Baghdad, Iraq (and Back) |publisher=[[AuthorHouse]]}}
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*{{Citation |last=Smith |first=Carl |date=1999 |title=Pearl Harbor 1941: The Day of Infamy |series=Campaign Series |volume=62 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=1-85532-798-8}}
*{{Citation |last=Symonds |first=Craig L. |date=2011 |title=The Battle Of Midway |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
*{{Citation |last=Stephen |first=Martin |date=1988 |title=Sea Battles in Close-up: World War 2 |volume=1 |pages=34–38 |location=Shepperton, Surrey |publisher=Ian Allan |isbn=0-7110-1596-1 |editor-last=Grove |editor-first=Eric |url=https://archive.org/details/seabattlesinclos00mart |url-access=registration }}
*{{Citation |last=Thomas |first=Evan |title=Sea of Thunder: Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign 1941–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-bOZnz2At0C |date=2007 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-5222-5 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906075842/https://books.google.com/books?id=G-bOZnz2At0C |url-status=live }}
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*{{Citation |last=Toland |first=John |date=1983 |title=Infamy: Pearl Harbor and its Aftermath |publisher=Berkley |isbn=0-425-05991-X |location=New York |oclc=9331838}}
*{{Citation |last=Wallin |first=Homer N. |date=1968 |title=Pearl Harbor: Why, How, Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal |chapter-url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/war-and-conflict/wwii/pearl-harbor/pearlharborwallin/d767_92_w3.pdf |publisher=Naval History Division |pages=203–269 |chapter=Ships Sunk at Pearl Harbor |access-date=July 30, 2018 |archive-date=July 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730202728/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/war-and-conflict/wwii/pearl-harbor/pearlharborwallin/d767_92_w3.pdf |url-status=live }}
*{{Citation |last=Watson |first=Patrick |date=December 1, 2007 |title=Watson's Really Big WWII Almanac, Volume 2: July to December |publisher=[[Xlibris Corporation|Xlibris]] |isbn=978-1-4257-8993-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHb_geGUpFcC |access-date=December 9, 2021 |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801205402/https://books.google.com/books?id=IHb_geGUpFcC |url-status=live }}
*{{Citation |last=Wetzler |first=Peter |title=Hirohito and war: imperial tradition and military decision making in prewar Japan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWqEkwH1KRMC |date=1998 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1925-5 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801205337/https://books.google.com/books?id=BWqEkwH1KRMC |url-status=live }}
*{{Citation |last=Willmott |first=H. P. |date=1983 |title=The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies, February to June 1942 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-092-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/barrierjavelin00hpwi/ |url-access=registration |access-date=December 8, 2021 }}
*{{cite book |last=Willmott |first=H.P. |title=Pearl Harbor |year=2001 |publisher=Cassell & Co. |location=London, England |isbn=978-0-304-35884-7}}
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*{{Citation |last=Yergin |first=Daniel |date=1991 |title=The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=0-671-79932-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/prizeepicques00yerg }}
*{{Citation |last=Zimm |first=Alan D. |title=Attack on Pearl Harbor: Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgkaTwEACAAJ |date=2011 |location=Havertown, Pennsylvania |publisher=Casemate Publishers |isbn=978-1-61200-010-7 |access-date=June 27, 2015 |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906070947/https://books.google.com/books?id=LgkaTwEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
====US government documents====
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{Citation |author=Department of State |title=Peace and War, United States Foreign Policy 1931–1941 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Dip/PaW/ |date=1943 |place=Washington D.C. |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |access-date=December 8, 2007 |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512150939/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/paw/ |url-status=live }}
*{{Citation |last1=Matloff |first1=Maurice |last2=Snell |first2=Edwin M. |date=1980 |title=Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–1942 |orig-date=1952 |chapter=IV: The Showdown with Japan: August–December 1941 |series=[[United States Army in World War II]] |publisher=[[US Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington, D.C. |id=CMH Pub 1-3 |url=https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/Sp1941-42/index.htm |access-date=December 10, 2021 |chapter-url=https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/Sp1941-42/chapter4.htm |archive-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210084845/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/Sp1941-42/index.htm |url-status=live }}
*{{Citation |last=Morton |first=Louis |date=1962 |title=Strategy and Command: The First Two Years |series=[[United States Army in World War II]] |publisher=[[US Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington, D.C. |id=CMD Pub 5-1 |url=https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/ |via=HyperWar Foundation |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211231320/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/ |archive-date=February 11, 2021 |url-status=live }}
*{{Cite report |mode=cs2 |last=Nimitz |first=Chester |date=February 15, 1942 |title=CINCPAC Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor, 7 December, 1941 |at=Enclosure (C) Damages Sustained by Ships as a Results of the Japanese Raid, December 7, 1941 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/rep/Pearl/CinCPac-Damage.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111235255/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/rep/Pearl/CinCPac-Damage.html |archive-date=January 11, 2012 |url-status=live |via=HyperWar Foundation |id=Cincpac File No. A16-3/Serial 0479 }}
*{{Citation |ref={{harvid|United States Strategic Bombing Survey|1946}} |author=United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific), Naval Analysis Division |editor-last=Daniels |editor-first=Gordon |title=The Campaigns of the Pacific War |date=1946 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/campaignsofpacif46unit/ |access-date=December 7, 2021 }}
*{{Citation |title=U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor |url=http://ww2db.com/doc.php?q=45 |date=1942 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113234417/http://ww2db.com/doc.php?q=45 |url-status=live |publisher=United States National Archives, Modern Military Branch |access-date=December 25, 2007 |archive-date=January 13, 2008 }}
*{{Citation |title=Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_0.html |date=1946 |ref={{harvid|Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack – "The Japanese Attack And Its Aftermath"|1946}} |chapter=Part II: The Japanese Attack And Its Aftermath |chapter-url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_2.html |place=Washington D.C. |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |access-date=December 8, 2007 |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501061754/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_0.html |url-status=live }}
*{{Citation |title=Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack |date=1946 |ref={{harvid|Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack – "Review of the Diplomatic Conversations"|1946}} |chapter=Appendix D: Review of the Diplomatic Conversations |place=Washington D.C. |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |url-status=live |chapter-url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#314 |archive-date=April 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429222741/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#314 }}
*{{Cite DANFS |ref={{Harvid|DANFS ''Aylwin''}} |title=USS ''Aylwin'' III (DD-355) |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/aylwin-iii.html |access-date=December 10, 2021}}
*{{Cite DANFS |ref={{Harvid|DANFS ''Shaw''}} |title=USS ''Shaw'' II (DD-373) |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/shaw-ii.html |access-date=December 11, 2021}}
{{refend}}
====Journal articles====
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite journal |mode=cs2 |last=Caravaggio |first=Angelo N. |title='Winning' the Pacific War: The Masterful Strategy of Commander Minoru Genda |journal=Naval War College Review |date=Winter 2014 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=85–118 |url=https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/59d3fa3c-3a53-49f6-9f28-6f0358389db8/-Winning--the-Pacific-War--The-Masterful-Strategy-.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190848/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/59d3fa3c-3a53-49f6-9f28-6f0358389db8/-Winning--the-Pacific-War--The-Masterful-Strategy-.aspx |archive-date=July 14, 2014 }}
*{{Cite journal |mode=cs2 |last=Lauren |first=Paul Gordon |date=1978 |title=Human Rights in History: Diplomacy and Racial Equality at the Paris Peace Conference |journal=Diplomatic History |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=257–278 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x |jstor=24909920 |s2cid=154765654 |issn=0145-2096}}
*{{Cite journal |mode=cs2 |last=Wilford |first=Timothy |title=Decoding Pearl Harbor: USN Cryptanalysis and the Challenge of JN-25B in 1941 |journal=[[The Northern Mariner]] |volume=XII |number=1 |pages=17–37 |date=January 2002 |doi=10.25071/2561-5467.571 |s2cid=247550000 |url=https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol12/nm_12_1_17to37.pdf |access-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705080832/https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol12/nm_12_1_17to37.pdf |url-status=live }}
*{{cite journal |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command/[[United States Naval War College]] ([[United States Department of the Navy]]) |publication-place=[[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], [[Rhode Island]], United States of America |issn=0028-1484 |lccn=75617787 |oclc=01779130 |date=21 March 2010 |title=Reflecting on Fuchida or "A Tale of Three Whoppers" |jstor=26397106 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=127–138 |access-date=15 August 2021 |first=Jonathan |last=Parshall |journal=Naval War College Review |url=http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/612aa0c4-47a1-4107-afbb-17fa992adf59/Reflecting-on-Fuchida,-or--A-Tale-of-Three-Whopper |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127070529/http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/612aa0c4-47a1-4107-afbb-17fa992adf59/Reflecting-on-Fuchida,-or--A-Tale-of-Three-Whopper |archive-date=27 November 2011 }}
*{{cite journal |mode=cs2 |last=Potter |first=Joseph V. |date=Winter 1982 |title=A Handful of Pilots |journal=Journal of American Aviation Historical Society |pages=282–285 |url=http://aviation.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/A-Handful-of-Pilots.pdf |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093542/http://aviation.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/A-Handful-of-Pilots.pdf |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
====Magazine articles====
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{Citation |last1=Dorr |first1=Robert F. |author1-link=Robert F. Dorr |last2=Borch |first2=Fred L. |title=Pajama-clad pilot took on Japanese at Pearl Harbor |magazine=[[Army Times]] |date=December 8, 2008 |url=http://www.armytimes.com/offduty/travel/airforce_history_120808w/ |access-date=October 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102094911/http://www.armytimes.com/offduty/travel/airforce_history_120808w/ |archive-date=January 2, 2013 }}
*{{Citation |last=Fukudome |first=Shigeru |author-link=Shigeru Fukudome |date=December 1955b |volume=81 |issue=12 |pages=13, 15–31 |title=Hawaii Operation |magazine=[[Proceedings (magazine)|Proceedings]] |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1955/december/hawaii-operation |url-access=subscription |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210054032/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1955/december/hawaii-operation |url-status=live }}
*{{Citation |last=Hone |first=Thomas C. |date=December 1977 |title=The Destruction of the Battle Line at Pearl Harbor |magazine=[[Proceedings (magazine)|Proceedings]] |volume=103 |issue=12 |pages=56–57 |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1977/december/destruction-battle-line-pearl-harbor |url-access=subscription |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210205857/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1977/december/destruction-battle-line-pearl-harbor |url-status=live }}
*{{Citation |last=Peck |first=Michael |date=August 5, 2016 |title=Russia's Pearl Harbor: The Battle of Port Arthur |magazine=[[The National Interest]] |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/russias-pearl-harbor-the-battle-port-arthur-17260 |access-date=June 26, 2019 |archive-date=August 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814234939/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/russias-pearl-harbor-the-battle-port-arthur-17260 |url-status=live }}
*{{Citation |last=Stewart |first=A. J. |date=December 1974 |title=Those Mysterious Midgets |magazine=[[Proceedings (magazine)|Proceedings]] |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]]}}
*{{Citation |last=Wolk |first=Herman S. |date=July 2007 |title=Mason Patrick's Inside Game |magazine=Air Force Magazine |publisher=Air Force Association |url=http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2007/July%202007/0707mason.aspx |access-date=July 13, 2019 |archive-date=July 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715002734/http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2007/July%25202007/0707mason.aspx |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
====Online sources====
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite web |mode=cs2 |last=Bjorkman |first=James |date=March 2, 2019 |title=December 7, 1941: Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor |publisher=Filminspector.com |url=https://worldwartwodaily.filminspector.com/2019/03/december-7-1941-japan-attacks-pearl.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111526/https://worldwartwodaily.filminspector.com/2019/03/december-7-1941-japan-attacks-pearl.html |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=March 3, 2019}}
*{{cite web |mode=cs2 |last=DiGiulian |first=Tony |date=March 7, 2021 |title=Order of Battle: Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 |publisher=Navweaps.com |url=http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Pearl_Harbor.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630214745/http://navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Pearl_Harbor.htm |archive-date=June 30, 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2021}}
*{{cite web |mode=cs2 |last=Yarnell |first=Paul R. |date=November 2003 |title=Organization of the Japanese Air Attack Units December 7, 1941 |url=http://www.navsource.org/Naval/ijnaf.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213181330/http://www.navsource.org/Naval/ijnaf.htm |url-status=live |publisher=NavSource Naval History |access-date=December 8, 2007 |archive-date=December 13, 2007}}
{{refend}}
===Further reading===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{Citation |last=Beach |first=Edward L. Jr. |date=1995 |title=Scapegoats: A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=1-55750-059-2 |author-link=Edward L. Beach, Jr.}}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last1=Clausen |first1=Henry C. |last2=Lee |first2=Bruce |date=2001 |title=Pearl Harbor: Final Judgment |publisher=HarperCollins}}. An account of the secret "[[Clausen Inquiry]]" undertaken late in the war by order of Congress to Secretary of War [[Henry L. Stimson]]. Clausen was given the authority to go anywhere and question anyone under oath. Ultimately, he traveled more than 55,000 miles and interviewed over a hundred US and British Army, Navy, and civilian personnel, in addition to being given access to all relevant Magic intercepts.
*{{cite journal |mode=cs2 |last1=Condon-Rall |first1=M. E. |date=1989 |title=The U.S. Army medical department and the attack on Pearl Harbor |journal=J Mil Hist |volume=53 |pages=65–78 |issue=1 |pmid=11617401 |doi=10.2307/1986020 |jstor=1986020}}. This article discusses the state of medical readiness prior to the attack, and the post-attack response by medical personnel.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Dorsey |first=James |date=2009 |contribution=Literary Tropes, Rhetorical Looping, and the Nine Gods of War: 'Fascist Proclivities' Made Real |editor-last=Tansman |editor-first=Alan |title=The Culture of Japanese Fascism |publisher=Duke University Press |location=Durham, North Carolina / London |pages=409–431}}. A study of Japanese wartime media representations of the submarine component of the attack on Pearl Harbor.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Fish |first=Hamilton III |date=1983 |title=Tragic Deception: FDR and America's Involvement in World War II |publisher=Devin-Adair |isbn=0-8159-6917-1 |author-link=Hamilton Fish III}}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Gannon |first=Michael V. |date=2001 |title=Pearl Harbor Betrayed |publisher=Henry Holt and Company}}. A recent examination of the issues surrounding the surprise of the attack.
*{{Cite magazine |mode=cs2 |ref=none |last=Haynok |first=Robert J. |date=2009 |title=How the Japanese Did It |publisher=United States Naval Institute |volume=23 |issue=6 |journal=Naval History Magazine |url=http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2009-12/how-japanese-did-it |access-date=February 6, 2013 |archive-date=June 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607195401/http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2009-12/how-japanese-did-it |url-status=live}}
*{{Citation |editor-last=Hixson |editor-first=Walter L. |date=2003 |title=The United States and the Road to War in the Pacific |volume=3 |series=The American Experience in World War II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mJWrEeqMfgC |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-94031-1 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=April 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404221251/https://books.google.com/books?id=5mJWrEeqMfgC |url-status=live }}. Part of a twelve-volume series.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Holmes |first=W. J. |date=1979 |title=Double-Edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II |publisher=United States Naval Institute}}. Contains some important material, such as Holmes's argument that, had the US Navy been warned of the attack and put to sea, it would have likely resulted in an even greater disaster.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Hughes-Wilson |first=John |date=2004 |title=Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover-Ups |edition=revised |orig-date=1999 |publisher=Robinson}}. Contains a brief but insightful chapter on the particular intelligence failures, and a broader overview of what causes them.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last1=Kimmett |first1=Larry |last2=Regis |first2=Margaret |date=2004 |title=The Attack on Pearl Harbor: An Illustrated History |publisher=NavPublishing}}. Using maps, photos, unique illustrations, and an animated CD, this book provides a detailed overview of the surprise attack that brought the United States into World War{{spaces}}II.
*{{cite report |mode=cs2 |last=Krepinevich |first=Andrew F. |date=February 25, 2002 |title=Lighting the Path Ahead: Field Exercises and Transformation |publisher=Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments |url=https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2002.02.25-Field-Exercises-and-Military-Transformation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924003422/https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2002.02.25-Field-Exercises-and-Military-Transformation.pdf |archive-date=September 24, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live }}. Contains a passage regarding the Yarnell attack, as well as reference citations.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last1=Layton |first1=Edwin T. |last2=Pineau |first2=Roger |last3=Costello |first3=John |date=1985 |title=And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway – Breaking the Secrets |location=New York |publisher=W. Morrow |isbn=978-0-688-06968-1 |author1-link=Edwin T. Layton}}. Layton, Kimmel's Combat Intelligence Officer, says that [[Douglas MacArthur]] was the only field commander who had received any substantial amount of [[Purple (cipher machine)|Purple]] intelligence.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Madsen |first=Daniel |date=2003 |title=Resurrection-Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor |publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]]}}
*{{cite report |ref=none |mode=cs2 |last=McCollum |first=Arthur H. |date=October 7, 1940 |title=Memorandum for the Director: Estimate of the Situation in the Pacific and Recommendations for Action by the United States |type=Memorandum |publisher=Office of Naval Intelligence |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum |access-date=December 9, 2021 |archive-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124120956/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum |url-status=live }}. The [[McCollum memo]] is a 1940 memo from a Naval headquarters staff officer to his superiors outlining possible provocations to Japan, which might lead to war (declassified in 1994).
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Melber |first=Takuma |date=2016 |title=Pearl Harbor: Japans Angriff und der Kriegseintritt der USA |language=de |trans-title=Pearl Harbor: Japan's Attack and the US Entry into the War |publisher=C.H. Beck |location=München |isbn=978-3-406-69818-7}}.
*{{Cite journal |ref=none |mode=cs2 |last=Moorhead |first=John J. |date=1942 |title=Surgical Experience at Pearl Harbor |journal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=118 |issue=9 |page=712 |doi=10.1001/jama.1942.62830090002009}}. An overview of different surgical procedures at the hospital at the scene of the event.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Morgenstern |first=George Edward |date=1947 |title=Pearl Harbor: The Story of the Secret War |publisher=The Devin-Adair Company |url=https://archive.org/details/pearlharborthestoryofthesecretwar/ }}. Conspiracy theory.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Parker |first=Frederick D. |date=1994 |title=Pearl Harbor Revisited: United States Navy Communications Intelligence 1924–1941 |publisher=National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/pearl-harbor-revisited-usn-communications-intelligence.html |via=[[Naval History and Heritage Command]] |access-date=December 9, 2021 |archive-date=December 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209030151/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/pearl-harbor-revisited-usn-communications-intelligence.html |url-status=live }}. Contains a detailed description of what the Navy knew from intercepted and decrypted Japan's communications prior to Pearl.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last1=Rodgaard |first1=John |last2=Hsu |first2=Peter K. |last3=Lucas |first3=Carroll L. |last4=Biache |first4=Andrew Jr. |date=December 1999 |title=Pearl Harbor – Attack from Below |work=[[Naval History (magazine)|Naval History]] |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/1999/december/pearl-harbor-attack-below |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930030611/http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/Articles99/Nhrodgaard.htm |url-status=live |volume=13 |issue=6 |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute]] |archive-date=September 30, 2006 |name-list-style=amp }}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Seki |first=Eiji |date=2006 |title=Mrs. Ferguson's Tea-Set, Japan and the Second World War: The Global Consequences Following Germany's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940 |location=London |publisher=Brill/[[Global Oriental]] |isbn=978-1-905246-28-1}}.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Stille |first=Mark E. |date=2011 |title=Tora! Tora! Tora!: Pearl Harbor 1941 |series=Raid Series |volume=26 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84908-509-0}}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Stinnett |first=Robert |date=1999 |title=Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor |publisher=Free Press |isbn=0-7432-0129-9 |author-link=Robert Stinnett |url=http://www.pearlharbor41.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050616074335/http://www.pearlharbor41.com/ |archive-date=June 16, 2005 }}. A study of the Freedom of Information Act documents that led Congress to direct clearance of Kimmel and Short.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Takeo |first=Iguchi |date=2010 |title=Demystifying Pearl Harbor: A New Perspective From Japan |publisher=I-House Press}}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Theobald |first=Robert A. |date=1954 |title=Final Secret of Pearl Harbor |publisher=Devin-Adair |isbn=0-8159-5503-0 |author-link=Robert A. Theobald}}. Foreword by Fleet Admiral [[William F. Halsey, Jr.]]
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Toll |first=Ian W. |date=2011 |author-link=Ian W. Toll |title=[[Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942]] |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton}}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Wedemeyer |first=Albert C. |date=1958 |title=Wedemeyer Reports! |publisher=Henry Holt Co. |isbn=0-89275-011-1 |author-link=Albert Coady Wedemeyer}}
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Wohlstetter |first=Roberta |date=1962 |title=Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision |publisher=Stanford University Press}}. The most cited scholarly work on the intelligence failure at Pearl Harbor. Her introduction and analysis of the concept of "noise" persist in understanding intelligence failures.
*{{Citation |ref=none |last=Wohlstetter |first=Roberta |date=1965 |title=Cuba and Pearl Harbor: Hindsight and Foresight |journal=Foreign Affairs |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |volume=43 |number=4 |pages=691–707 |doi=10.2307/20039133 |jstor=20039133 |url=http://ias.wustl.edu/files/ias/imce/wohlstetter_cuba_and_pearl_harbor.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210231934/http://ias.wustl.edu/files/ias/imce/wohlstetter_cuba_and_pearl_harbor.pdf |archive-date=December 10, 2017 }}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Pearl Harbor attack}}
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100818203925/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq66-1.htm Overview](archived) from [[Naval History and Heritage Command]]
*[http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/pearl-harbor Account (with Video)] on History.com
*[http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/Attack-Pearl-Harbor.htm The Attack on Pearl Harbor] on ThoughtCo.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190614081536/https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/18arizona/18arizona.htm ''"Remembering Pearl Harbor:The USS Arizona Memorial"'' — Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan] (archived) from National Park Service
*[https://manoa.hawaii.edu/library/research/collections/archives/manuscript-collections/hawaii-war-records-depository/ Hawaii War Records Depository], Archives & Manuscripts Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa Library
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/7Dec41/index.html 7 December 1941, The Air Force Story] on ibiblio.org
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/magic/ The "Magic" Background] (PDFs or readable online) on ibiblio.org
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/congress/ The Congressional investigation] on ibiblio.org
*{{cite report |author1=LTC Jeffrey J. Gudmens |author2=COL Timothy R. Reese |date=2009 |title=Staff Ride Handbook for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941: A Study of Defending America |url=https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/educational-services/staff-rides/StaffRideHB_PearlHarbor.pdf |publisher=Combat Studies Institute}}
*{{NYTtopic|subjects/w/world_war_ii_/pearl_harbor|Pearl Harbor}}
===Accounts===
*[http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/ch7.htm Guarding The United States And Its Outposts], in ''[http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents Guarding the United States and Its Outposts] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225041653/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents |date=December 25, 2007 }}'' Official US Army history of Pearl Harbor by the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
*[http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/09/13/special/index.html War comes to Hawaii] ''Honolulu Star-Bulletin'', Monday, September 13, 1999
===Media===
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/video/pearl-harbour-first-pictures Video of first Newsreel from December 23, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor] from [[British-Pathe]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8H-BTblzqO0&list=PLNxwX7r4A557deayljDNLqVA7Pl9Y8K9Z&index=1 ''Pearl Harbour'' – British Movietone News, 1942] from the [[Associated Press|AP]] Archive
*[http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675029979_attack-on-Pearl-Harbor_Harbor-installations_USS-Arizona-burns_black-smoke-rises Historic footage of Pearl Harbor during and immediately following attack on December 7, 1941] on CriticalPast
* Emily DeLetter: [https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/pearl-harbor-remembrance-day-historical-photos-show-the-dec-7-1941-attack-in-hawaii/ar-AA1l7Znw?ocid=socialshare ''Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day - 82 years later.''] Historical photos show and video of the Dec. 7, 1941 attack in Hawaii, [[USA Today]], 7 December 2023
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gb7XUDlhz6k December 7th (long version)] {{dash}} Documentary made by the [[Office of Strategic Services]] several years after the attack, which shows (mostly by dramatization) life in Hawaii before, during, and after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
===Historical documents===
*[http://ww2db.com/doc.php?q=45 US Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor] from World War II Database
*[http://www.worldwar-two.net/events/usa_declaration_of_war_on_japan/ Second World War – USA Declaration of War on Japan] from WorldWar-Two.net
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/monos/097/index.html Collection of extensive Japanese preparation military documents] on ibiblio.org
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pearl Harbor}}
[[Category:Attack on Pearl Harbor| ]]
[[Category:1941 in Hawaii]]
[[Category:1941 in the United States]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1941]]
[[Category:December 1941 events]]
[[Category:Pearl Harbor]]
[[Category:Airstrikes conducted by Japan]]
[[Category:World War II aerial operations and battles of the Pacific theatre]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in the 1940s]]
[[Category:History of Oahu]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -99,5 +99,7 @@
===Diplomacy===
-[[File:Pearl Harbor looking southwest-Oct41.jpg|thumb|[[Pearl Harbor]] on October 30, 1941, a month prior to the attack, with [[Ford Island]] visible (in the center)]]
+[[File:Pearl Harbor looking southwest-Oct41.jpg|thumb|[[Pearl Harbor]] on October 30, 1941, a month prior to the attack, with skibidi people fanum taxing
+ everywhere
+[[Ford Island]] visible (in the center)]]
War between the [[Empire of Japan]] and the [[United States]] was seen as a possibility since the 1920s. Japan had been wary of American territorial and military expansion in the Pacific and Asia since the late 1890s, followed by the annexation of islands, such as [[Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom|Hawaii]] and the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Philippines]], which they felt were close to or within their [[sphere of influence]].{{sfn|Worth|2014}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}{{sfn|Bailey|Farber|2019}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}<ref>{{Cite news |mode=cs2 |last=Burress |first=Charles |date=July 19, 2001 |title=Biased history helps feed U.S. fascination with Pearl Harbor |work=The Japan Times |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2001/07/19/commentary/world-commentary/biased-history-helps-feed-u-s-fascination-with-pearl-harbor/ |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812140356/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2001/07/19/commentary/world-commentary/biased-history-helps-feed-u-s-fascination-with-pearl-harbor/ |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |mode=cs2 |title=United States Maritime Expansion across the Pacific during the 19th Century |website=Milestones: 1830–1860 |publisher=United States Department of State, Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/pacific-expansion |access-date=2021-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321022956/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/pacific-expansion |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
' |
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0 => '[[File:Pearl Harbor looking southwest-Oct41.jpg|thumb|[[Pearl Harbor]] on October 30, 1941, a month prior to the attack, with skibidi people fanum taxing ',
1 => ' everywhere',
2 => '[[Ford Island]] visible (in the center)]]'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '[[File:Pearl Harbor looking southwest-Oct41.jpg|thumb|[[Pearl Harbor]] on October 30, 1941, a month prior to the attack, with [[Ford Island]] visible (in the center)]]'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1941 surprise attack by Japan on the US military base in Hawaii</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"December 7, 1941" redirects here. For the date, see <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1941#December_7,_1941_(Sunday)" title="December 1941">December 1941 § December 7, 1941 (Sunday)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Attack on Pearl Harbor</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">Asiatic-Pacific Theater</a> of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg/300px-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg/450px-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg/600px-Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_Japanese_planes_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6404" data-file-height="4543" /></a></span><br />Photograph of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship_Row" title="Battleship Row">Battleship Row</a> taken from a Japanese plane at the beginning of the attack. The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)">USS <i>West Virginia</i></a>. Two attacking Japanese planes can be seen: one over <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Neosho_(AO-23)" title="USS Neosho (AO-23)">USS <i>Neosho</i></a> and one over the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard" title="Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard">Naval Yard</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>December 7, 1941<span class="noprint">; 82 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1941-12-07</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a>, US</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor&params=21.365_N_157.95_W_type:event_region:US-HI"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°21′54″N</span> <span class="longitude">157°57′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.365°N 157.950°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.365; -157.950</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">
Japanese victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel">Husband E. Kimmel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Short" title="Walter Short">Walter Short</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABichi_Nagumo" title="Chūichi Nagumo">Chūichi Nagumo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">US Pacific Fleet</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;">
<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Air_Fleet" title="1st Air Fleet">1st Air Fleet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;">
<ul><li>8 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a></li>
<li>8 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a></li>
<li>30 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a></li>
<li>4 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a></li>
<li>73 other ships<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[nb 1]</a></sup></li>
<li>390 aircraft</li></ul>
</div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;">
<ul><li>6 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a></li>
<li>2 battleships</li>
<li>2 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a></li>
<li>1 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a></li>
<li>9 destroyers</li>
<li>8 tankers</li>
<li>23 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_submarine" title="Fleet submarine">fleet submarines</a></li>
<li>5 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarines</a></li>
<li>414 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier-based_aircraft" title="Carrier-based aircraft">aircraft</a> (353 took part in the raid)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;">
<ul><li>4 battleships sunk</li>
<li>4 battleships damaged</li>
<li>1 ex-battleship sunk</li>
<li>1 harbor <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tug" class="mw-redirect" title="Tug">tug</a> sunk</li>
<li>3 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a> damaged<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[nb 2]</a></sup></li>
<li>3 destroyers damaged</li>
<li>3 other ships damaged</li>
<li>188 aircraft destroyed</li>
<li>159 aircraft damaged</li>
<li>2,008 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personnel_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="Personnel of the United States Navy">sailors</a> killed</li>
<li>109 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marines">Marines</a> killed</li>
<li>208 soldiers killed<sup id="cite_ref-USN_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-7">[5]</a></sup></li>
<li>68 civilians killed<sup id="cite_ref-censusfactsheet_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusfactsheet-8">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USN_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-7">[5]</a></sup></li>
<li>2,403 total killed<sup id="cite_ref-censusfactsheet_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusfactsheet-8">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USN_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-7">[5]</a></sup></li>
<li>1,178 military and civilians wounded<sup id="cite_ref-USN_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-7">[5]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;">
<ul><li>4 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarines</a> sunk</li>
<li>1 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarine</a> grounded</li>
<li>29 aircraft destroyed</li>
<li>74 aircraft damaged</li>
<li>129 killed<sup id="cite_ref-PHFS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHFS-9">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kimberly_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimberly-10">[8]</a></sup></li>
<li>1 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Sakamaki" title="Kazuo Sakamaki">sailor</a> captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2004272_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2004272-11">[9]</a></sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;">
<div style="text-align: center;"><b>Civilian casualties</b></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;">
<ul><li>68 killed<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a></sup></li>
<li>35 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnEngelmanFairchild2000194_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnEngelmanFairchild2000194-14">[12]</a></sup></li>
<li>3 aircraft shot down</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219143323">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#000;color:#fff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#000;color:#fff}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor is located in Hawaii"><img alt="Attack on Pearl Harbor is located in Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg/300px-USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg/450px-USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg/600px-USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="935" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.973%;left:45.082%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Attack on Pearl Harbor"><img alt="Attack on Pearl Harbor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Hawaii_location_map.svg" title="File:USA Hawaii location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location within Hawaii</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Hawaii</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1219143323"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor is located in Pacific Ocean"><img alt="Attack on Pearl Harbor is located in Pacific Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg/300px-Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg/450px-Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg/600px-Pacific_Ocean_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="645" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.292%;left:54.168%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Attack on Pearl Harbor"><img alt="Attack on Pearl Harbor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Attack on Pearl Harbor (Pacific Ocean)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Pacific Ocean</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Hawaiian_Islands_Campaign" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Hawaiian Islands Campaign"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Hawaiian_Islands_Campaign" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Hawaiian Islands Campaign"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hawaiian_Islands_Campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Hawaiian Islands Campaign</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway" title="First Bombardment of Midway">1st Midway</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelling_of_Johnston_and_Palmyra" title="Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra">Johnston and Palmyra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Bombardment_of_Midway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Bombardment of Midway (page does not exist)">2nd Midway</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">Operation K</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">3rd Midway</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_offensives,_1940–1942" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_offensives,_1940–1942" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War#Japanese_offensives,_1941–42" title="Pacific War">Japanese offensives, <br />1940–1942</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1940</b>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">South Guangxi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_West_Suiyuan" title="Battle of West Suiyuan">West Suiyuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wuyuan" title="Battle of Wuyuan">Wuyuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaimingjie_germ_weapon_attack" title="Kaimingjie germ weapon attack">Kaimingjie</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hubei_Operation" title="Central Hubei Operation">Central Hubei</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">North China</a></li></ul>
<p><b>1941</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjiayu_Massacre" title="Panjiayu Massacre">Panjiayu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">South Henan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Hubei_Operation" title="Western Hubei Operation">Western Hubei</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Shanggao</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">South Shanxi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">2nd Changsha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Guam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway" title="First Bombardment of Midway">Sand Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Borneo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">3rd Changsha</a></li></ul>
<p><b>1942</b>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Qantas_Short_Empire_shootdown" title="1942 Qantas Short Empire shootdown">Qantas Short Empire shootdown</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_KNILM_Douglas_DC-3_shootdown" title="1942 KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown">KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">Operation K</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Ceylon</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomons</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Tulagi_(May_1942)" title="Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942)">Tulagi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY">Nauru and Ocean Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Sydney_Harbour" title="Attack on Sydney Harbour">Sydney</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelling_of_Newcastle" title="Shelling of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_the_Dureenbee" title="Attack on the Dureenbee">Dureenbee</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Mount Emily</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<dl><dt><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Central Pacific</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalls%E2%80%93Gilberts_raids" title="Marshalls–Gilberts raids">Marshalls–Gilberts raids</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K"><i>K</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilberts and Marshalls</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Marianas and Palau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Inmate" title="Operation Inmate">Truk</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Island_massacre" title="Ocean Island massacre">Ocean Island</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean (1941–1945)</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Japanese merchant raids</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homfreyganj_massacre" title="Homfreyganj massacre">Homfreyganj massacre</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">1st Indian Ocean</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Ceylon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Stab" title="Operation Stab">Bay of Bengal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">2nd Indian Ocean</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Southeast Asia</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina (1940)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina (1945)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Malacca Strait</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jurist" title="Operation Jurist"><i>Jurist</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiderace" title="Operation Tiderace"><i>Tiderace</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Zipper" title="Operation Zipper"><i>Zipper</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_South-East_Asia_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of South-East Asia (1944–45)">Strategic bombing (1944–45)</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma (1941–42)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma (1942–43)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">Burma and India (1944)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–45)</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">Southwest Pacific</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies (1941–42)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines (1941–42)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY"><i>RY</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_naval_activity_in_Australian_waters" title="Axis naval activity in Australian waters">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–45)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo (1945)</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)#Bombardment_of_Estevan_Point_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Estevan Point Lighthouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Lookout Air Raids</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fire balloon bombs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_PX" title="Operation PX"><i>PX</i></a></li></ul>
<dl><dt><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Air raids</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Yokosuka" title="Attack on Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_Kure_and_the_Inland_Sea_(July_1945)" title="Attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea (July 1945)">Kure</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_air_attacks_on_the_Mariana_Islands" title="Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Starvation" title="Operation Starvation"><i>Starvation</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardments</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sagami_Bay" title="Battle of Sagami Bay">Sagami Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall"><i>Downfall</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a></dt></dl>
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">Kantokuen</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria (1945)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mutanchiang" title="Battle of Mutanchiang">Mutanchiang</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seishin_Operation" title="Seishin Operation">Chongjin</a></li></ul>
<hr />
<p><b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></b>
</p>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div>
<p>The <b>attack on Pearl Harbor</b><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[nb 3]</a></sup> was a surprise <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_strike" title="Military strike">military strike</a> by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a> on the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_Pearl_Harbor" title="Naval Station Pearl Harbor">American naval base</a> at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, just before 8:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m. (local time) on Sunday, December 7, 1941. At the time, the United States was a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">neutral country</a> in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> conflict. The attack on Hawaii and other U.S. territories led the United States to formally enter World War II on the side of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> the day following the attack, on December 8, 1941. The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Japanese military leadership</a> referred to the attack as the <b>Hawaii Operation</b> and <b>Operation AI</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[nb 4]</a></sup> and as <b>Operation Z</b> during its planning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFukudome1955b_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFukudome1955b-18">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillon200017ff_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillon200017ff-19">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison2001101,_120,_250_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison2001101,_120,_250-20">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>'s attack on Pearl Harbor was preceded by months of negotiations between the United States and Japan over the future of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>. Japanese demands included that the United States <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCD_line" title="ABCD line">end its sanctions against Japan</a>, cease aiding <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">China</a> in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sino-Japanese war">Second Sino-Japanese war</a>, and allow Japan to access the resources of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>. Anticipating a negative response, Japan sent out its naval attack groups in November 1941 just prior to receiving the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_note" title="Hull note">Hull note</a>—the United States demand that Japan withdraw from China and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">French</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a>. Japan intended the attack as a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_war" title="Preventive war">preventive</a> action. Its aim was to prevent the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> from interfering with its planned military actions in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> against overseas territories of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and the United States. Over the course of seven hours, Japan conducted coordinated attacks on the U.S.-held <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Guam</a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake Island</a>; and on the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore#Outbreak_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill85_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill85-21">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The attack on Pearl Harbor started at 7:48<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m. Hawaiian time (6:18<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. GMT).<sup id="cite_ref-Hawaii_time_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawaii_time-22">[nb 5]</a></sup> The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft (including <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">level and dive bombers</a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bombers</a>) in two waves, launched from six <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parillo288_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parillo288-23">[18]</a></sup> Of the eight United States Navy <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> present, all were damaged and four were sunk. All but <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona">USS <i>Arizona</i></a> were later raised, and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruisers</a>, three <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, an anti-aircraft training ship,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[nb 6]</a></sup> and one <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">minelayer</a>. More than 180 US aircraft were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a></sup> A total of 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded, making it the deadliest event ever recorded in Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a></sup> Important base installations, such as the power station, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard" title="Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard">shipyard</a>, maintenance, and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building (also home of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_Hypo" class="mw-redirect" title="Station Hypo">intelligence section</a>) were not attacked. Japanese losses were light: 29 aircraft and five <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarines</a> lost, and 129 servicemen killed.<sup id="cite_ref-PHFS_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHFS-9">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kimberly_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kimberly-10">[8]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Sakamaki" title="Kazuo Sakamaki">Kazuo Sakamaki</a>, the commanding officer of one of the submarines, was captured.
</p><p><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_and_the_British_Empire" title="Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire">Japan declared war</a> on the United States and the British Empire later that day (December 8 in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>), but the declarations were not delivered until the following day. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan">The British government declared war on Japan</a> immediately after learning that their territory had also been attacked, while the following day (December 8), <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">the United States Congress declared war on Japan</a>. On December 11, though they had no formal obligation to do so under the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> with Japan, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declaration_of_war_against_the_United_States_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="German declaration of war against the United States (1941)">Germany</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States" title="Italian declaration of war on the United States">Italy</a> each declared war on the United States, which responded with a declaration of war against <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="1941 United States declaration of war upon Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Italy">Italy</a>.
</p><p>While there were historical precedents for the unannounced military action by Japan, the lack of any formal warning, as required by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_of_1907" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Convention of 1907">Hague Convention of 1907</a>, and the perception that the attack had been unprovoked, led then-<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, in the opening line of his speech to a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Session_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Session of Congress">Joint Session of Congress</a> the following day, to famously label December 7, 1941, "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">a date which will live in infamy</a>".
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Diplomacy"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Diplomacy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Military_planning"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Military planning</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Objectives"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Objectives</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Approach_and_attack"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Approach and attack</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Submarines"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Submarines</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Japanese_declaration_of_war"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Japanese declaration of war</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#First_wave_composition"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">First wave composition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Second_wave_composition"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Second wave composition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#American_casualties_and_damage"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">American casualties and damage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Japanese_losses"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Japanese losses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Possible_third_wave"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Possible third wave</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Ships_lost_or_damaged"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Ships lost or damaged</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Battleships"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Battleships</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ex-battleship_(target/AA_training_ship)"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ex-battleship (target/AA training ship)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Cruisers"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cruisers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Destroyers"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Destroyers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Auxiliaries"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Auxiliaries</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Salvage"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Salvage</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#News_coverage"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">News coverage</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Coverage_in_the_United_States"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Coverage in the United States</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Coverage_in_Japan"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Coverage in Japan</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Niihau_Incident"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Niihau Incident</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Strategic_implications"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Strategic implications</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Retrospective_debate_on_American_intelligence"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Retrospective debate on American intelligence</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">9.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#US_government_documents"><span class="tocnumber">9.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">US government documents</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Journal_articles"><span class="tocnumber">9.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Journal articles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Magazine_articles"><span class="tocnumber">9.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Magazine articles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Online_sources"><span class="tocnumber">9.3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Online sources</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Accounts"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Accounts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Historical_documents"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Historical documents</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Prelude to the attack on Pearl Harbor">Prelude to the attack on Pearl Harbor</a></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg/220px-Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg/330px-Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg/440px-Pearl_Harbor_looking_southwest-Oct41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5808" data-file-height="4583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> on October 30, 1941, a month prior to the attack, with skibidi people fanum taxing everywhere <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Island" title="Ford Island">Ford Island</a> visible (in the center)</figcaption></figure>
<p>War between the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was seen as a possibility since the 1920s. Japan had been wary of American territorial and military expansion in the Pacific and Asia since the late 1890s, followed by the annexation of islands, such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a> and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Philippines</a>, which they felt were close to or within their <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorth2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorth2014-28">[22]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyFarber2019_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyFarber2019-29">[23]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the same time, Japanese strategic thinkers believed that Japan needed economic self-sufficiency in order to wage modern war. The experiences of World War I had taught the Japanese that modern wars would be protracted, require total mobilization and create vulnerabilities for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_embargo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade embargo">trade embargoes</a> and encirclement. As a consequence, Japan needed access to strategically important resources (e.g. iron, oil) that could not be extracted at sufficient levels in the home islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnhart198717–49_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnhart198717–49-32">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>Although Japan had begun to take a hostile stance against the United States after the rejection of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a></sup> the relationship between the two countries was cordial enough that they remained trading partners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauren1978_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauren1978-35">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PaW-94,96_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaW-94,96-36">[30]</a></sup> Tensions did not seriously grow until <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japan's invasion of Manchuria in 1931</a>. Over the next decade, Japan expanded into <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>, leading to the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> in 1937. Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and endeavored to secure enough independent resources to attain victory on the mainland. The "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanshin-ron" title="Nanshin-ron">Southern Operation</a>" was designed to assist these efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyFarber2019_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyFarber2019-29">[23]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnhart1987_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnhart1987-37">[31]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Starting in December 1937, events such as the Japanese attack on <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">USS <i>Panay</i></a>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Moore_Allison" class="mw-redirect" title="John Moore Allison">Allison incident</a>, and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a> swung Western public opinion sharply against Japan. The United States unsuccessfully proposed a joint action with the United Kingdom to blockade Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a></sup> In 1938, following an appeal by President Roosevelt, American companies stopped providing Japan with implements of war.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1940, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japan invaded French Indochina</a>, attempting to stymie the flow of supplies reaching China. The United States halted shipments of airplanes, parts, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgas" title="Avgas">aviation gasoline</a> to Japan, which the latter perceived as an unfriendly act.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[nb 7]</a></sup> The United States did not stop oil exports, however, partly because of the prevailing sentiment in Washington that given Japanese dependence on American oil, such an action was likely to be considered an extreme provocation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorth2014_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorth2014-28">[22]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-PaW-94_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaW-94-42">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>In mid-1940, President <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> moved the Pacific Fleet from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> to Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a></sup> He also ordered a military buildup in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippines</a>, taking both actions in the hope of discouraging Japanese aggression in the Far East. Because the Japanese high command was (mistakenly) certain any attack on the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_European_colonies#Asia-Pacific" title="List of former European colonies">United Kingdom's Southeast Asian colonies</a>, including Singapore,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a></sup> would bring the United States into the war, a devastating preventive strike appeared to be the only way to prevent American naval interference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-45">[38]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">invasion of the Philippines</a> was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners. The American <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Plan_Orange" title="War Plan Orange">War Plan Orange</a> had envisioned defending the Philippines with an elite force of 40,000 men; this option was never implemented due to opposition from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur#Field_Marshal_of_the_Philippine_Army" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, who felt he would need a force ten times that size.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By 1941, American planners expected to have to abandon the Philippines at the outbreak of war. Late that year, Admiral <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Hart" title="Thomas C. Hart">Thomas C. Hart</a>, commander of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Asiatic_Fleet" title="United States Asiatic Fleet">United States Asiatic Fleet</a>, was given orders to that effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller200763_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200763-46">[39]</a></sup>
</p><p>The United States finally ceased oil exports to Japan in July 1941, following the seizure of French Indochina<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a></sup> after the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">Fall of France</a>, in part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-PaW-125_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaW-125-48">[41]</a></sup> Because of this decision, Japan proceeded with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">plans to take the oil-rich Dutch East Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[nb 8]</a></sup> On August 17, Roosevelt warned Japan that America was prepared to take opposing steps if "neighboring countries" were attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatloffSnell1980_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatloffSnell1980-51">[43]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Japan and the United States engaged in negotiations during 1941, attempting to improve relations. In the course of these negotiations, Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina after making peace with the Nationalist government. It also proposed to adopt an independent interpretation of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> and to refrain from trade discrimination, provided all other nations reciprocated. Washington rejected these proposals. Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Konoe</a> then offered to meet with Roosevelt, but Roosevelt insisted on reaching an agreement before any meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatloffSnell1980_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatloffSnell1980-51">[43]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[44]</a></sup> The American ambassador to Japan repeatedly urged Roosevelt to accept the meeting, warning that it was the only way to preserve the conciliatory Konoe government and peace in the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvestigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack_–_"Review_of_the_Diplomatic_Conversations"1946[httpwwwibiblioorgphaphacongressapp-dhtml314_314]_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvestigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack_–_"Review_of_the_Diplomatic_Conversations"1946[httpwwwibiblioorgphaphacongressapp-dhtml314_314]-53">[45]</a></sup> However, his recommendation was not acted upon. The Konoe government collapsed the following month when the Japanese military rejected a withdrawal of all troops from China.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapter_V:_The_Decision_for_War_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapter_V:_The_Decision_for_War-54">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p>Japan's final proposal, delivered on November 20, offered to withdraw from southern Indochina and to refrain from attacks in Southeast Asia, so long as the United States, United Kingdom, and Netherlands supplied one million U.S. gallons (3.8 million liters) of aviation fuel, lifted their sanctions against Japan, and ceased aid to China.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chapter_V:_The_Decision_for_War_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapter_V:_The_Decision_for_War-54">[46]</a></sup> The American counter-proposal of November 26 (November 27 in Japan), the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_note" title="Hull note">Hull note</a>, required Japan to completely evacuate China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers. On November 26 in Japan, the day before the note's delivery, the Japanese task force left port for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Japanese intended the attack as a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_war" title="Preventive war">preventive action</a> to keep the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> from interfering with their planned military actions in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> against overseas territories of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and the United States. Over the course of seven hours, there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the American-held <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Guam</a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake Island</a> and on the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore#Outbreak_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill85_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill85-21">[17]</a></sup> From the Japanese point of view, it was seen as a preemptive strike "before the oil gauge ran empty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorth2014_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorth2014-28">[22]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military_planning">Military planning</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor,_Japan,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Japan%2C_1941.jpg/220px-Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Japan%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Japan%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Japan%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Japan%2C_1941.jpg/440px-Japanese_attack_plan_at_Pearl_Harbor%2C_Japan%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3384" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>'s 1941 attack plan on <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Preliminary planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor to protect the move into the "Southern Resource Area", the Japanese term for the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally, began early in 1941 under the auspices of Admiral <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a>, then commanding Japan's <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gailey1997p68_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gailey1997p68-57">[49]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[50]</a></sup> He won assent to formal planning and training for an attack from the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a> only after much contention with Naval Headquarters, including a threat to resign his command.<sup id="cite_ref-Gailey1997p70_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gailey1997p70-59">[51]</a></sup> Full-scale planning was underway by early spring 1941, primarily by Rear Admiral <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABnosuke_Kusaka" title="Ryūnosuke Kusaka">Ryūnosuke Kusaka</a>, with assistance from Commander <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoru_Genda" title="Minoru Genda">Minoru Genda</a> and Yamamoto's Deputy Chief of Staff, Captain Kameto Kuroshima.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[52]</a></sup> The planners studied the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet</a> at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> intensively.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[nb 9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[nb 10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Over the next several months, pilots were trained, equipment was adapted, and intelligence was collected. Despite these preparations, Emperor <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> did not approve the attack plan until November 5, after the third of four <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Imperial Conferences</a> called to consider the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[55]</a></sup> At first, he hesitated to engage in war but eventually authorized the Pearl Harbor strike despite dissent from certain advisors.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclearm_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclearm-66">[56]</a></sup> Final authorization was not given by the emperor until December 1, after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him the "Hull note" would "destroy the fruits of the China incident, endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[57]</a></sup> Before the attack, he became more involved in military matters, even joining the Conference of Military Councillors, which was considered unusual for him.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclearm_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclearm-66">[56]</a></sup> Additionally, he actively sought more information about the war plans.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclearm_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclearm-66">[56]</a></sup> According to an aide, he openly displayed happiness upon hearing about the success of the surprise attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-nuclearm_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuclearm-66">[56]</a></sup>
</p><p>By late 1941, many observers believed that hostilities between the United States and Japan were imminent. A <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52% of Americans expected war with Japan, 27% did not, and 21% had no opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-cipo19411208_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cipo19411208-68">[58]</a></sup> While American Pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions, officials doubted Pearl Harbor would be the first target; instead, they expected the Philippines to be attacked first. This presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout the country and the naval base at Manila posed to sea lanes, as well as to the shipment of supplies to Japan from territory to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[nb 11]</a></sup> They also incorrectly believed that Japan was not capable of mounting more than one major naval operation at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-45">[38]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Objectives">Objectives</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg/220px-PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg/330px-PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg/440px-PearlHarborCarrierChart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>The route followed by the Japanese fleet to Pearl Harbor and back</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg/220px-A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg/330px-A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg/440px-A6M2_on_carrier_Akagi_1941.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption>An Imperial Japanese Navy <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M Zero</a> fighter on the aircraft carrier <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a></i></figcaption></figure>
<p>The Japanese attack had several major aims. First, it intended to destroy important American fleet units, thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with the Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and enabling Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference. The leaders of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> (IJN) ascribed to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a>'s "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decisive_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Decisive battle">decisive battle</a>" doctrine, especially that of destroying the maximum number of battleships. Second, it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Ocean_Navy_Act" title="Two-Ocean Navy Act">Vinson-Walsh Act</a> erased any chance of victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott14_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott14-71">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[61]</a></sup> Third, to deliver a blow to America's ability to mobilize its forces in the Pacific, battleships were chosen as the main targets, since they were the prestige ships of navies at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott14_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott14-71">[60]</a></sup> Finally, it was hoped that the attack would undermine American morale to such an extent that the American government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests and seek a peace compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981-73">[62]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimm2011_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimm2011-74">[63]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Striking the Pacific Fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor had two distinct disadvantages: the targeted ships would be in very shallow water, so it would be relatively easy to salvage and possibly repair them, and most of the crews would survive the attack since many would be on <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_leave" title="Shore leave">shore leave</a> or would be rescued from the harbor. A further important disadvantage was the absence of all three of the Pacific Fleet's aircraft carriers (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)"><i>Enterprise</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)"><i>Lexington</i></a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-3)"><i>Saratoga</i></a>). Despite these concerns, Yamamoto decided to press ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-45">[38]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983-75">[64]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1975_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975-76">[65]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Japanese confidence in their ability to win a short war meant that other targets in the harbor, especially the navy yard, oil tank farms and submarine base, were left unscathed, since by their thinking the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983-75">[64]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Approach_and_attack">Approach and attack</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor">Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg/220px-Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg/330px-Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg/440px-Kirishima_Kaga_and_Hiei_at_Hitokappu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2235" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>Part of the Japanese task force on November 22, 1941, prior to its departure</figcaption></figure>
<p>On November 26, 1941, a Japanese task force (the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kido_Butai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kido Butai">Striking Force</a>) of six aircraft carriers – <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi"><i>Akagi</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga"><i>Kaga</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū"><i>Sōryū</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū"><i>Hiryū</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku"><i>Shōkaku</i></a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku"><i>Zuikaku</i></a> – departed <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasatka_Bay" title="Kasatka Bay">Hittokapu Bay</a> on <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iturup" title="Iturup">Etorofu</a> (now Iterup) Island in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>, <i>en route</i> to a position northwest of Hawaii, intending to launch its 408 aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor: 360 for the two attack waves and 48 on defensive <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_air_patrol" title="Combat air patrol">combat air patrol</a> (CAP), including nine fighters from the first wave.
</p><p>The first wave was to be the primary attack, while the second wave was to attack carriers as its first objective and cruisers as its second, with battleships as the third target.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[66]</a></sup> The first wave carried most of the weapons designed to attack capital ships, mainly specially adapted <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_91_torpedo" title="Type 91 torpedo">Type 91</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_torpedo" title="Aerial torpedo">aerial torpedoes</a> which were designed with an anti-roll mechanism and a rudder extension that let them operate in shallow water.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[67]</a></sup> The aircrews were ordered to select the highest-value targets (battleships and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>) or, if these were not present, any other high-value ships (cruisers and destroyers). First-wave <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bombers</a> were to attack ground targets. Fighters were ordered to strafe and destroy as many parked aircraft as possible to ensure they did not intercept the bombers, especially in the first wave. When the fighters' fuel got low, they were to refuel aboard the aircraft carriers and return to combat. Fighters were to assume CAP duties where needed, especially over American airfields.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Before the attack commenced, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched reconnaissance floatplanes from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Chikuma_(1938)" title="Japanese cruiser Chikuma (1938)"><i>Chikuma</i></a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Tone_(1937)" title="Japanese cruiser Tone (1937)"><i>Tone</i></a>, to scout Oahu and Lahaina Roads, Maui, respectively, with orders to report on American fleet composition and location.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[68]</a></sup> Reconnaissance aircraft flights risked alerting the Americans,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[69]</a></sup> and were not necessary. Fleet composition and preparedness information in Pearl Harbor were already known from the reports of the Japanese spy <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeo_Yoshikawa" title="Takeo Yoshikawa">Takeo Yoshikawa</a>. A report of the absence of the American fleet at Lahaina anchorage off Maui was received from the <i>Tone</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s floatplane and the fleet submarine <span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-72" title="Japanese submarine I-72"><i>I-72</i></a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[70]</a></sup> Another four scout planes patrolled the area between the Japanese carrier force (the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid%C5%8D_Butai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidō Butai">Kidō Butai</a>) and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niihau</a>, to detect any counterattack.<sup id="cite_ref-DiGiulian_OOB_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiGiulian_OOB-82">[71]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Submarines">Submarines</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Fleet submarines <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-16" title="Japanese submarine I-16"><i>I-16</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-18" title="Japanese submarine I-18"><i>I-18</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-20" title="Japanese submarine I-20"><i>I-20</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-22_(1938)" title="Japanese submarine I-22 (1938)"><i>I-22</i></a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-24_(1939)" title="Japanese submarine I-24 (1939)"><i>I-24</i></a> each embarked a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-hyoteki_class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ko-hyoteki class submarine">Type A</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarine</a> for transport to the waters off Oahu.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart1974p56_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart1974p56-83">[72]</a></sup> The five I-boats left <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure_Naval_District" title="Kure Naval District">Kure Naval District</a> on November 25, 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart1974p56_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart1974p56-83">[72]</a></sup> On December 6, they came to within 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) of the mouth of Pearl Harbor<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[73]</a></sup> and launched their midget subs at about 01:00 local time on December 7.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart1974p57_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart1974p57-85">[74]</a></sup> At 03:42 Hawaiian time, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweeper</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Condor_(AMc-14)" title="USS Condor (AMc-14)"><i>Condor</i></a> spotted a midget submarine periscope southwest of the Pearl Harbor entrance buoy and alerted the destroyer <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ward" title="USS Ward"><i>Ward</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[75]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stewart1974p58_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart1974p58-87">[76]</a></sup> The midget may have entered Pearl Harbor. However, <i>Ward</i> sank another midget submarine at 06:37<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart1974p58_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart1974p58-87">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[nb 12]</a></sup> in the first American shots in the Pacific Theater. A midget submarine on the north side of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Island" title="Ford Island">Ford Island</a> missed the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">seaplane tender</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Curtiss_(AV-4)" title="USS Curtiss (AV-4)"><i>Curtiss</i></a> with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monaghan_(DD-354)" title="USS Monaghan (DD-354)"><i>Monaghan</i></a> with her other one before being sunk by <i>Monaghan</i> at 08:43.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart1974p58_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart1974p58-87">[76]</a></sup>
</p><p>A third midget submarine, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HA._19_(Japanese_Midget_Submarine)" class="mw-redirect" title="HA. 19 (Japanese Midget Submarine)">Ha-19</a></i>, grounded twice, once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of Oahu, where it was captured on December 8.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[78]</a></sup> Ensign <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Sakamaki" title="Kazuo Sakamaki">Kazuo Sakamaki</a> swam ashore and was captured by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_National_Guard" title="Hawaii National Guard">Hawaii National Guard</a> Corporal <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Akui" title="David Akui">David Akui</a>, becoming the first Japanese <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[nb 13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[79]</a></sup> A fourth had been damaged by a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charge</a> attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[80]</a></sup> It was found outside the harbor in 1960. Japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00:41 on December 8 claiming to have damaged one or more large warships inside Pearl Harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-USSBSp19_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSBSp19-94">[81]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1992, 2000, and 2001 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Undersea_Research_Laboratory" title="Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory">Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory</a>'s submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside Pearl Harbor. The wreck was in the debris field where much surplus American equipment had been dumped after the war, including vehicles and landing craft. Both of its torpedoes were missing. This correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_St._Louis_(CL-49)" title="USS St. Louis (CL-49)"><i>St. Louis</i></a> at 10:04 at the entrance of Pearl Harbor, and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Helm" title="USS Helm"><i>Helm</i></a> at 08:21.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[82]</a></sup> There is dispute over this official chain of events though. The "torpedo" that <i>St. Louis</i> saw was also reportedly a porpoising minesweeping float being towed by the destroyer <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Boggs" title="USS Boggs"><i>Boggs</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[83]</a></sup> A photo taken by a Japanese naval aviator of Battleship Row during the attack on Pearl Harbor was declassified in the 1990s and publicized in the 2000s to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[84]</a></sup> According to numerous historians and naval architects, this photo shows that the fifth midget submarine appeared to have fired a torpedo at <i>West Virginia</i> and another one at <i>Oklahoma</i>. These torpedoes were twice the size of the aerial torpedoes so it was possible that both torpedoes heavily contributed to the sinkings of both ships and especially helped to capsize <i>Oklahoma</i> because <i>Oklahoma</i> was the only battleship that day to suffer catastrophic damage to her <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">belt armor</a> at the waterline from a torpedo. Admiral Chester Nimitz, in a report to Congress, confirmed that one midget submarine's torpedo (possibly from the other midget submarine that fired torpedoes but failed to hit a target) which was fired but did not explode was recovered in Pearl Harbor and was much larger than the aerial torpedoes.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[85]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[86]</a></sup>
<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[87]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Japanese_declaration_of_war">Japanese declaration of war</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></div>
<p>The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan, but this was not Admiral Yamamoto's intention. He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[88]</a></sup> However, the attack began before the notice could be delivered. Tokyo transmitted the 5000-word notification (commonly called the "14-Part Message") in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington. Transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it at 1:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. Washington time, as ordered, and consequently the message was not presented until more than one hour after the attack had <span class="nowrap">begun —</span> but in fact, American code breakers had <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_cipher" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple cipher">already deciphered</a> and translated most of the message hours before it was scheduled to be delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToland1983_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1983-102">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-codebreakers_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codebreakers-103">[90]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp.2ff">: pp.2ff </span></sup> The final part of the message is sometimes described as a declaration of war. While it was viewed by a number of senior American government and military officials as a very strong indicator negotiations were likely to be terminated<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981424,_475_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981424,_475-104">[91]</a></sup> and that war might break out at any moment,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981493–494_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981493–494-105">[92]</a></sup> it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_and_the_British_Empire" title="Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire">A declaration of war</a> was printed on the front page of Japan's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8 (late December 7 in the United States),<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[93]</a></sup> but not delivered to the American government until the day after the attack.
</p><p>For decades, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">conventional wisdom</a> held that Japan attacked without first formally breaking diplomatic relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[94]</a></sup> In 1999, however, Takeo Iguchi, a professor of law and international relations at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Christian_University" title="International Christian University">International Christian University</a> in Tokyo, discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how, and indeed whether, to notify Washington of Japan's intention to break off negotiations and start a war, including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying, "[O]ur deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success." Of this, Iguchi said, "The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war, or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations<span class="nowrap"> </span>... and they clearly prevailed."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108">[95]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[96]</a></sup>
</p><p>In any event, even if the Japanese had decoded and delivered the 14-Part Message before the beginning of the attack, it would not have constituted either a formal break of diplomatic relations or a declaration of war.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[97]</a></sup> The final two paragraphs of the message read:<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[98]</a></sup>
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Thus the earnest hope of the Japanese Government to adjust Japanese-American relations and to preserve and promote the peace of the Pacific through cooperation with the American Government has finally been lost.</p><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><p>The Japanese Government regrets to have to notify hereby the American Government that in view of the attitude of the American Government it cannot but consider that it is impossible to reach an agreement through further negotiations.</p></blockquote>
<p>United States naval intelligence officers were alarmed by the unusual timing for delivering the <span class="nowrap">message — </span>1:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. on a Sunday, which was 7:30<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m. in <span class="nowrap">Hawaii — </span>and attempted to alert Pearl Harbor. But due to communication problems the warning was not delivered before the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-codebreakers_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codebreakers-103">[90]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Ch. 1">: Ch. 1 </span></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="First_wave_composition">First wave composition</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pearlmap1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pearlmap1.png/220px-Pearlmap1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pearlmap1.png/330px-Pearlmap1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pearlmap1.png/440px-Pearlmap1.png 2x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese attacked in two waves. The first wave was detected by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> at 136 nautical miles (252 km), but was misidentified as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombers">bombers</a> arriving from the American mainland.<br /><b>Top:</b> <span class="nowrap">A: Ford Island NAS.</span> <span class="nowrap">B: Hickam Field.</span> <span class="nowrap">C: Bellows Field.</span> <span class="nowrap">D: Wheeler Field.</span> <span class="nowrap">E: Kaneohe NAS.</span> <span class="nowrap">F: Ewa MCAS.</span> <span class="nowrap">R-1: Opana Radar Station.</span> <span class="nowrap">R-2: Kawailoa RS.</span> <span class="nowrap">R-3: Kaaawa RS.</span> <span class="nowrap">G: Kahuku.</span> <span class="nowrap">H: Haleiwa.</span> <span class="nowrap">I: Wahiawa.</span> <span class="nowrap">J: Kaneohe.</span> <span class="nowrap">K: Honolulu.</span> <span class="nowrap">0: B-17s from mainland.</span> <span class="nowrap">1: First strike group.</span> <span class="nowrap">1-1: Level bombers.</span> <span class="nowrap">1–2: Torpedo bombers.</span> <span class="nowrap">1–3: Dive bombers.</span> <span class="nowrap">2: Second strike group.</span> <span class="nowrap">2-1: Level bombers.</span> <span class="nowrap">2-1F: Fighters.</span> <span class="nowrap">2-2: Dive bombers.</span><br /><b>Bottom:</b> <span class="nowrap">A: Wake Island.</span> <span class="nowrap">B: Midway Islands.</span> <span class="nowrap">C: Johnston Island.</span> <span class="nowrap">D: Hawaii.</span> <span class="nowrap">D-1: Oahu.</span> <span class="nowrap">1: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)"><i>Lexington</i></a>.</span> <span class="nowrap">2: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)"><i>Enterprise</i></a>.</span> <span class="nowrap">3: First Air Fleet.</span></figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pearlmap2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pearlmap2.png/220px-Pearlmap2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pearlmap2.png/330px-Pearlmap2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pearlmap2.png/440px-Pearlmap2.png 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E1E1E1; color:black;"> </span> City</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4E583F; color:white;"> </span> Army base</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;"> </span> Navy base</span><br /><b>Attacked targets:</b> <span class="nowrap">1: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)">USS <i>California</i></a>.</span> <span class="nowrap">2: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maryland_(BB-46)" title="USS Maryland (BB-46)">USS <i>Maryland</i></a>.</span> <span class="nowrap">3: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)">USS <i>Oklahoma</i></a>.</span> <span class="nowrap">4: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)" title="USS Tennessee (BB-43)">USS <i>Tennessee</i></a>.</span> <span class="nowrap">5: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)">USS <i>West Virginia</i></a>.</span> <span class="nowrap">6: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona">USS <i>Arizona</i></a>.</span> <span class="nowrap">7: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)" title="USS Nevada (BB-36)">USS <i>Nevada</i></a>.</span> <span class="nowrap">8: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)" title="USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)">USS <i>Pennsylvania</i></a>.</span> <span class="nowrap">9: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Island" title="Ford Island">Ford Island NAS</a>.</span> <span class="nowrap">10: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickam_Air_Force_Base" title="Hickam Air Force Base">Hickam field</a>.</span><br /><b>Ignored infrastructure targets:</b> <span class="nowrap">A: Oil storage tanks.</span> <span class="nowrap">B: CINCPAC headquarters building.</span> <span class="nowrap">C: Submarine base.</span> <span class="nowrap">D: Navy Yard.</span></figcaption></figure>
<p>The first attack wave of 183 airplanes, led by Commander <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuo_Fuchida" title="Mitsuo Fuchida">Mitsuo Fuchida</a>, was launched north of Oahu.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[99]</a></sup> Six airplanes failed to launch due to technical difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-DiGiulian_OOB_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiGiulian_OOB-82">[71]</a></sup> The first wave included three groups of airplanes:<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[nb 14]</a></sup>
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<ul><li><b>1st Group</b> (targets: battleships and aircraft carriers)<sup id="cite_ref-navsource-ijnaf_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navsource-ijnaf-115">[101]</a></sup>
<ul><li>49 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_B5N" title="Nakajima B5N">Nakajima B5N</a> <i>Kate</i> bombers armed with 800‑kg (1760<span class="nowrap"> </span>lb) <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor-piercing_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor-piercing bomb">armor-piercing bombs</a>, organized in four sections (one failed to launch)</li>
<li>40 B5N bombers armed with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_91_torpedo" title="Type 91 torpedo">Type 91 torpedoes</a>, also in four sections</li></ul></li>
<li><b>2nd Group</b> – (targets: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Island" title="Ford Island">Ford Island</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheeler Field">Wheeler Field</a>)
<ul><li>51 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_D3A" title="Aichi D3A">Aichi D3A</a> <i>Val</i> dive bombers armed with 550 lb (249 kg) <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-purpose_bomb" title="General-purpose bomb">general-purpose bombs</a> (3 failed to launch)</li></ul></li>
<li><b>3rd Group</b> – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe)
<ul><li>43 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Mitsubishi A6M "Zero"</a> fighters for air control and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Strafe">strafing</a><sup id="cite_ref-IJN_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJN-113">[100]</a></sup> (2 failed to launch)</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>As the first wave approached Oahu, it was <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_warning_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Radar warning of Pearl Harbor attack">detected</a> by United States Army <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCR-270_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="SCR-270 radar">SCR-270 radar</a> positioned at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opana_Radar_Site" title="Opana Radar Site">Opana Point</a> near the island's northern tip. This post had been in training mode for months, but was not yet operational.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">[102]</a></sup> The operators, Privates George Elliot Jr. and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lockard" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lockard">Joseph Lockard</a>, reported a target to Private <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._McDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph P. McDonald">Joseph P. McDonald</a>, a private stationed at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Shafter" title="Fort Shafter">Fort Shafter</a>'s Intercept Center near Pearl Harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[103]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[104]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[105]</a></sup> Lieutenant <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_A._Tyler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermit A. Tyler">Kermit A. Tyler</a>, a newly assigned officer at the thinly manned Intercept Center, presumed it was the scheduled arrival of six <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17</a> bombers from California. The Japanese planes were approaching from a direction very close (only a few degrees difference) to the bombers,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[106]</a></sup> and while the operators had never seen a formation as large on radar, they neglected to tell Tyler of its size.<sup id="cite_ref-prange501_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prange501-121">[107]</a></sup> Tyler, for security reasons, could not tell the operators of the six B-17s that were due (even though it was widely known).<sup id="cite_ref-prange501_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prange501-121">[107]</a></sup>
</p><p>As the first wave approached Oahu, they encountered and shot down several American aircraft. At least one of these radioed a somewhat incoherent warning. Other warnings from ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed or awaiting confirmation when the Japanese air assault began at 7:48<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m. Hawaiian time<sup id="cite_ref-Prange_1941,_p.174_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prange_1941,_p.174-122">[108]</a></sup> (3:18<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m. December 8 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Standard Time">Japanese Standard Time</a>, as kept by ships of the <i>Kido Butai</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[109]</a></sup> with the attack on Kaneohe. A total of 353<sup id="cite_ref-parillo288_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parillo288-23">[18]</a></sup> Japanese planes reached Oahu in two waves. Slow, vulnerable torpedo bombers led the first wave, exploiting the first moments of surprise to attack the most important ships present (the battleships), while dive bombers attacked American <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Military airbase">air bases</a> across Oahu, starting with <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickam_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Hickam Field">Hickam Field</a>, the largest, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheeler Field">Wheeler Field</a>, the main United States Army Air Forces fighter base. The 171 planes in the second wave attacked the Army Air Forces' <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellows_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellows Field">Bellows Field</a>, near Kaneohe on the windward side of the island, and Ford Island. The only aerial opposition came from a handful of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-36_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="P-36 Hawk">P-36 Hawks</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-40_Warhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="P-40 Warhawk">P-40 Warhawks</a> and some <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBD_Dauntless" class="mw-redirect" title="SBD Dauntless">SBD Dauntless</a> dive bombers from the carrier <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)"><i>Enterprise</i></a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[nb 15]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the first-wave attack, about eight of the forty-nine 800‑kg (1760<span class="nowrap"> </span>lb) armor-piercing bombs dropped hit their intended battleship targets. At least two of those bombs broke up on impact, another detonated before penetrating an unarmored deck, and one was a dud. Thirteen of the forty torpedoes hit battleships, while four hit other ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone1977_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHone1977-126">[111]</a></sup> Men aboard the ships awoke to the sounds of alarms, bombs exploding, and gunfire, prompting them to dress as they ran to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_quarters" title="General quarters">General Quarters</a> stations. (The famous message, "Air raid Pearl Harbor. This is not drill.",<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[nb 16]</a></sup> was sent from the headquarters of Patrol Wing Two, the first senior Hawaiian command to respond.) American servicemen were caught unprepared by the attack. Ammunition lockers were locked, aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip in the open to prevent sabotage,<sup id="cite_ref-parillo293_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parillo293-128">[112]</a></sup> guns unmanned (none of the Navy's <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%22/38_caliber_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="5"/38 caliber gun">5"/38s</a>, only a quarter of its machine guns, and only four of 31 Army batteries got in action).<sup id="cite_ref-parillo293_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parillo293-128">[112]</a></sup> Despite this low <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alert_state" title="Alert state">alert status</a>, many American military personnel responded effectively during the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[nb 17]</a></sup> Ensign <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_K._Taussig_Jr." title="Joseph K. Taussig Jr.">Joseph Taussig Jr.</a>, aboard <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)" title="USS Nevada (BB-36)"><i>Nevada</i></a>, commanded the ship's antiaircraft guns and was severely wounded but remained at his post. Lieutenant Commander F. J. Thomas commanded <i>Nevada</i> in the captain's absence and got her underway until the ship was grounded at 9:10<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[114]</a></sup> One of the destroyers, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Aylwin_(DD-355)" title="USS Aylwin (DD-355)"><i>Aylwin</i></a>, got underway with only four officers aboard, all ensigns, none with more than a year's sea duty; she operated at sea for 36 hours before her commanding officer managed to get back aboard.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[115]</a></sup> Captain <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_Bennion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mervyn Bennion">Mervyn Bennion</a>, commanding <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)"><i>West Virginia</i></a>, led his men until he was cut down by fragments from a bomb which hit <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)" title="USS Tennessee (BB-43)"><i>Tennessee</i></a>, moored alongside.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[116]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Second_wave_composition">Second wave composition</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg/220px-B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg/330px-B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg/440px-B5N2_Bomber_%22Kate%22_Over_Hickam_Field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2146" /></a><figcaption>Second wave B5N2 Bomber <i>Kate</i> Over Hickam Field</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg/220px-Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg/330px-Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg/440px-Message_pertaining_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor._-_NARA_-_296806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>This message, in response to the question "Is channel clear?" denotes the first U.S. ship, relates to orders for <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_St._Louis_(CL-49)" title="USS St. Louis (CL-49)"><i>St. Louis</i></a> to clear <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>. It is now housed with the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The second planned wave consisted of 171 planes: 54 B5Ns, 81 D3As, and 36 A6Ms, commanded by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-Commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Commander">Lieutenant-Commander</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigekazu_Shimazaki" title="Shigekazu Shimazaki">Shigekazu Shimazaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IJN_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJN-113">[100]</a></sup> Four planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-DiGiulian_OOB_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiGiulian_OOB-82">[71]</a></sup> This wave and its targets also comprised three groups of planes:<sup id="cite_ref-IJN_113-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJN-113">[100]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><b>1st Group</b> – 54 B5Ns armed with 550 lb (249 kg) and 132 lb (60 kg) general-purpose bombs<sup id="cite_ref-navsource-ijnaf_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navsource-ijnaf-115">[101]</a></sup>
<ul><li>27 B5Ns – aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point</li>
<li>27 B5Ns – hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field</li></ul></li>
<li><b>2nd Group</b> (targets: aircraft carriers and cruisers)
<ul><li>78 D3As armed with 550 lb (249 kg) general-purpose bombs, in four sections (3 aborted)</li></ul></li>
<li><b>3rd Group</b> – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barber's Point, Kaneohe)
<ul><li>35 A6Ms for defense and strafing (1 aborted)</li></ul></li></ul>
<p>The second wave was divided into three groups. One was tasked to attack Kāneʻohe, the rest Pearl Harbor proper. The separate sections arrived at the attack point almost simultaneously from several directions.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="American_casualties_and_damage">American casualties and damage</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:872px;max-width:872px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_USS_Arizona_(BB-39)_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/202px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/303px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/404px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2326" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Arizona</i> during the attack</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg/210px-USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg/315px-USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg/420px-USS_Nevada_passing_seaplane_ramp_prior_to_first_grounding_NARA_80-G-32894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Nevada</i>, on fire and down at the bow, attempting to leave the harbor before being deliberately beached</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_West_Virginia2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/USS_West_Virginia2.jpg/199px-USS_West_Virginia2.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/USS_West_Virginia2.jpg/299px-USS_West_Virginia2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/USS_West_Virginia2.jpg/398px-USS_West_Virginia2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4560" data-file-height="3654" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>West Virginia</i> was sunk by six torpedoes and two bombs during the attack.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:247px;max-width:247px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg/245px-SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg/368px-SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg/490px-SB2U-3_VMSB-231_Ewa_7Dec1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A destroyed <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_SB2U_Vindicator" title="Vought SB2U Vindicator">Vindicator</a> at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Ewa" title="Marine Corps Air Station Ewa">Ewa field</a>, the victim of one of the smaller attacks on the approach to Pearl Harbor</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>Ninety minutes after it began, the attack was over. 2,008 sailors were killed and 710 others wounded; 218 soldiers and airmen (who were part of the Army prior to the independent <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> in 1947) were killed and 364 wounded; 109 Marines were killed and 69 wounded; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded. In total, 2,403 Americans were killed, and 1,178 were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[118]</a></sup> Eighteen ships were sunk or run aground, including five battleships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnEngelmanFairchild2000194_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnEngelmanFairchild2000194-14">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">[119]</a></sup> All of the Americans killed or wounded during the attack were legally non-combatants, given that there was no state of war when the attack occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaffrey2004210–229_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaffrey2004210–229-137">[120]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd200457_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd200457-138">[121]</a></sup>
</p><p>Of the American fatalities, nearly half were due to the explosion of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona"><i>Arizona</i></a>'s forward <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">magazine</a> after she was hit by a modified 16-inch (410 mm) shell.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[nb 18]</a></sup> Author Craig Nelson wrote that the vast majority of the U.S. sailors killed at Pearl Harbor were junior enlisted personnel. "The officers of the Navy all lived in houses and the junior people were the ones on the boats, so pretty much all of the people who died in the direct line of the attack were very junior people", Nelson said. "So everyone is about 17 or 18 whose story is told there."<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[122]</a></sup>
</p><p>Among the notable <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualties" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian casualties">civilian casualties</a> were nine <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Fire_Department" title="Honolulu Fire Department">Honolulu Fire Department</a> firefighters who responded to Hickam Field during the bombing in Honolulu, becoming the only fire department members on American soil to be attacked by a foreign power in history. Fireman Harry Tuck Lee Pang of Engine<span class="nowrap"> </span>6 was killed near the hangars by machine-gun fire from a Japanese plane. Captains Thomas Macy and John Carreira of Engine<span class="nowrap"> </span>4 and Engine<span class="nowrap"> </span>1, respectively, died while battling flames inside the hangar after a Japanese bomb crashed through the roof. An additional six firefighters were wounded by Japanese shrapnel. The wounded later received <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Hearts</a> (originally reserved for service members <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action">wounded</a> by enemy action while partaking in armed conflicts) for their peacetime actions that day on June 13, 1944; the three firefighters killed did not receive theirs until December 7, 1984, on the 43rd anniversary of the attack. This made the nine men the only non-military firefighters to receive such an award in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[123]</a></sup>
</p><p>Already damaged by a torpedo and on fire amidships, <i>Nevada</i> attempted to exit the harbor. She was targeted by many Japanese bombers as she got under way and sustained more hits from 250 lb (113 kg) bombs, which started further fires. She was deliberately beached to avoid risking blocking the harbor entrance if she sank there. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)"><i>California</i></a> was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes. The crew might have kept her afloat, but were ordered to abandon ship just as they were raising power for the pumps. Burning oil from <i>Arizona</i> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)"><i>West Virginia</i></a> was drifted down toward her and probably made the situation look worse than it was. The disarmed <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_ship" title="Target ship">target ship</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)"><i>Utah</i></a> was holed twice by torpedoes. <i>West Virginia</i> was hit by seven torpedoes, the seventh tearing away her rudder. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)"><i>Oklahoma</i></a> was hit by four torpedoes, the last two above her <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_armor" title="Belt armor">belt armor</a>, which caused her to capsize. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maryland_(BB-46)" title="USS Maryland (BB-46)"><i>Maryland</i></a> was hit by two of the converted 16" shells, but neither caused serious damage.
</p><p>Although the Japanese concentrated on battleships (the largest vessels present), they did not ignore other targets. The light cruiser <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Helena_(CL-50)" title="USS Helena (CL-50)"><i>Helena</i></a> was torpedoed, and the concussion from the blast capsized the neighboring minelayer <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Oglala" title="USS Oglala"><i>Oglala</i></a>. Two destroyers in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cassin_(DD-372)" title="USS Cassin (DD-372)"><i>Cassin</i></a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Downes_(DD-375)" title="USS Downes (DD-375)"><i>Downes</i></a>, were destroyed when bombs penetrated their fuel <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker fuel">bunkers</a>. The leaking fuel caught fire; flooding the dry dock in an effort to fight fire made the burning oil rise, and both were burned out. <i>Cassin</i> slipped from her keel blocks and rolled against <i>Downes</i>. The light cruiser <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Raleigh_(CL-7)" title="USS Raleigh (CL-7)"><i>Raleigh</i></a> was holed by a torpedo. The light cruiser <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Honolulu_(CL-48)" title="USS Honolulu (CL-48)"><i>Honolulu</i></a> was damaged but remained in service. The repair vessel <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vestal" title="USS Vestal"><i>Vestal</i></a>, moored alongside <i>Arizona</i>, was heavily damaged and beached. The seaplane tender <i>Curtiss</i> was also damaged. The destroyer <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shaw_(DD-373)" title="USS Shaw (DD-373)"><i>Shaw</i></a> was badly damaged when two bombs penetrated her forward magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[124]</a></sup>
</p><p>Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii, 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged, 155 of them on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-parillo288_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parillo288-23">[18]</a></sup> Almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base. Eight Army Air Forces pilots managed to get airborne during the attack,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorrBorch2008_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrBorch2008-143">[125]</a></sup> and six were credited with downing at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack: 1st Lieutenant Lewis M. Sanders and 2nd Lieutenants <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Rasmussen" title="Phil Rasmussen">Philip M. Rasmussen</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_M._Taylor" title="Kenneth M. Taylor">Kenneth M. Taylor</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Welch_(pilot)" title="George Welch (pilot)">George S. Welch</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_W._Brown_(pilot)" title="Harry W. Brown (pilot)">Harry W. Brown</a>, and Gordon H. Sterling Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArakaki1991ch._IV_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArakaki1991ch._IV-144">[126]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter1982_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter1982-145">[127]</a></sup> Of 33 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Consolidated PBY Catalinas</a> in Hawaii, 30 were destroyed, while three on patrol at the time of the attack returned undamaged. Friendly fire brought down some American planes on top of that, including four from an inbound flight from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)"><i>Enterprise</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToland1970235_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1970235-146">[128]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the time of the attack, nine civilian aircraft were flying in the vicinity of Pearl Harbor. Of these, three were shot down.<sup id="cite_ref-ALA_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALA-147">[129]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Japanese_losses">Japanese losses</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Fifty-five Japanese airmen and nine submariners were killed in the attack, and one, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Sakamaki" title="Kazuo Sakamaki">Kazuo Sakamaki</a>, was captured. Of Japan's 414<sup id="cite_ref-IJN_113-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJN-113">[100]</a></sup> available planes, 350 took part in the raid. Twenty-nine were lost, nine in the first wave (three fighters, one dive bomber, and five torpedo bombers) and twenty in the second (six fighters and fourteen dive bombers),<sup id="cite_ref-USSBSp18_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSBSp18-148">[130]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[nb 19]</a></sup> with another 74 damaged by antiaircraft fire from the ground.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Possible_third_wave">Possible third wave</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>According to some accounts, several Japanese junior officers, including Fuchida and Genda, urged Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to sink more of the Pearl Harbor's remaining warships, and damage the base's maintenance shops, drydock facilities and oil tank yards.<sup id="cite_ref-Gailey1997p68_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gailey1997p68-57">[49]</a></sup> Most notably, Fuchida gave a firsthand account of this meeting several times after the war. However, some historians have <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuo_Fuchida#Historical_controversy" title="Mitsuo Fuchida">cast doubt</a> on this and many other of Fuchida's later claims, which sometimes conflict with documented historic records.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParshall2010_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParshall2010-150">[131]</a></sup> Genda, who opined during the planning for the attack that <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Events_leading_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor#Concept_of_Japanese_invasion_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor">without an invasion</a> three strikes were necessary to fully disable the Pacific Fleet,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaravaggio2014_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaravaggio2014-151">[132]</a></sup> denied requesting an additional attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott2001156–157_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2001156–157-152">[133]</a></sup> Regardless, it is undisputed that the captains of the other five carriers in the task force reported they were willing and ready to carry out a third strike soon after the second returned,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorn200516_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn200516-153">[134]</a></sup> but Nagumo decided to withdraw for several reasons:
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<ul><li>American anti-aircraft performance had improved considerably during the second strike, and two-thirds of Japan's losses were incurred during the second wave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000190_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000190-154">[135]</a></sup></li>
<li>Nagumo felt if he launched a third strike, he would be risking three-quarters of the Combined Fleet's strength to wipe out the remaining targets (which included the facilities) while suffering higher aircraft losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000190_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000190-154">[135]</a></sup></li>
<li>The location of the American carriers remained unknown. In addition, the admiral was concerned his force was now within range of American land-based bombers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000190_154-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000190-154">[135]</a></sup> Nagumo was uncertain whether the United States had enough surviving planes remaining on Hawaii to launch an attack against his carriers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000191_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000191-155">[136]</a></sup></li>
<li>A third wave would have required substantial preparation and turnaround time, and would have meant returning planes would have had to land at night. At the time, only the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> had developed night carrier techniques, so this was a substantial risk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen198834–38_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen198834–38-156">[137]</a></sup> The first two waves had launched the entirety of the Combined Fleet's air strength. A third wave would have required landing both the first and second wave before launching the first wave again. Compare Nagumo's situation in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>, where an attack returning from Midway kept Nagumo from launching an immediate strike on American carriers.</li>
<li>The task force's fuel situation did not permit him to remain in waters north of Pearl Harbor much longer, since he was at the very limit of logistical support. To do so risked running unacceptably low on fuel, perhaps even having to abandon destroyers en route home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-157">[138]</a></sup></li>
<li>He believed the second strike had essentially accomplished the mission's main objective (neutralizing the United States Pacific Fleet) and did not wish to risk further losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey199797_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey199797-158">[139]</a></sup> Moreover, it was IJN practice to prefer the conservation of strength over the total destruction of the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott198316_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott198316-159">[140]</a></sup></li></ul>
<p>Although a hypothetical third strike would have likely focused on the base's remaining warships,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[141]</a></sup> military historians have suggested any potential damage to the shore facilities would have hampered the Pacific Fleet far more seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983-75">[64]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1975_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975-76">[65]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If they had been wiped out, "serious [American] operations in the Pacific would have been postponed for more than a year";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey199797–98_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey199797–98-161">[142]</a></sup> according to Admiral <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester W. Nimitz</a>, later Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, "it would have prolonged the war another two years".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYergin1991327_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYergin1991327-162">[143]</a></sup>
</p><p>At a conference aboard his flagship the following morning, Yamamoto supported Nagumo's withdrawal without launching a third wave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey199797_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey199797-158">[139]</a></sup> In retrospect, sparing the vital dockyards, maintenance shops, and the oil tank farm meant the United States could respond relatively quickly in the Pacific. Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo's decision to withdraw and categorically stated it had been a great mistake not to order a third strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey199798_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey199798-163">[144]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ships_lost_or_damaged">Ships lost or damaged</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships_present_at_Pearl_Harbor,_December_7,_1941" title="List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941">List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg/220px-NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg/330px-NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg/440px-NH64486_Wallin_aboard_BB-44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_N._Wallin" title="Homer N. Wallin">Homer N. Wallin</a> (center) supervises salvage operations aboard <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)">USS <i>California</i></a> in early 1942</figcaption></figure>
<p>Twenty-one American ships were damaged or lost in the attack, of which all but three were repaired and returned to service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallin1968203–269_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin1968203–269-164">[145]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Battleships">Battleships</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona" title="USS Arizona"><i>Arizona</i></a> (Rear Admiral <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_C._Kidd" title="Isaac C. Kidd">Isaac C. Kidd</a>'s flagship of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComBatPac" title="ComBatPac">Battleship Division One</a>): hit by four armor-piercing bombs, exploded; total loss, not salvaged. 1,177 dead. Later <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">memorialized</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)"><i>Oklahoma</i></a>: hit by five torpedoes, capsized; total loss, salvaged, sank en route to scrapping May 1947. 429 dead.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)"><i>West Virginia</i></a>: hit by two bombs, seven torpedoes, sunk; returned to service July 1944. 106 dead.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)"><i>California</i></a>: hit by two bombs, two torpedoes, sunk; returned to service January 1944. 104 dead.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[146]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)" title="USS Nevada (BB-36)"><i>Nevada</i></a>: hit by six bombs, one torpedo, beached; returned to service October 1942. 60 dead.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)" title="USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)"><i>Pennsylvania</i></a> (Admiral <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel">Husband E. Kimmel</a>'s flagship of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a>):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon198149_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon198149-166">[147]</a></sup> in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a> with <i>Cassin</i> and <i>Downes</i>, hit by one bomb and debris from USS <i>Cassin</i>; remained in service. 9 dead.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tennessee_(BB-43)" title="USS Tennessee (BB-43)"><i>Tennessee</i></a>: hit by two bombs; returned to service February 1942. 5 dead.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maryland_(BB-46)" title="USS Maryland (BB-46)"><i>Maryland</i></a>: hit by two bombs; returned to service February 1942. 4 dead (including floatplane pilot shot down).</li></ul>
<h3><span id="Ex-battleship_.28target.2FAA_training_ship.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ex-battleship_(target/AA_training_ship)">Ex-battleship (target/AA training ship)</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)"><i>Utah</i></a>: hit by two torpedoes, capsized; total loss, salvage stopped. 64 dead.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cruisers">Cruisers</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Helena_(CL-50)" title="USS Helena (CL-50)"><i>Helena</i></a>: hit by one torpedo; returned to service January 1942. 20 dead.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Raleigh_(CL-7)" title="USS Raleigh (CL-7)"><i>Raleigh</i></a>: hit by one torpedo; returned to service February 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[148]</a></sup><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Honolulu_(CL-48)" title="USS Honolulu (CL-48)"><i>Honolulu</i></a>: near miss, light damage; remained in service.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Destroyers">Destroyers</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cassin_(DD-372)" title="USS Cassin (DD-372)"><i>Cassin</i></a>: in drydock with <i>Downes</i> and <i>Pennsylvania</i>, hit by one bomb, burned; reconstructed and returned to service February 1944.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Downes_(DD-375)" title="USS Downes (DD-375)"><i>Downes</i></a>: in drydock with <i>Cassin</i> and <i>Pennsylvania</i>, caught fire from <i>Cassin</i>, burned; reconstructed and returned to service November 1943.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Helm" title="USS Helm"><i>Helm</i></a>: underway to West Loch, damaged by two near-miss bombs;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallin1968198_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin1968198-168">[149]</a></sup> continued patrol; dry-docked January 15, 1942, and sailed January 20, 1942.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shaw_(DD-373)" title="USS Shaw (DD-373)"><i>Shaw</i></a>: hit by three bombs; returned to service June 1942.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Auxiliaries">Auxiliaries</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Oglala" title="USS Oglala"><i>Oglala</i></a> (minelayer): damaged by torpedo hit on <i>Helena</i>, capsized; returned to service (as engine-repair ship) February 1944.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Vestal" title="USS Vestal"><i>Vestal</i></a> (repair ship): hit by two bombs, blast and fire from <i>Arizona</i>, beached; returned to service by August 1942.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Curtiss_(AV-4)" title="USS Curtiss (AV-4)"><i>Curtiss</i></a> (seaplane tender): hit by one bomb, one crashed Japanese aircraft; returned to service January 1942. 19 dead.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sotoyomo_(YTM-9)" title="USS Sotoyomo (YTM-9)"><i>Sotoyomo</i></a> (harbor tug): damaged by explosion and fires in <i>Shaw</i>; sunk; returned to service August 1942.</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/YFD-2" title="YFD-2"><i>YFD-2</i></a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_floating_drydock" title="Auxiliary floating drydock">yard floating dock</a>): damaged by bombs; sunk; returned to service January 25, 1942, servicing <i>Shaw</i>.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Salvage">Salvage</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>After a systematic search for survivors, Captain <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_N._Wallin" title="Homer N. Wallin">Homer N. Wallin</a> was ordered to lead a formal salvage operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallin1968v_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin1968v-169">[150]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[nb 20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Around Pearl Harbor, divers from the Navy (shore and tenders), the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard" title="Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard">Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard</a>, and civilian contractors (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Bridge_Company" title="Pacific Bridge Company">Pacific Bridge Company</a> and others) began work on the ships that could be refloated. They patched holes, cleared debris, and pumped water out of ships. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Storer" title="Melvin Storer">Melvin Storer</a> and other Navy divers worked inside the damaged ships.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-172">[152]</a></sup> Within six months, five battleships and two cruisers were patched or refloated so they could be sent to shipyards in Pearl Harbor and on the mainland for extensive repair.<sup id="cite_ref-GrierCSM_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrierCSM-173">[153]</a></sup>
</p><p>Intensive salvage operations continued for another year, a total of some 20,000 man-hours under water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymer1996_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymer1996-174">[154]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Arizona</i> and the target ship <i>Utah</i> were too heavily damaged for salvage and remain where they were sunk,<sup id="cite_ref-usnp-pearl-battleship_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnp-pearl-battleship-175">[155]</a></sup> with <i>Arizona</i> becoming a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">war memorial</a>. <i>Oklahoma</i>, while successfully raised, was never repaired and capsized while under tow to the mainland in 1947. The <i>Nevada</i> proved particularly difficult to raise and repair; two men involved in the operation died after inhaling poisonous gases that had accumulated in the ship's interior.<sup id="cite_ref-GrierCSM_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrierCSM-173">[153]</a></sup> When feasible, armament and equipment were removed from vessels too damaged to repair and put to use aboard other craft. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="News_coverage">News coverage</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Coverage_in_the_United_States">Coverage in the United States</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Downes_(DD-375),_USS_Cassin_(DD-372)_and_USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard,_7_December_1941_(306533).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/USS_Downes_%28DD-375%29%2C_USS_Cassin_%28DD-372%29_and_USS_Pennsylvania_%28BB-38%29_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_7_December_1941_%28306533%29.jpg/220px-USS_Downes_%28DD-375%29%2C_USS_Cassin_%28DD-372%29_and_USS_Pennsylvania_%28BB-38%29_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_7_December_1941_%28306533%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/USS_Downes_%28DD-375%29%2C_USS_Cassin_%28DD-372%29_and_USS_Pennsylvania_%28BB-38%29_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_7_December_1941_%28306533%29.jpg/330px-USS_Downes_%28DD-375%29%2C_USS_Cassin_%28DD-372%29_and_USS_Pennsylvania_%28BB-38%29_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_7_December_1941_%28306533%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/USS_Downes_%28DD-375%29%2C_USS_Cassin_%28DD-372%29_and_USS_Pennsylvania_%28BB-38%29_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_7_December_1941_%28306533%29.jpg/440px-USS_Downes_%28DD-375%29%2C_USS_Cassin_%28DD-372%29_and_USS_Pennsylvania_%28BB-38%29_in_Dry_Dock_No._1_at_the_Pearl_Harbor_Naval_Shipyard%2C_7_December_1941_%28306533%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="2653" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pennsylvania_(BB-38)" title="USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)"><i>Pennsylvania</i></a> behind the wreckage of <i>Downes</i> and <i>Cassin</i></figcaption></figure>
<p>The initial announcement of the attack on Pearl Harbor was made by the White House Press Secretary, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Early" title="Stephen Early">Stephen Early</a>, at 2:22<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. Eastern time (8:52<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m. Hawaiian time): "The Japanese have attacked Pearl Harbor from the air and all naval and military activities on the island of Oahu, principal American base in the Hawaiian islands."<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[156]</a></sup> As information developed, Early made a number of additional announcements to approximately 150 White House reporters over the course of the afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>Initial reports of the attack moved on news wires at approximately 2:25<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. Eastern time. The first radio coverage (which, at the time, represented the earliest opportunity for ordinary people to learn of the attack) was on the CBS radio network's scheduled news program, <i>World News Today</i>, at 2:30<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. Eastern time. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Daly" title="John Charles Daly">John Charles Daly</a> read the initial report, then switched to London, where <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trout" title="Robert Trout">Robert Trout</a> ad-libbed on the possible London reaction. The first report on NBC cut into a play, a dramatization of <i>The Inspector-General</i>, at 2:33<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. Eastern time and lasted only 21 seconds. Unlike the later practice with major news stories, there were only brief interruptions of scheduled commercial programming.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">[158]</a></sup> The attacks were covered on television but the extent of it was limited; as commercial television had started just 6 months earlier, "a few thousand TV sets existed" in the United States with most being in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Greater New York City area</a> and only a handful of stations existed which were in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and Philadelphia. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNBC" title="WNBC">WNBT</a> from New York was the only TV station that was regularly airing that day in the country with the comedy movie <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millionaire_Playboy" title="Millionaire Playboy">Millionaire Playboy</a></i> which was scheduled for 3:30-4:30 PM being interrupted with the news of the attack. The other know station to cover the attacks was WCBW also from New York which prepared a special report on the attack and was broadcast that evening. There are no recordings of either stations coverage either visual or audio.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[159]</a></sup>
</p><p>A contemporaneous newspaper report compared the attack to the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Arthur" title="Battle of Port Arthur">Battle of Port Arthur</a> in which the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the Imperial Russian Navy, triggering the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, 37 years prior.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[160]</a></sup> Modern writers have continued to note parallels between the attacks, albeit more dispassionately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeck2016_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeck2016-181">[161]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Coverage_in_Japan">Coverage in Japan</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>News of the attack was first broadcast at 11:30 AM (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time" title="Japan Standard Time">Japanese Standard Time</a>) but however earlier at "shortly after" 7 AM (Japanese Standard Time) it was announced Japan "entered into a situation of war with the United States and Britain in the Western Pacific before dawn." without any further elaboration or explanation and after the attacks had already finished which was at 5:30 AM JST.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-182">[162]</a></sup> The attack on Pearl Harbor was covered in the Japanese press but during World War II and by this point the press was heavily censored.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-183">[163]</a></sup> One Japanese newspaper, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The <i>Asahi Shimbun</i></a> did report on the attack the day it occurred and from that point onward the editorials begun to back governmental decisions regardless of what they were.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[164]</a></sup> It also reported the declaration of war on the United States after the attacks framing it as an Imperial Order with most Japanese people taking it that way as opposed to the <i>New York Times</i> writing which focused on "the danger to democracy and to the nation" because of the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-183">[163]</a></sup> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> broadcast 12 special news reports along with its 6 regularly scheduled ones that day.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-182">[162]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Aftermath">Aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequences_of_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor">Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard" style="background-color: #FAFAFA; border: 1px solid #CCC;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <b><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Hawaii" title="Category:History of Hawaii">a series</a></b> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #1874CD; padding:3px;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii"><span style="color:#fff;">History of Hawaii</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="Flag of Hawaii"><img alt="Flag of Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/75px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/113px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Early history</a> (pre–1795)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_settlement_of_Hawaii" title="Discovery and settlement of Hawaii">Discovery and settlement</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1219–1266</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kealakekua_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kealakekua Bay">Battle of Kealakekua Bay</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1779</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a> (1795–1893)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha" title="House of Kamehameha">Kamehameha dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1795–1874</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_I#Conquest_of_the_islands" title="Kamehameha I">Unification of Hawaii</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1810</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_affair" title="Laplace affair">Laplace affair</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1839</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulet_affair" title="Paulet affair">Paulet affair</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Honolulu" title="French invasion of Honolulu">French invasion of Honolulu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1861–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kal%C4%81kaua" title="House of Kalākaua">Kalākaua dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1874–1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" title="Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1875</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Constitution_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Bayonet Constitution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1887</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilcox_rebellion_of_1889" title="Wilcox rebellion of 1889">Rebellions and revolutions</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1887–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional</a> (1893–1894)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leper_War_on_Kaua%CA%BBi" title="Leper War on Kauaʻi">Leper War on Kauaʻi</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Week_(Hawaii)" title="Black Week (Hawaii)">Black Week</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1893–1894</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1894–1898)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1895_Wilcox_rebellion" title="1895 Wilcox rebellion">Counter-Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Annexation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1898</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a> (1898–1959)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Organic_Act" title="Hawaiian Organic Act">Hawaiian Organic Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1900</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu_sugar_strike_of_1920" title="Oahu sugar strike of 1920">Oahu sugar strike</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanapepe_massacre" title="Hanapepe massacre">Hanapēpē Massacre</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1924</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massie_Trial" title="Massie Trial">Massie Trial</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1932</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honouliuli_National_Historic_Site" title="Honouliuli National Historic Site">Honouliuli Internment Camp</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Democratic_Revolution_of_1954" title="Hawaii Democratic Revolution of 1954">Democratic Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1954</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #E1F3FC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">State of Hawaii</a> (1959–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalama_Valley_protests" title="Kalama Valley protests">Kalama Valley protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1971</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_Hawaii_State_Constitutional_Convention" title="1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention">State Constitutional Convention</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Honolulu_shootings" title="1999 Honolulu shootings">Xerox murders</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_occupation_of_Iolani_Palace" title="2008 occupation of Iolani Palace">Occupation of Iolani Palace</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_molasses_spill" title="Honolulu molasses spill">Honolulu molasses spill</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Meter_Telescope_protests" title="Thirty Meter Telescope protests">TMT protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2014–now</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Hawaii_false_missile_alert" title="2018 Hawaii false missile alert">False missile alert</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Lane_(2018)" title="Hurricane Lane (2018)">Hurricane Lane</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Hawaii" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Hawaii">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020–now</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests_in_Hawaii" title="George Floyd protests in Hawaii">George Floyd protests</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hill_water_crisis" title="Red Hill water crisis">Red Hill water crisis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2021–now</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Hawaii_wildfires" title="2023 Hawaii wildfires">Hawaii wildfires</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2023</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: #C9E1F9;">
Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_(Hawaii)" title="Big Five (Hawaii)">Big Five</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_status_of_Hawaii" title="Legal status of Hawaii">Legal status</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii">NRHP listings</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Sovereignty movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Sugar plantations</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Honolulu" title="Timeline of Honolulu">Timeline of Honolulu</a></li></ul>
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<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><span class="mw-valign-baseline mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/13px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/26px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii"><span style="color: #FFF;">Portal</span></a></li>
<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Hawaii" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Hawaii"><span style="color: #FFF;">Commons</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding: 2px; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:History_of_Hawaii" title="Template:History of Hawaii"><abbr title="View this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Hawaii" title="Template talk:History of Hawaii"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Hawaii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Hawaii"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="font-size: 100%; margin: 2px;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Remember_december_7th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Remember_december_7th.jpg/220px-Remember_december_7th.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Remember_december_7th.jpg/330px-Remember_december_7th.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Remember_december_7th.jpg/440px-Remember_december_7th.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A 1942 poster by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Saalburg" title="Allen Saalburg">Allen Saalburg</a> issued by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_War_Information" title="United States Office of War Information">United States Office of War Information</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>The day after the attack, U.S. President <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> delivered his famous <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a> to a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Session_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Session of Congress">Joint Session of Congress</a>, calling for a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">formal declaration of war on the Empire of Japan</a>. Congress obliged his request less than an hour later. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, even though the Tripartite Pact did not require it.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[nb 21]</a></sup> Congress issued a declaration of war against Germany and Italy later that same day.
</p><p>The United Kingdom had already been at war with Germany since September 1939 and with Italy since June 1940, and British Prime Minister <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> had promised to declare war "within the hour" of a Japanese attack on the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[168]</a></sup> Upon learning of the Japanese attacks on <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, Churchill promptly determined there was no need to either wait or further consult the US government and immediately summoned the Japanese Ambassador. As a result, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan">the United Kingdom declared war on Japan</a> nine hours before the United States did.
</p><p>The attack was an initial shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater. Further losses compounded the alarming setback. Japan <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">attacked the Philippines</a> hours later (because of the time difference, it was December 8 in the Philippines). Only three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">the battleship <i>Prince of Wales</i> and battlecruiser <i>Repulse</i> were sunk</a> off the coast of Malaya, causing Churchill later to recollect "In all the war I never received a more direct shock. As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California. Over this vast expanse of waters, Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked."<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[169]</a></sup>
</p><p>Throughout the war, Pearl Harbor was frequently used in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_propaganda_during_World_War_II" title="American propaganda during World War II">American propaganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[170]</a></sup>
</p><p>One further consequence of the attack on Pearl Harbor and its aftermath (notably the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a>) was that Japanese-American residents and citizens were relocated to nearby <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-American_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese-American internment">Japanese-American internment</a> camps. Within hours of the attack, hundreds of Japanese-American leaders were rounded up and taken to high-security camps such as <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_Island_(Hawaii)" title="Sand Island (Hawaii)">Sand Island</a> at the mouth of Honolulu harbor and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea_Military_Camp" title="Kilauea Military Camp">Kilauea Military Camp</a> on the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">island of Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine1995_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1995-192">[171]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[172]</a></sup> Eventually, more than 110,000 Japanese Americans, nearly all who lived on the West Coast, were forced into interior camps, but in <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, where the 150,000-plus Japanese Americans composed over one-third of the population, only 1,200 to 1,800 were interned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1972_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1972-194">[173]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[174]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[175]</a></sup>
</p><p>The attack also had international consequences. The Canadian province of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, bordering the Pacific Ocean, had long had a large population of Japanese immigrants and their <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Canadians" title="Japanese Canadians">Japanese-Canadian</a> descendants. Pre-war tensions were exacerbated by the Pearl Harbor attack, leading to a reaction from the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">government of Canada</a>. On February 24, 1942, Order-in-Council P.C. no. 1486 was passed under the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a>, allowing for the forced removal of any and all Canadians of Japanese descent from British Columbia, as well as prohibiting them from returning to the province. On March 4, regulations under the act were adopted to evacuate Japanese Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">[176]</a></sup> As a result, 12,000 were <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interned" class="mw-redirect" title="Interned">interned</a> in interior camps, 2,000 were sent to road camps, and another 2,000 were forced to work in the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">prairies</a> on sugar beet farms.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">[177]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the wake of the attack, 15 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medals of Honor</a>, 51 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Crosses</a>, 53 <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Stars</a>, four <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_and_Marine_Corps_Medal" title="Navy and Marine Corps Medal">Navy and Marine Corps Medals</a>, one <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a>, four <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Crosses</a>, one <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Navy Distinguished Service Medal">Distinguished Service Medal</a>, and three <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medals</a> were awarded to the American servicemen who distinguished themselves in combat at Pearl Harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">[178]</a></sup> Additionally, a special <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Awards and decorations of the United States military">military award</a>, the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Commemorative_Medal" title="Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal">Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal</a>, was later authorized for all military veterans of the attack.
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Niihau_Incident">Niihau Incident</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg/220px-Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg/330px-Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg/440px-Nishikaichi%27s_Zero_BII-120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi's aircraft ten days after it crashed</figcaption></figure>
<p>Japanese planners of the Pearl Harbor attack had determined that some means were required for rescuing fliers whose aircraft were damaged too badly to return to the carriers. The island of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niihau</a>, only thirty minutes by air from Pearl Harbor, was designated as the rescue point.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>During the second wave, a Zero fighter flown by Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi of <i>Hiryu</i> was damaged in the attack on Wheeler, so he flew to the rescue point. The aircraft was further damaged on his crash landing. Nishikaichi was helped from the wreckage by one of the Native Hawaiians, who, aware of the tension between the United States and Japan, took the pilot's pistol, maps, codes and other documents. The island's residents had no telephones or radios and were completely unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Nishikaichi enlisted the support of three Japanese-American residents in an attempt to recover the documents. During the ensuing struggles, Nishikaichi was killed, and a Hawaiian civilian was wounded; one collaborator committed suicide, and his wife and the third collaborator were sent to prison.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The ease with which the local ethnic Japanese residents had apparently gone to Nishikaichi's assistance was a source of concern for many and tended to support those who believed that local Japanese could not be trusted.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[179]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Strategic_implications">Strategic implications</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<p>Rear Admiral <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABichi_Hara" title="Chūichi Hara">Chūichi Hara</a> summed up the Japanese result by saying, "We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war."<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[180]</a></sup>
</p><p>While the attack accomplished its intended objective, it turned out to be largely unnecessary. Unbeknownst to Yamamoto, who conceived the original plan, the United States Navy had decided as far back as 1935 to abandon "charging" across the Pacific towards the Philippines in response to an outbreak of war (in keeping with the evolution of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Plan_Orange" title="War Plan Orange">Plan Orange</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-45">[38]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The United States instead adopted "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan Dog">Plan Dog</a>" in 1940, which emphasized keeping the IJN out of the eastern Pacific and away from the shipping lanes to Australia, while the United States concentrated on defeating Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[181]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Source is a textbook written for middle-school kids or younger, which does not meet the requirements of reliable tertiary sources for this type of article. (December 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Fortunately for the United States, the American aircraft carriers were untouched; otherwise the Pacific Fleet's ability to conduct offensive operations would have been crippled for a year or more (given no diversions from the Atlantic Fleet). As it was, the Navy was left with no choice but to rely on carriers and submarines. While six of the eight battleships were repaired and returned to service, their relatively low speed and high fuel consumption limited their deployment, and they served mainly in shore bombardment roles (their only major action being the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Surigao_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Surigao Strait">Battle of Surigao Strait</a> in October 1944). A major flaw in Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be fought by battleships, in keeping with the doctrine of Captain <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a>. As a result, Yamamoto (and his successors) hoarded battleships for a "decisive battle" that never happened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983-75">[64]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2007_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2007-203">[182]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The Japanese confidence in their ability to win a quick victory meant that they neglected Pearl Harbor's navy repair yards, oil tank farms, submarine base and old headquarters building.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983-75">[64]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> All of these targets were omitted from Genda's list, yet they proved more important than any battleship to the American war effort in the Pacific. The survival of the repair shops and fuel depots allowed Pearl Harbor to maintain logistical support of the Navy,<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[183]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[184]</a></sup> such as the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a> and the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battles of the Coral Sea</a> and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a>. It was submarines that immobilized the Imperial Japanese Navy's heavy ships and brought Japan's economy to a virtual standstill by crippling the importation of oil and raw materials: by the end of 1942, the amount of raw materials brought in was cut in half, "to a disastrous ten million tons", while oil "was almost completely stopped".<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[nb 22]</a></sup> Lastly, the basement of the Old Administration Building was the home of the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_HYPO" title="Station HYPO">cryptanalytic unit</a> which contributed significantly to the Midway ambush and the Submarine Force's success.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">[185]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Retrospective_debate_on_American_intelligence">Retrospective debate on American intelligence</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg/220px-Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg/330px-Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg/440px-Arizona_Memorial_Wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS <i>Arizona</i> Memorial</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Ever since the Japanese attack, there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught unaware, and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans and related topics. As early as 1924, Chief of United States Air Service <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_Patrick" title="Mason Patrick">Mason Patrick</a> showed concern for military vulnerabilities in the Pacific, having sent General <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Mitchell" title="Billy Mitchell">Billy Mitchell</a> on a survey of the Pacific and the East. Patrick called Mitchell's subsequent report, which identified vulnerabilities in Hawaii, a "theoretical treatise on employment of airpower in the Pacific, which, in all probability undoubtedly will be of extreme value some 10 or 15 years hence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolk2007_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolk2007-208">[186]</a></sup>
</p><p>At least two naval war games, one in 1932 and another in 1936, proved that Pearl was vulnerable to such an attack. Admiral <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O._Richardson" title="James O. Richardson">James Richardson</a> was removed from command shortly after protesting President Roosevelt's decision to move the bulk of the Pacific fleet to Pearl Harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallin1968_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin1968-209">[187]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[188]</a></sup> The decisions of military and political leadership to ignore these warnings have contributed to conspiracy theories. Several writers, including decorated World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II veteran and journalist <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stinnett" title="Robert Stinnett">Robert Stinnett</a>, author of <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Deceit" title="Day of Deceit">Day of Deceit</a></i>, and former United States Rear Admiral <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Alfred_Theobald" title="Robert Alfred Theobald">Robert Alfred Theobald</a>, author of <i>The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor: The Washington Background of the Pearl Harbor Attack</i>, have argued that various parties high in the American and British governments knew of the attack in advance and may even have let it happen or encouraged it in order to force the United States into the war via the so-called "back door". However, this <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a> is rejected by mainstream historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1986_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1986-211">[189]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrados1995[httpsarchiveorgdetailscombinedfleetdec00pradpage161_161–177]_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrados1995[httpsarchiveorgdetailscombinedfleetdec00pradpage161_161–177]-212">[190]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiansky2002_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiansky2002-213">[191]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[192]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[nb 23]</a></sup>
</p><p>The theory that the Americans were warned in advance, however, is supported by statements made by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Ellis" title="Dick Ellis">Dick Ellis</a>, a British-Australian intelligence officer for MI6 who helped <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William J. Donovan</a> set up the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a>. Ellis was deputy to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stephenson" title="William Stephenson">William Stephenson</a> at <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Security_Co-ordination" title="British Security Co-ordination">British Security Co-ordination</a>. In <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Fink" title="Jesse Fink">Jesse Fink</a>'s 2023 biography of Ellis, <i>The Eagle in the Mirror</i>, Ellis is quoted as saying: "[Stephenson] was convinced from the information that was reaching him that this attack was imminent, and through <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">Jimmy Roosevelt</a>, President Roosevelt's son, he passed this information to the President. Now whether the President at that time had other information which corroborated this... it's impossible to say."<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[194]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor">List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">Operation K</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_National_Memorial" title="Pearl Harbor National Memorial">Pearl Harbor National Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Survivors_Association" title="Pearl Harbor Survivors Association">Pearl Harbor Survivors Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winds_Code" title="Winds Code">Winds Code</a></li></ul>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Total includes <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Taney" title="USCGC Taney">USCGC <i>Taney</i> (WHEC-37)</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Reliance_(WSC-150)" title="USCGC Reliance (WSC-150)">USCGC <i>Reliance</i> (WSC-150)</a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Tiger" title="USCGC Tiger">USCGC <i>Tiger</i> (WSC-152)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise stated, all vessels listed were salvageable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimitz1942_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENimitz1942-5">[4]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also known as the <b>Battle of Pearl Harbor</b></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the Japanese designator of Oahu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilford200232_fn._81_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford200232_fn._81-16">[13]</a></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hawaii_time-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hawaii_time_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1941, Hawaii was half an hour different from the majority of other time zones. See <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9210:30" title="UTC−10:30">UTC−10:30</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)">USS <i>Utah</i></a>; the former battleship <i>Utah</i> was moored in the space intended to have been occupied by the aircraft carrier <i>Enterprise</i> which, returning with a task force, had been expected to enter the channel at 0730 on December 7; delayed by weather, the task force did not reach Pearl Harbor until dusk the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After it was announced in September that iron and steel scrap export would also be prohibited, Japanese Ambassador Horinouchi protested to Secretary Hull on October 8, 1940, warning this might be considered an "unfriendly act".<sup id="cite_ref-PaW-96_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PaW-96-40">[34]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was mainly a Japanese Navy preference; the Japanese Army would have chosen to attack the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-45">[38]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayashi1959_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayashi1959-49">[42]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Dorn report did not state with certainty that Kimmel and Short knew about Taranto. There is, however, no doubt that they did know, as did the Japanese. Lieutenant Commander Takeshi Naito, the assistant <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">naval attaché</a> to Berlin, flew to Taranto to investigate the attack first hand, and Naito subsequently had a lengthy conversation with Commander <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuo_Fuchida" title="Mitsuo Fuchida">Mitsuo Fuchida</a> about his observations. Fuchida led the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[53]</a></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bomber</a> needed a long, level flight, and when released, its conventional torpedo would plunge nearly a hundred feet deep before swerving upward to strike a hull. Pearl Harbor deep averages 42 feet. But the Japanese borrowed an idea from the British carrier-based torpedo raid on the Italian naval base of Taranto. They fashioned auxiliary wooden tail fins to keep the torpedoes horizontal, so they would dive to only 35 feet, and they added a breakaway "nosecone" of soft wood to cushion the impact with the surface of the water."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[54]</a></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur_Jr." title="Arthur MacArthur Jr.">Arthur MacArthur</a> in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManchester1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManchester1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-69">[59]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">She was located by a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaiʻi</a> research submersible on August 28, 2002, in 400 m (1,300 ft) of water, 6 nmi (11 km) outside the harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[77]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While the nine sailors who died in the attack were quickly lionized by the Japanese government as <i>Kyūgunshin</i> ("The Nine War Heroes"), the news of Sakamaki's capture, which had been publicized in American news broadcasts, was kept secret. Even after the war, however, he received recriminating correspondence from those who despised him for not sacrificing his own life.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor, Planning and Execution. First wave: 189 planes, 50 Kates w/bombs, 40 Kates with torpedoes, 54 Vals, 45 Zekes Second wave: 171 planes, 54 Kates w/bombs, 81 Vals, 36 Zekes. The Combat Air Patrol over the carriers alternated 18 plane shifts every two hours, with 18 more ready for takeoff on the flight decks and an additional 18 ready on hangar decks.<sup id="cite_ref-IJN_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJN-113">[100]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the twenty-five sorties flown, USAF Historical Study No.85 credits six pilots with ten planes destroyed: 1st Lieutenant Lewis M. Sanders (P-36) and 2nd Lieutenants Philip M Rasmussen (P-36), Gordon H. Sterling Jr. (P-36, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a>), Harry W. Brown (P-36), <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_M._Taylor" title="Kenneth M. Taylor">Kenneth M. Taylor</a> (P-40, 2), and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Welch_(pilot)" title="George Welch (pilot)">George S. Welch</a> (P-40, 4). Three of the P-36 kills were not verified by the Japanese and may have been shot down by naval <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft</a> fire.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[110]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears (January 2024)">pages needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Odd though it may sound, "not" is correct, in keeping with standard Navy telegraphic practice. This was confirmed by Beloite and Beloite after years of research and debate.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The gunners that did get in action scored most of the victories against Japanese aircraft that morning, including the first of the attack by <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tautog_(SS-199)" title="USS Tautog (SS-199)"><i>Tautog</i></a>, and <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorie_Miller" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorie Miller">Dorie Miller</a>'s <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Cross</a>-worthy effort. Miller was an African-American cook aboard <i>West Virginia</i> who took over an unattended <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft gun">anti-aircraft gun</a> on which he had no training. He was the first African-American sailor to be awarded the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Cross" title="Navy Cross">Navy Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-navyfaq57_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navyfaq57-129">[113]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The wreck has become a <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">memorial</a> to those lost that day, most of whom remain within the ship. She continues to leak small amounts of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a>, decades after the attack.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> pilots of the 46th and 47th Pursuit Squadrons, 15th Pursuit Group, claim to have destroyed ten. Overall, the Americans claimed to have shot down 41 Japanese aircraft.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Wallin had been assigned to go to <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> in East Africa. The harbor there was blocked by scuttled Italian and German ships, which prevented British use of the port. Commander <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ellsberg" title="Edward Ellsberg">Edward Ellsberg</a> was sent instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllsberg1946_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsberg1946-170">[151]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pact had one of its objectives limiting US intervention in conflicts involving the three nations.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[165]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[166]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[167]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In less than eleven months, most of Japan's elite naval aviators who had been at Pearl Harbor were lost in subsequent battles. Lack of fuel and an inflexible training policy meant that they could not be replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-45">[38]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Prange" title="Gordon Prange">Gordon Prange</a> specifically addresses some revisionist works, including <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a>, <i>President Roosevelt and the Coming War 1941</i>; <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Chamberlin" title="William Henry Chamberlin">William Henry Chamberlin</a>, <i>America's Second Crusade</i>; <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Flynn" title="John T. Flynn">John T. Flynn</a>, <i>The Roosevelt Myth</i>; George Morgenstern, <i>Pearl Harbor</i>; Frederic R. Sanborn, <i>Design for War</i>; <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Alfred_Theobald" title="Robert Alfred Theobald">Robert Alfred Theobald</a>, <i>The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor</i>; Harry E. Barnes, ed., <i>Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace</i> and <i>The Court Historians versus Revisionism</i>; <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel">Husband E. Kimmel</a>, <i>Admiral Kimmel's Story</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1991867_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1991867-215">[193]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;">
<ol class="references">
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</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThiesen2017" class="citation cs2">Thiesen, William H. (December 7, 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100049/http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2017/12/the-long-blue-line-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor-a-date-that-will-live-in-infamy/">"The Long Blue Line: The Attack on Pearl Harbor – "a date that will live in infamy"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>, <i>Coast Guard Compass</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coastguard.dodlive.mil/2017/12/the-long-blue-line-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor-a-date-that-will-live-in-infamy/">the original</a> on December 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coast+Guard+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Long+Blue+Line%3A+The+Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor+%E2%80%93+%22a+date+that+will+live+in+infamy%22&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft.aulast=Thiesen&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fcoastguard.dodlive.mil%2F2017%2F12%2Fthe-long-blue-line-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor-a-date-that-will-live-in-infamy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2017/Jul/01/2001772263/-1/-1/0/PEARLHARBOR.PDF">"U.S. Coast Guard Units in Hawaii: December 7, 1941"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>media.defense.gov</i>, 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100100/https://media.defense.gov/2017/Jul/01/2001772263/-1/-1/0/PEARLHARBOR.PDF">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=media.defense.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Coast+Guard+Units+in+Hawaii%3A+December+7%2C+1941&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2017%2FJul%2F01%2F2001772263%2F-1%2F-1%2F0%2FPEARLHARBOR.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENimitz1942-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENimitz1942_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNimitz1942">Nimitz 1942</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-USN-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USN_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USN_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USN_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USN_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/the-pearl-harbor-attack-7-december-1941.html">"Overview of The Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941"</a>, <i>The Navy Department Library</i>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>, December 2, 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602043203/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/the-pearl-harbor-attack-7-december-1941.html">archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Navy+Department+Library&rft.atitle=Overview+of+The+Pearl+Harbor+Attack%2C+7+December+1941&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fhistory%2Fnhhc%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fp%2Fthe-pearl-harbor-attack-7-december-1941.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-censusfactsheet-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-censusfactsheet_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-censusfactsheet_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf">"A Pearl Harbor Fact Sheet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516060130/https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf">Archived</a> May 16, 2023, at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PHFS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PHFS_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PHFS_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/pearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf">"Remembering Pearl Harbor: A Pearl Harbor Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.census.gov</i>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_WWII_Museum" title="The National WWII Museum">The National WWII Museum</a> – via <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.census.gov&rft.atitle=Remembering+Pearl+Harbor%3A+A+Pearl+Harbor+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhistory%2Fpdf%2Fpearl-harbor-fact-sheet-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kimberly-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kimberly_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kimberly_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSarmiento2017" class="citation book cs1">Sarmiento, Kimberly (January 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AsvqDQAAQBAJ"><i>Events That Changed the Course of History: The Story of the Attack on Pearl Harbor 75 Years Later</i></a>. Atlantic Publishing Company. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62023-149-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62023-149-4"><bdi>978-1-62023-149-4</bdi></a>. <q>Only 129 Japanese soldiers were killed during that attack, and one was taken prisoner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+That+Changed+the+Course+of+History%3A+The+Story+of+the+Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor+75+Years+Later&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft.isbn=978-1-62023-149-4&rft.aulast=Sarmiento&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAsvqDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert2004272-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert2004272_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2004">Gilbert 2004</a>, p. 272.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGailey1997">Gailey 1997</a>, p. 96: "There were 103 civilian casualties, including 68 dead."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usswestvirginia.org/ph/phresults.php"><i>Full Pearl Harbor Casualty List</i></a>, USSWestVirginia.org, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117104216/http://www.usswestvirginia.org/ph/phresults.php">archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Full+Pearl+Harbor+Casualty+List&rft.pub=USSWestVirginia.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.usswestvirginia.org%2Fph%2Fphresults.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnEngelmanFairchild2000194-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnEngelmanFairchild2000194_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnEngelmanFairchild2000194_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConnEngelmanFairchild2000">Conn, Engelman & Fairchild 2000</a>, p. 194.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilford200232_fn._81-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilford200232_fn._81_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilford2002">Wilford 2002</a>, p. 32 fn. 81.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFukudome1955b-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFukudome1955b_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFukudome1955b">Fukudome 1955b</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillon200017ff-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillon200017ff_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsteinDillon2000">Goldstein & Dillon 2000</a>, pp. 17ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorison2001101,_120,_250-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorison2001101,_120,_250_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorison2001">Morison 2001</a>, pp. 101, 120, 250.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gill85-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gill85_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill85_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGill1957">Gill 1957</a>, p. 485</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-parillo288-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parillo288_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parillo288_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parillo288_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParillo2006">Parillo 2006</a>, p. 288</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas2007">Thomas 2007</a>, pp. 57–59.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Pearl-Harbor-attack">"Pearl Harbor attack | Date, History, Map, Casualties, Timeline, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408061328/https://www.britannica.com/event/Pearl-Harbor-attack">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Pearl+Harbor+attack+%26%23124%3B+Date%2C+History%2C+Map%2C+Casualties%2C+Timeline%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FPearl-Harbor-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/the-deadliest-disaster-to-ever-happen-in-each-state/ss-AA15iVyW?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=b852eb5146d44c5497c7b7a63e1e26f8&ei=70#image=12">"The deadliest disaster to ever happen in each state"</a>. <i>MSN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425014953/https://www.msn.com/en-us/travel/news/the-deadliest-disaster-to-ever-happen-in-each-state/ss-AA15iVyW?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=b852eb5146d44c5497c7b7a63e1e26f8&ei=70#image=12">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN&rft.atitle=The+deadliest+disaster+to+ever+happen+in+each+state&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Ftravel%2Fnews%2Fthe-deadliest-disaster-to-ever-happen-in-each-state%2Fss-AA15iVyW%3Focid%3Dmsedgntp%26cvid%3Db852eb5146d44c5497c7b7a63e1e26f8%26ei%3D70%23image%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorth2014-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorth2014_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorth2014_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorth2014_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorth2014">Worth 2014</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaileyFarber2019-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyFarber2019_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaileyFarber2019_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaileyFarber2019">Bailey & Farber 2019</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBurress2001" class="citation news cs2">Burress, Charles (July 19, 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2001/07/19/commentary/world-commentary/biased-history-helps-feed-u-s-fascination-with-pearl-harbor/">"Biased history helps feed U.S. fascination with Pearl Harbor"</a>, <i>The Japan Times</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812140356/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2001/07/19/commentary/world-commentary/biased-history-helps-feed-u-s-fascination-with-pearl-harbor/">archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Biased+history+helps+feed+U.S.+fascination+with+Pearl+Harbor&rft.date=2001-07-19&rft.aulast=Burress&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fopinion%2F2001%2F07%2F19%2Fcommentary%2Fworld-commentary%2Fbiased-history-helps-feed-u-s-fascination-with-pearl-harbor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/pacific-expansion">"United States Maritime Expansion across the Pacific during the 19th Century"</a>, <i>Milestones: 1830–1860</i>, United States Department of State, Office of the Historian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321022956/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/pacific-expansion">archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Milestones%3A+1830%E2%80%931860&rft.atitle=United+States+Maritime+Expansion+across+the+Pacific+during+the+19th+Century&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1830-1860%2Fpacific-expansion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnhart198717–49-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnhart198717–49_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnhart1987">Barnhart 1987</a>, pp. 17–49.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFIriye1987" class="citation book cs1">Iriye, Akira (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Origins-of-the-Second-World-War-in-Asia-and-the-Pacific/Iriye/p/book/9780582493490"><i>The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific</i></a>. Longman. pp. 168–177. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49349-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49349-0"><bdi>978-0-582-49349-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721172204/https://www.routledge.com/The-Origins-of-the-Second-World-War-in-Asia-and-the-Pacific/Iriye/p/book/9780582493490">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.pages=168-177&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-582-49349-0&rft.aulast=Iriye&rft.aufirst=Akira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FThe-Origins-of-the-Second-World-War-in-Asia-and-the-Pacific%2FIriye%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780582493490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2019" class="citation news cs2">Axelrod, Josh (August 11, 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality">"A Century Later: The Treaty Of Versailles And Its Rejection Of Racial Equality"</a>, <i>NPR</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413202236/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/08/11/742293305/a-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality">archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=A+Century+Later%3A+The+Treaty+Of+Versailles+And+Its+Rejection+Of+Racial+Equality&rft.date=2019-08-11&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2019%2F08%2F11%2F742293305%2Fa-century-later-the-treaty-of-versailles-and-its-rejection-of-racial-equality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELauren1978-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELauren1978_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLauren1978">Lauren 1978</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PaW-94,96-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PaW-94,96_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_State1943">Department of State 1943</a>, pp. 94, 96</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnhart1987-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnhart1987_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnhart1987">Barnhart 1987</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGruhl2007">Gruhl 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA39">39</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGruhl2007">Gruhl 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA40">40</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-PaW-96-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PaW-96_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_State1943">Department of State 1943</a>, p. 96</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PaW-94-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PaW-94_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_State1943">Department of State 1943</a>, p. 94</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBelair1940" class="citation news cs2">Belair, Felix Jr. (June 23, 1940), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1940/06/23/113094328.pdf">"Shift of Our Fleet to Atlantic Studied"</a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Shift+of+Our+Fleet+to+Atlantic+Studied&rft.date=1940-06-23&rft.aulast=Belair&rft.aufirst=Felix+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1940%2F06%2F23%2F113094328.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. "Except for the Atlantic Battle Squadron, the entire fleet is now in the Pacific, based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii."</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2009" class="citation news cs2">Harper, Tim (August 7, 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/07/japan-imperialism-militarism">"Japan's Gigantic Second World War Gamble"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824111258/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/07/japan-imperialism-militarism">archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Gigantic+Second+World+War+Gamble&rft.date=2009-08-07&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fsep%2F07%2Fjapan-imperialism-militarism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvansPeattie1997_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvansPeattie1997">Evans & Peattie 1997</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200763-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller200763_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2007">Miller 2007</a>, p. 63.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html">Chapter V: The Decision for War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525064812/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html">Archived</a> May 25, 2013, at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Morton, Louis. <i>Strategy and Command: The First Two Years</i> 1961</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PaW-125-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PaW-125_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDepartment_of_State1943">Department of State 1943</a>, p. 125</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayashi1959-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayashi1959_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayashi1959">Hayashi 1959</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatloffSnell1980-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatloffSnell1980_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatloffSnell1980_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatloffSnell1980">Matloff & Snell 1980</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1962">Morton 1962</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-4.html">ch. IV: The Fatal Turn</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvestigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack_–_"Review_of_the_Diplomatic_Conversations"1946[httpwwwibiblioorgphaphacongressapp-dhtml314_314]-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvestigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack_–_"Review_of_the_Diplomatic_Conversations"1946[httpwwwibiblioorgphaphacongressapp-dhtml314_314]_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInvestigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack_–_"Review_of_the_Diplomatic_Conversations"1946">Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack – "Review of the Diplomatic Conversations" 1946</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#314">314</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Chapter_V:_The_Decision_for_War-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_V:_The_Decision_for_War_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_V:_The_Decision_for_War_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorton1962">Morton 1962</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html">ch. V: The Decision for War</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cv6.org/1941/btlord1/btlord1.htm">"Battle Order Number One: Nov. 28, 1941"</a>. <i>www.cv6.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200302183032/http://www.cv6.org/1941/btlord1/btlord1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cv6.org&rft.atitle=Battle+Order+Number+One%3A+Nov.+28%2C+1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.cv6.org%2F1941%2Fbtlord1%2Fbtlord1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBailey,_Beth_L.2019" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Beth L. (2019). <i>Beyond Pearl Harbor: A Pacific History</i>. University Press of Kansas. p. 74. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700628131" title="Special:BookSources/9780700628131"><bdi>9780700628131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Pearl+Harbor%3A+A+Pacific+History&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780700628131&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Beth+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Gailey1997p68-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gailey1997p68_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gailey1997p68_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGailey1997">Gailey 1997</a>, p. 68</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/japanese-announcement-attack-pearl-harbor-1941"><i>Japanese announcement of the attack at Pearl Harbor, 1941.</i></a>, "History Resources", The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, New York (USA), retrieved 18. Dezember 2023.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Gailey1997p70-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gailey1997p70_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGailey1997">Gailey 1997</a>, p. 70</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLord1957">Lord 1957</a>, pp. 12–14</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorchMartinez2005">Borch & Martinez 2005</a>, pp. 53–54.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGannon1996">Gannon 1996</a>, p. 49</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWetzler1998">Wetzler 1998</a>, p. 39.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nuclearm-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nuclearm_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclearm_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclearm_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclearm_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/profile/emperor-hirohito/#:~:text=The%20emperor%27s%20office%20signed%20off,his%20ability%20to%20do%20so">https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/profile/emperor-hirohito/#:~:text=The%20emperor%27s%20office%20signed%20off,his%20ability%20to%20do%20so</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBix2000">Bix 2000</a>, p. 417, citing the Sugiyama memo</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-cipo19411208-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cipo19411208_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Canadian_Institute_of_Public_Opinion1941" class="citation news cs1">The Canadian Institute of Public Opinion (December 8, 1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RPcuAAAAIBAJ&pg=5721%2C1471377">"Gallup Poll Found 52 p.c. of Americans Expected War"</a>. <i>Ottawa Citizen</i>. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812143117/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RPcuAAAAIBAJ&pg=5721%2C1471377">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Gallup+Poll+Found+52+p.c.+of+Americans+Expected+War&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1941-12-08&rft.au=The+Canadian+Institute+of+Public+Opinion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DRPcuAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5721%252C1471377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManchester1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManchester1978[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManchester1978">Manchester 1978</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Willmott14-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willmott14_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willmott14_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillmott1983">Willmott 1983</a>, p. 14.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFukudome1955">Fukudome 1955</a>, p. 150</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981">Prange, Goldstein & Dillon 1981</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimm2011-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimm2011_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimm2011">Zimm 2011</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott1983_75-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillmott1983">Willmott 1983</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair1975-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1975_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair1975_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair1975">Blair 1975</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimm2011">Zimm 2011</a>, p. 132</span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeattie2001">Peattie 2001</a>, p. 145</span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/usar/scrs/scrs2t.htm">"Japanese Naval Aircraft at Pearl Harbor"</a>. <i>21 April 2001</i>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=21+April+2001&rft.atitle=Japanese+Naval+Aircraft+at+Pearl+Harbor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fusar%2Fscrs%2Fscrs2t.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimm2011">Zimm 2011</a>, pp. 173, 174</span>
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<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimm2011">Zimm 2011</a>, p. 153</span>
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<li id="cite_note-DiGiulian_OOB-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiGiulian_OOB_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiGiulian_OOB_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiGiulian_OOB_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiGiulian2021">DiGiulian 2021</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Stewart1974p56-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart1974p56_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart1974p56_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1974">Stewart 1974</a>, p. 56</span>
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<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsteinDillon2000">Goldstein & Dillon 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q2pFnALHfykC&pg=PA146">146</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Stewart1974p57-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart1974p57_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1974">Stewart 1974</a>, p. 57</span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1999">Smith 1999</a>, p. 36</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Stewart1974p58-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart1974p58_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart1974p58_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stewart1974p58_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1974">Stewart 1974</a>, p. 58</span>
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<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212152317/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/gallery/archaeology/midget.html">"Japanese Midget Submarine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HURL/gallery/archaeology/midget.html">the original</a> on December 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Midget+Submarine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.soest.hawaii.edu%2FHURL%2Fgallery%2Farchaeology%2Fmidget.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1974">Stewart 1974</a>, pp. 59–61</span>
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<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/21/world/kazuo-sakamaki-81-pacific-pow-no-1.html">"Kazuo Sakamaki, 81, Pacific P.O.W. No. 1"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, December 21, 1999, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911011213/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/21/world/kazuo-sakamaki-81-pacific-pow-no-1.html">archived</a> from the original on September 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Kazuo+Sakamaki%2C+81%2C+Pacific+P.O.W.+No.+1&rft.date=1999-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F12%2F21%2Fworld%2Fkazuo-sakamaki-81-pacific-pow-no-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1974">Stewart 1974</a>, pp. 61–62</span>
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<li id="cite_note-USSBSp19-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USSBSp19_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_States_Strategic_Bombing_Survey1946">United States Strategic Bombing Survey 1946</a>, p. 19</span>
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<li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimm2011">Zimm 2011</a>, pp. 330–341</span>
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<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, RAdm USN, Thomas B. (1989). Memories of the War Years. Vol. I. Washington: Unpublished memoir.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.okhistory.org/learn/ussok2">"Pearl Harbor | Oklahoma Historical Society"</a>. <i>Oklahoma Historical Society | OHS</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oklahoma+Historical+Society+%26%23124%3B+OHS&rft.atitle=Pearl+Harbor+%26%23124%3B+Oklahoma+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Flearn%2Fussok2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2004/december/pearl-harbor-midget-sub-picture">Pearl Harbor: A Midget Sub in the Picture?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042049/https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2004/december/pearl-harbor-midget-sub-picture">Archived</a> March 23, 2023, at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved 22 March 2023</span>
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<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCaTpn6F_Ik">PBS Pearl Harbor USS Oklahoma The Final Story 2016 Documentary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042048/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fCaTpn6F_Ik">Archived</a> March 23, 2023, at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Timestamp: 25:10). Retrieved 22 March 2023.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rhbN9NOSag">Pearl Harbor midget sub attack: Photographic Evidence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323042109/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rhbN9NOSag">Archived</a> March 23, 2023, at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 22 March 2023.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyonthenet.com/when-was-pearl-harbor/">"When was Pearl Harbor?"</a>. <i>History</i>. November 26, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161358/https://www.historyonthenet.com/when-was-pearl-harbor/">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=When+was+Pearl+Harbor%3F&rft.date=2014-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.historyonthenet.com%2Fwhen-was-pearl-harbor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1983-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToland1983_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToland1983">Toland 1983</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-codebreakers-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-codebreakers_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-codebreakers_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKahn1996" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, David (1996). <i>The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-0355-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-0355-5"><bdi>978-1-4391-0355-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Codebreakers%3A+The+Comprehensive+History+of+Secret+Communication+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Internet&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-0355-5&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981424,_475-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981424,_475_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981">Prange, Goldstein & Dillon 1981</a>, pp. 424, 475.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981493–494-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981493–494_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981">Prange, Goldstein & Dillon 1981</a>, pp. 493–494.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEmperor_of_Japan_Hirohito1941" class="citation web cs2">Emperor of Japan Hirohito (December 8, 1941), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/inline-pdfs/T-01415_0.pdf">"Declaration of War against the United States and Britain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715210137/https://www.gilderlehrman.org/sites/default/files/inline-pdfs/T-01415_0.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilder_Lehrman_Institute_of_American_History" title="Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History">Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+of+War+against+the+United+States+and+Britain&rft.date=1941-12-08&rft.au=Emperor+of+Japan+Hirohito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Finline-pdfs%2FT-01415_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSterngold1994" class="citation news cs2">Sterngold, James (November 21, 1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/21/world/japan-admits-it-bungled-notice-of-war-in-41.html">"Japan Admits It Bungled Notice of War in '41 (Published 1994)"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210000317/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/21/world/japan-admits-it-bungled-notice-of-war-in-41.html">archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Japan+Admits+It+Bungled+Notice+of+War+in+%2741+%28Published+1994%29&rft.date=1994-11-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sterngold&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F11%2F21%2Fworld%2Fjapan-admits-it-bungled-notice-of-war-in-41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_W._French1999" class="citation news cs1">Howard W. French (December 9, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/09/world/pearl-harbor-truly-a-sneak-attack-papers-show.html">"Pearl Harbor Truly a Sneak Attack, Papers Show"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161205202932/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/12/09/world/pearl-harbor-truly-a-sneak-attack-papers-show.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pearl+Harbor+Truly+a+Sneak+Attack%2C+Papers+Show&rft.date=1999-12-09&rft.au=Howard+W.+French&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F12%2F09%2Fworld%2Fpearl-harbor-truly-a-sneak-attack-papers-show.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKawabata2014" class="citation news cs2">Kawabata, Tai (December 9, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/12/09/national/history/historian-seeks-to-clear-embassy-of-pearl-harbor-sneak-attack-infamy/">"Historian seeks to clear embassy of Pearl Harbor 'sneak attack' infamy"</a>, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516225555/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/12/09/national/history/historian-seeks-to-clear-embassy-of-pearl-harbor-sneak-attack-infamy/">archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Historian+seeks+to+clear+embassy+of+Pearl+Harbor+%27sneak+attack%27+infamy&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft.aulast=Kawabata&rft.aufirst=Tai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2014%2F12%2F09%2Fnational%2Fhistory%2Fhistorian-seeks-to-clear-embassy-of-pearl-harbor-sneak-attack-infamy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981">Prange, Goldstein & Dillon 1981</a>, p. 485. "[The] fourteenth part was not a formal declaration of war. It did not even rupture diplomatic relations. It merely broke off the discussions."</span>
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<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/Fourteen.html">"Japanese 'Fourteen Part' Message of December 7, 1941"</a> (Memorandum), December 7, 1941, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917001957/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/PTO/Dip/Fourteen.html">archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span> – via HyperWar Foundation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+%27Fourteen+Part%27+Message+of+December+7%2C+1941&rft.date=1941-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FPTO%2FDip%2FFourteen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuchida2011">Fuchida 2011</a>, chs. 19, 20</span>
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<li id="cite_note-IJN-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IJN_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IJN_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IJN_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IJN_113-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IJN_113-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/PTO-Campaigns/USSBS-PTO-2.html#appendix3">"Aircraft Attack Organization"</a>. Ibiblio.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623081726/http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/PTO-Campaigns/USSBS-PTO-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Attack+Organization&rft.pub=Ibiblio.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FAAF%2FUSSBS%2FPTO-Campaigns%2FUSSBS-PTO-2.html%23appendix3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-navsource-ijnaf-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-navsource-ijnaf_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navsource-ijnaf_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYarnell2003">Yarnell 2003</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981">Prange, Goldstein & Dillon 1981</a>, pp. 730–731. "'Short mishandled radar<span class="nowrap"> </span>...' In his (Short's) words '...<span class="nowrap"> </span>more for training than any idea it would be real'".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans1998">Evans 1998</a>, p. 309</span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/Son-recounts-father-s-day-during-bombing-of-11416239.php">"Son recounts father's day during bombing of Pearl Harbor"</a>, <i>New Haven Register</i>, December 6, 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817215302/https://www.nhregister.com/connecticut/article/Son-recounts-father-s-day-during-bombing-of-11416239.php">archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Haven+Register&rft.atitle=Son+recounts+father%27s+day+during+bombing+of+Pearl+Harbor&rft.date=2013-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nhregister.com%2Fconnecticut%2Farticle%2FSon-recounts-father-s-day-during-bombing-of-11416239.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation report cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/myths/radar/mcdonald_1.html">Testimony of Joseph P. McDonald, Technician Fourth-Class; 580th Aircraft Warning</a> (Report), Proceedings of Army Pearl Harbor Board, pp. 2121–2123, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421035329/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/myths/radar/mcdonald_1.html">archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2021 – via iBiblio.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Joseph+P.+McDonald%2C+Technician+Fourth-Class%3B+580th+Aircraft+Warning&rft.series=Proceedings+of+Army+Pearl+Harbor+Board&rft.pages=2121-2123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fmyths%2Fradar%2Fmcdonald_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1988">Prange, Goldstein & Dillon 1988</a>, p. 98</span>
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<li id="cite_note-prange501-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prange501_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prange501_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981">Prange, Goldstein & Dillon 1981</a>, pp. 500–501</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Prange_1941,_p.174-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prange_1941,_p.174_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1988">Prange, Goldstein & Dillon 1988</a>, p. 174</span>
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSymonds2011">Symonds 2011</a>, p. 218</span>
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_Air_Force_History1978" class="citation report cs1">Office of Air Force History (1978). USAF Credits for the Destruction of Enemy Aircraft, World War II (Report). USAF Historical Study. Vol. 85. Montgomery, AL: Alfred F. Simpson Historical Research Center. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTIC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTIC (identifier)">DTIC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA542272">ADA542272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=USAF+Credits+for+the+Destruction+of+Enemy+Aircraft%2C+World+War+II&rft.place=Montgomery%2C+AL&rft.series=USAF+Historical+Study&rft.pub=Alfred+F.+Simpson+Historical+Research+Center&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Office+of+Air+Force+History&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHone1977-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHone1977_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHone1977">Hone 1977</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-parillo293-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-parillo293_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-parillo293_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParillo2006">Parillo 2006</a>, p. 293</span>
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<li id="cite_note-navyfaq57-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-navyfaq57_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-m/miller-doris.html">"Miller, Doris"</a>. <i>Naval History and Heritage Command</i>. June 6, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511152931/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-m/miller-doris.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft.atitle=Miller%2C+Doris&rft.date=2017-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fhistories%2Fbiographies-list%2Fbios-m%2Fmiller-doris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonner1996">Bonner 1996</a>, p. 105</span>
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<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDANFS_Aylwin">DANFS <i>Aylwin</i></a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usswestvirginia.org/stories/story.php?id=10">"Biographical Sketch of Mervyn S. Bennion"</a>. <i>USSWestVirginia.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529125155/https://www.usswestvirginia.org/stories/story.php?id=10">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USSWestVirginia.org&rft.atitle=Biographical+Sketch+of+Mervyn+S.+Bennion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.usswestvirginia.org%2Fstories%2Fstory.php%3Fid%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitpearlharbor.org/faqs/how-many-people-died-at-pearl-harbor-during-the-attack/">"How many people died at Pearl Harbor during the attack?"</a>, <i>Pearl Harbor Visitors Bureau</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817124953/https://visitpearlharbor.org/faqs/how-many-people-died-at-pearl-harbor-during-the-attack/">archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pearl+Harbor+Visitors+Bureau&rft.atitle=How+many+people+died+at+Pearl+Harbor+during+the+attack%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fvisitpearlharbor.org%2Ffaqs%2Fhow-many-people-died-at-pearl-harbor-during-the-attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2019" class="citation web cs2">Rosenberg, Jennifer (January 23, 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/pearl-harbor-facts-1779469">"Facts About the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor"</a>, <i>ThoughtCo. Humanities > History & Culture</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020725/https://www.thoughtco.com/pearl-harbor-facts-1779469">archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo.+Humanities+%3E+History+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Facts+About+the+Japanese+Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fpearl-harbor-facts-1779469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInvestigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack_–_"The_Japanese_Attack_And_Its_Aftermath"1946">Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack – "The Japanese Attack And Its Aftermath" 1946</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_2.html#64">64–65</a>, Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCaffrey2004210–229-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCaffrey2004210–229_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCaffrey2004">McCaffrey 2004</a>, pp. 210–229.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd200457-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd200457_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepherd2004">Shepherd 2004</a>, p. 57.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChad_Stewart2018" class="citation web cs1">Chad Stewart (December 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uso.org/stories/1732-9-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor">"9 Things You Might Not Know About the Attack on Pearl Harbor"</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Service_Organizations" title="United Service Organizations">United Service Organizations</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331220410/https://www.uso.org/stories/1732-9-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9+Things+You+Might+Not+Know+About+the+Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=United+Service+Organizations&rft.date=2018-12-01&rft.au=Chad+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.uso.org%2Fstories%2F1732-9-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-attack-on-pearl-harbor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Hashgen2011" class="citation web cs1">Paul Hashgen (November 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firehouse.com/home/article/10447100/fire-service-history-firefighters-at-dec-7-pearl-harbor-attack-firefighter-history">"Fire History: Dec. 7, 1941: A Day of Infamy And Fire"</a>. Firehouse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401085357/https://www.firehouse.com/home/article/10447100/fire-service-history-firefighters-at-dec-7-pearl-harbor-attack-firefighter-history">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire+History%3A+Dec.+7%2C+1941%3A+A+Day+of+Infamy+And+Fire&rft.pub=Firehouse&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.au=Paul+Hashgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.firehouse.com%2Fhome%2Farticle%2F10447100%2Ffire-service-history-firefighters-at-dec-7-pearl-harbor-attack-firefighter-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDANFS_Shaw">DANFS <i>Shaw</i></a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrBorch2008-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorrBorch2008_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorrBorch2008">Dorr & Borch 2008</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArakaki1991ch._IV-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArakaki1991ch._IV_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArakaki1991">Arakaki 1991</a>, ch. IV.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter1982-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter1982_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter1982">Potter 1982</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToland1970235-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToland1970235_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFToland1970">Toland 1970</a>, p. 235.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-ALA-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ALA_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2007">Watson 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHb_geGUpFcC">592</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-USSBSp18-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USSBSp18_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnited_States_Strategic_Bombing_Survey1946">United States Strategic Bombing Survey 1946</a>, p. 18</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParshall2010-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParshall2010_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParshall2010_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParshall2010">Parshall 2010</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaravaggio2014-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaravaggio2014_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaravaggio2014">Caravaggio 2014</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2001156–157-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott2001156–157_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillmott2001">Willmott 2001</a>, p. 156–157.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn200516-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorn200516_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorn2005">Horn 2005</a>, p. 16.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000190-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000190_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000190_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000190_154-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyt2000">Hoyt 2000</a>, p. 190.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000191-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt2000191_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyt2000">Hoyt 2000</a>, p. 191.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephen198834–38-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStephen198834–38_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStephen1988">Stephen 1988</a>, pp. 34–38.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1988[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1988">Prange, Goldstein & Dillon 1988</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey199797-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey199797_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey199797_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGailey1997">Gailey 1997</a>, p. 97.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott198316-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott198316_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillmott1983">Willmott 1983</a>, p. 16.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuchida would later claim he had designated Pearl Harbor's oil storage facilities as the primary target, although this contradicted Japanese military doctrine and even several interviews on the subject he had given earlier in life <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParshall2010_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParshall2010-150">[131]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey199797–98-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey199797–98_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGailey1997">Gailey 1997</a>, pp. 97–98.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYergin1991327-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYergin1991327_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYergin1991">Yergin 1991</a>, p. 327.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey199798-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey199798_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGailey1997">Gailey 1997</a>, p. 98.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin1968203–269-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallin1968203–269_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallin1968">Wallin 1968</a>, pp. 203–269.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dpaa.mil/News-Stories/News-Releases/PressReleaseArticleView/Article/2874015/uss-california-sailor-accounted-for-from-world-war-ii-simmons-t/">USS California Sailor Accounted For From World War II (Simmons, T.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325053444/https://www.dpaa.mil/News-Stories/News-Releases/PressReleaseArticleView/Article/2874015/uss-california-sailor-accounted-for-from-world-war-ii-simmons-t/">Archived</a> March 25, 2023, at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2023</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon198149-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon198149_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981">Prange, Goldstein & Dillon 1981</a>, p. 49.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDANFS2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/r/raleigh-iii.html">"Raleigh III (CL-7)"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a></i>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>. August 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=Raleigh+III+%28CL-7%29&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fhistories%2Fship-histories%2Fdanfs%2Fr%2Fraleigh-iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin1968198-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallin1968198_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallin1968">Wallin 1968</a>, p. 198.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin1968v-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallin1968v_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallin1968">Wallin 1968</a>, p. v.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllsberg1946-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllsberg1946_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllsberg1946">Ellsberg 1946</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGribble1975" class="citation journal cs1">Gribble, Joanne (December 7, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/imperial-beach-star-news-telegram-was-wr/126665399/">"Telegram was wrong: 'Dead' man tells tale about Pearl Harbor Day"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star-News_(Chula_Vista,_California)" title="The Star-News (Chula Vista, California)">The Star-News</a></i>. <b>45</b> (80): 17 – via <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star-News&rft.atitle=Telegram+was+wrong%3A+%27Dead%27+man+tells+tale+about+Pearl+Harbor+Day&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1975-12-07&rft.aulast=Gribble&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fimperial-beach-star-news-telegram-was-wr%2F126665399%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-GrierCSM-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GrierCSM_173-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GrierCSM_173-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGrier2021" class="citation web cs1">Grier, Peter (December 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Decoder/2012/1207/Pearl-Harbor-resurrection-the-warships-that-rose-to-fight-again">"Pearl Harbor resurrection: the warships that rose to fight again"</a>. The Christian Science Monitor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008202956/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Decoder/2012/1207/Pearl-Harbor-resurrection-the-warships-that-rose-to-fight-again">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor+resurrection%3A+the+warships+that+rose+to+fight+again&rft.pub=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.aulast=Grier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2FDecoder%2F2012%2F1207%2FPearl-Harbor-resurrection-the-warships-that-rose-to-fight-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaymer1996-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaymer1996_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymer1996">Raymer 1996</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-usnp-pearl-battleship-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usnp-pearl-battleship_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/valr/learn/historyculture/battleship-row.htm">"Battleship Row"</a>. <i>US National Park Service</i>. July 2, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200312072705/https://www.nps.gov/valr/learn/historyculture/battleship-row.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Battleship+Row&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fvalr%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fbattleship-row.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Planes Blast U.S. Naval Bases; No Warning Is Given", <i>Lawton Constitution</i>, December 7, 1941, Extra Edition, at 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"War Brings a Tense Day to White House Press Room", <i>Washington Post</i>, December 8, 1941, at 4.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough1991" class="citation news cs2">McDonough, John (December 6, 1991), "Hear It Now: Pearl Harbor Day Radio", <i>Wall Street Journal</i>, p. A13</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Hear+It+Now%3A+Pearl+Harbor+Day+Radio&rft.pages=A13&rft.date=1991-12-06&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvobscurities.com/lost/forgotten-milestone-television-pearl-harbor/">"A FORGOTTEN MILESTONE: TELEVISION AND PEARL HARBOR"</a>. <i>Television Obscurities: Exploring forgotten TV from the 1920s to today</i>. December 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Television+Obscurities%3A+Exploring+forgotten+TV+from+the+1920s+to+today.&rft.atitle=A+FORGOTTEN+MILESTONE%3A+TELEVISION+AND+PEARL+HARBOR&rft.date=2016-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.tvobscurities.com%2Flost%2Fforgotten-milestone-television-pearl-harbor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFButcher1942" class="citation web cs2">Butcher, Clifford F. (January 19, 1942), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515202140/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19420119&id=-e4ZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8SIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4412,1516787">"Port Arthur Was 'the Pearl Harbor of 1904'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>, <i>The Milwaukee Journal</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19420119&id=-e4ZAAAAIBAJ&pg=4412,1516787">the original</a> on May 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=Port+Arthur+Was+%27the+Pearl+Harbor+of+1904%27&rft.date=1942-01-19&rft.aulast=Butcher&rft.aufirst=Clifford+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1499%26dat%3D19420119%26id%3D-e4ZAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4412%2C1516787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeck2016-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeck2016_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeck2016">Peck 2016</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_182-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_182-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHotta2013" class="citation book cs1">Hotta, Eri (2013). "PROLOGUE: What A Difference a Day Makes". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pOS_5EfYtEEC"><i>Japan 1941: Countdown to Infamy</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-35051-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-35051-8"><bdi>978-0-385-35051-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2024</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PROLOGUE%3A+What+A+Difference+a+Day+Makes&rft.btitle=Japan+1941%3A+Countdown+to+Infamy&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-385-35051-8&rft.aulast=Hotta&rft.aufirst=Eri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpOS_5EfYtEEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_183-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_183-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKunii2012" class="citation book cs1">Kunii, Maiko (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7744&context=etd_theses"><i>Asahi Shimbun and The New York Times: Framing Pearl Harbor and the 9/11 Attacks</i></a>. San Jose State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asahi+Shimbun+and+The+New+York+Times%3A+Framing+Pearl+Harbor+and+the+9%2F11+Attacks&rft.pub=San+Jose+State+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kunii&rft.aufirst=Maiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fscholarworks.sjsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D7744%26context%3Detd_theses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYoshimoto1994" class="citation book cs1">Yoshimoto, Hideko (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1813&context=etd_theses"><i>Media treatment of World War II in Japan and the United States, 1931-1945: a propaganda theory approach (unpublished)</i></a>. San Jose State University. pp. 81–83<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+treatment+of+World+War+II+in+Japan+and+the+United+States%2C+1931-1945%3A+a+propaganda+theory+approach+%28unpublished%29&rft.pages=81-83&rft.pub=San+Jose+State+University&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Yoshimoto&rft.aufirst=Hideko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fscholarworks.sjsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1813%26context%3Detd_theses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiddell_Hart1971">Liddell Hart 1971</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsecondw00lidd/page/n225/206">206</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShirer1960">Shirer 1960</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallthirdreich00shir/page/873/">873</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/canada-gazette/093/001060-119.01-e.php?image_id_nbr=335121&document_id_nbr=8985&f=g&PHPSESSID=t6i5g5h5dhq1c9qvlkttga2l80">"Regulations made 4 March 1942"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124025400/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/canada-gazette/093/001060-119.01-e.php?image_id_nbr=335121&document_id_nbr=8985&f=g&PHPSESSID=t6i5g5h5dhq1c9qvlkttga2l80">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulations+made+4+March+1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2Fdatabases%2Fcanada-gazette%2F093%2F001060-119.01-e.php%3Fimage_id_nbr%3D335121%26document_id_nbr%3D8985%26f%3Dg%26PHPSESSID%3Dt6i5g5h5dhq1c9qvlkttga2l80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1999">Smith 1999</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaufler2003">Haufler 2003</a>, p. 127</span>
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<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHakim1995">Hakim 1995</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2007-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2007_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2007">Miller 2007</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://combinedfleet.com/battles/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor">"Attack on Pearl Harbor | Nihon Kaigun"</a>. Combinedfleet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140319100939/http://combinedfleet.com/battles/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor+%26%23124%3B+Nihon+Kaigun&rft.pub=Combinedfleet.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fcombinedfleet.com%2Fbattles%2FAttack_on_Pearl_Harbor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130801200017/http://www.kalonanews.com/articles/2013/04/17/community/doc516eb7c9cbba1744569185.txt">"Pearl Harbor vet remembers Dec. 7, 1941, sneak attack"</a>. <i>The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalona,_Iowa" title="Kalona, Iowa">Kalona</a> News</i>. April 17, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalonanews.com/articles/2013/04/17/community/doc516eb7c9cbba1744569185.txt">the original</a> on August 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kalona+News&rft.atitle=Pearl+Harbor+vet+remembers+Dec.+7%2C+1941%2C+sneak+attack&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.kalonanews.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F04%2F17%2Fcommunity%2Fdoc516eb7c9cbba1744569185.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair1975">Blair 1975</a>, pp. 360, 816</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolk2007-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolk2007_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolk2007">Wolk 2007</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallin1968-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallin1968_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallin1968">Wallin 1968</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/commander-at-pearl-harbor-canned">"Commander at Pearl Harbor relieved of his duties"</a>, <i>History.com</i>, December 15, 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425072542/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/commander-at-pearl-harbor-canned">archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=Commander+at+Pearl+Harbor+relieved+of+his+duties&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fcommander-at-pearl-harbor-canned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1986-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrangeGoldsteinDillon1986_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1986">Prange, Goldstein & Dillon 1986</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrados1995[httpsarchiveorgdetailscombinedfleetdec00pradpage161_161–177]-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrados1995[httpsarchiveorgdetailscombinedfleetdec00pradpage161_161–177]_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrados1995">Prados 1995</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/combinedfleetdec00prad/page/161">161–177</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiansky2002-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiansky2002_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudiansky2002">Budiansky 2002</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1994" class="citation news cs2">Stevenson, Richard W. (August 3, 1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/03/world/new-light-shed-on-churchill-and-pearl-harbor.html">"New Light Shed on Churchill and Pearl Harbor"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715175819/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/03/world/new-light-shed-on-churchill-and-pearl-harbor.html">archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Light+Shed+on+Churchill+and+Pearl+Harbor&rft.date=1994-08-03&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F08%2F03%2Fworld%2Fnew-light-shed-on-churchill-and-pearl-harbor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFink2023" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Jesse (2023). <i>The Eagle in the Mirror</i>. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. p. 101. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785305108" title="Special:BookSources/9781785305108"><bdi>9781785305108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+in+the+Mirror&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Black+%26+White+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781785305108&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor&action=edit&section=32"title="Edit section: Bibliography"
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h4>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFArakaki1991" class="citation cs2">Arakaki, Leatrice R. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/7December1941TheAirForceStory/7%20December%201941%20The%20Air%20Force%20Story/"><i>7 December 1941: The Air Force Story</i></a>, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii: Pacific Air Forces Office of History</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=7+December+1941%3A+The+Air+Force+Story&rft.place=Hickam+Air+Force+Base%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=Pacific+Air+Forces+Office+of+History&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Arakaki&rft.aufirst=Leatrice+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F7December1941TheAirForceStory%2F7%2520December%25201941%2520The%2520Air%2520Force%2520Story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyFarber2019" class="citation cs2">Bailey, Beth; Farber, David, eds. (July 2019), <i>Beyond Pearl Harbor: A Pacific History</i>, University Press of Kansas, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvqmp3br">10.2307/j.ctvqmp3br</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2813-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2813-1"><bdi>978-0-7006-2813-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvqmp3br">j.ctvqmp3br</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240888293">240888293</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Pearl+Harbor%3A+A+Pacific+History&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvqmp3br&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240888293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvqmp3br%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2813-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBarnhart1987" class="citation cs2">Barnhart, Michael A. (1987), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanpreparesfor00barn_0/"><i>Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919–1941</i></a></span>, Cornell University Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1915-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1915-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-1915-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Prepares+for+Total+War%3A+The+Search+for+Economic+Security%2C+1919%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-1915-7&rft.aulast=Barnhart&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapanpreparesfor00barn_0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBix2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_P._Bix" title="Herbert P. Bix">Bix, Herbert P.</a> (2000), <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_and_the_Making_of_Modern_Japan" title="Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan"><i>Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</i></a>, Diane Pub Co, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7567-5780-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7567-5780-9"><bdi>978-0-7567-5780-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Japan&rft.pub=Diane+Pub+Co&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7567-5780-9&rft.aulast=Bix&rft.aufirst=Herbert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Blair" title="Clay Blair">Blair, Clay Jr.</a> (1975), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silentvictoryus00blai/"><i>Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan</i></a></span>, Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott Company, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-397-00753-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-397-00753-0"><bdi>978-0-397-00753-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Victory%3A+The+U.S.+Submarine+War+Against+Japan&rft.place=Philadelphia+and+New+York&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+Company&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-397-00753-0&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Clay+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilentvictoryus00blai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBonner1996" class="citation cs2">Bonner, Kermit (1996), <i>Final Voyages</i>, Turner Publishing, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-289-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56311-289-8"><bdi>978-1-56311-289-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Voyages&rft.pub=Turner+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56311-289-8&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Kermit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBorchMartinez2005" class="citation cs2">Borch, Frederic L.; Martinez, Daniel (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jQfiAmaX9IC"><i>Kimmel, Short, and Pearl Harbor: The Final Report Revealed</i></a>, Naval Institute Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-090-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-090-0"><bdi>978-1-59114-090-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426061825/http://books.google.com/books?id=7jQfiAmaX9IC">archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kimmel%2C+Short%2C+and+Pearl+Harbor%3A+The+Final+Report+Revealed&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-090-0&rft.aulast=Borch&rft.aufirst=Frederic+L.&rft.au=Martinez%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7jQfiAmaX9IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBudiansky2002" class="citation cs2">Budiansky, Stephen (2002), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofwitscomp00step"><i>Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II</i></a></span>, Simon & Schuster, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1734-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1734-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-1734-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Wits%3A+The+Complete+Story+of+Codebreaking+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-1734-7&rft.aulast=Budiansky&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofwitscomp00step&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChurchillGilbert2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a>; Gilbert, Martin (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vx3lMi6AKmIC&pg=PA1593">"December 1941"</a>, <i>The Churchill War Papers: The Ever-Widening War</i>, vol. 3, London, New York: W.W. Norton, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01959-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01959-4"><bdi>0-393-01959-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812233258/https://books.google.com/books?id=vx3lMi6AKmIC&pg=PA1593">archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=December+1941&rft.btitle=The+Churchill+War+Papers%3A+The+Ever-Widening+War&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-393-01959-4&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvx3lMi6AKmIC%26pg%3DPA1593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFConnEngelmanFairchild2000" class="citation cs2">Conn, Stetson; Engelman, Rose C.; Fairchild, Byron (2000) [First Printed 1964], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/ch7.htm">"VII – The Pearl Harbor Attack"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm"><i>Guarding the United States and Its Outposts</i></a>, Washington D.C.: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>, CMD Pub 4-2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120044444/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm">archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII+%E2%80%93+The+Pearl+Harbor+Attack&rft.btitle=Guarding+the+United+States+and+Its+Outposts&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Conn&rft.aufirst=Stetson&rft.au=Engelman%2C+Rose+C.&rft.au=Fairchild%2C+Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FGuard-US%2Fch7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1972" class="citation cs2">Daniels, Roger (1972), <i>Concentration Camps USA: Japanese Americans and World War II</i>, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concentration+Camps+USA%3A+Japanese+Americans+and+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEllsberg1946" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ellsberg" title="Edward Ellsberg">Ellsberg, Edward</a> (1946), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/underredseasun00ells/"><i>Under the Red Sea Sun Commander</i></a></span>, Dodd, Mead & Company<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Red+Sea+Sun+Commander&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Ellsberg&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funderredseasun00ells%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEvansPeattie1997" class="citation cs2">Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R. (1997), <i>Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy 1887–1941</i>, Naval Institute Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-192-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-192-7"><bdi>0-87021-192-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaigun%3A+Strategy%2C+Tactics%2C+and+Technology+in+the+Imperial+Japanese+Navy+1887%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87021-192-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Peattie%2C+Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1998" class="citation cs2">Evans, Harold (1998), <i>The American Century</i>, London: Jonathan Cape</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFink2023" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Jesse (2023). <i>The Eagle in the Mirror</i>. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785305108" title="Special:BookSources/9781785305108"><bdi>9781785305108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+in+the+Mirror&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Black+%26+White+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781785305108&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>
</p>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFuchida2011" class="citation cs2">Fuchida, Mitsuo (2011), <i>For That One Day: The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida, Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor</i>, translated by Shinsato, Douglas; Urabe, Tadanori, Kamuela, Hawaii: eXperience, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9846745-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9846745-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9846745-0-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+That+One+Day%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Mitsuo+Fuchida%2C+Commander+of+the+Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor&rft.place=Kamuela%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=eXperience&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9846745-0-3&rft.aulast=Fuchida&rft.aufirst=Mitsuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFukudome1955" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeru_Fukudome" title="Shigeru Fukudome">Fukudome, Shigeru</a> (1955), <i>Shikan: Shinjuwan Kogeki</i> <bdi lang="ja">史觀・眞珠灣攻擊</bdi> [<i>History of the Pearl Harbor Attack</i>] (in Japanese), Tokyo</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shikan%3A+Shinjuwan+Kogeki+%E5%8F%B2%E8%A7%80%E3%83%BB%E7%9C%9E%E7%8F%A0%E7%81%A3%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Fukudome&rft.aufirst=Shigeru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGailey1997" class="citation cs2">Gailey, Harry A. (1997), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warinpacificfrom0000gail"><i>The War in the Pacific: From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay</i></a></span>, Presidio, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-616-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89141-616-1"><bdi>0-89141-616-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+in+the+Pacific%3A+From+Pearl+Harbor+to+Tokyo+Bay&rft.pub=Presidio&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-89141-616-1&rft.aulast=Gailey&rft.aufirst=Harry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarinpacificfrom0000gail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGannon1996" class="citation cs2">Gannon, Robert (1996), <i>Hellions of the Deep: The Development of American Torpedoes in World War II</i>, Penn State Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01508-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01508-X"><bdi>0-271-01508-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellions+of+the+Deep%3A+The+Development+of+American+Torpedoes+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-271-01508-X&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2004) [1989], <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondworldwarco00gilb/"><i>The Second World War</i></a></span> (Revised ed.), Henry Holt and Company, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7623-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7623-9"><bdi>0-8050-7623-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8050-7623-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondworldwarco00gilb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGill1957" class="citation cs2">Gill, G. Hermon (1957), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1417313"><i>Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942</i></a>, Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy, vol. I, Canberra: Australian War Memorial, p. 485, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/58037940">58037940</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209223759/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1417313">archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Australian+Navy+1939%E2%80%931942&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+2+%E2%80%93+Navy&rft.pages=485&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F58037940&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=G.+Hermon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FC1417313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinDillon2000" class="citation cs2">Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V., eds. (2000), <i>The Pearl Harbor Papers: Inside the Japanese Plans</i>, Brassey's, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-222-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-222-3"><bdi>978-1-57488-222-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearl+Harbor+Papers%3A+Inside+the+Japanese+Plans&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-222-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGruhl2007" class="citation cs2">Gruhl, Werner (2007), <i>Imperial Japan's World War Two: 1931–1945</i>, Transaction Publishers, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0352-8"><bdi>978-0-7658-0352-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Japan%27s+World+War+Two%3A+1931%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0352-8&rft.aulast=Gruhl&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHakim1995" class="citation cs2">Hakim, Joy (1995), <i>A History of US: Book 9: War, Peace, and All that Jazz</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509514-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509514-2"><bdi>978-0-19-509514-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+US%3A+Book+9%3A+War%2C+Peace%2C+and+All+that+Jazz&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509514-2&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Joy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHaufler2003" class="citation cs2">Haufler, Herve (2003), <i>Codebreaker's Victory: How the Allied Cryptographers Won World War II</i>, New York: New American Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Codebreaker%27s+Victory%3A+How+the+Allied+Cryptographers+Won+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Haufler&rft.aufirst=Herve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHayashi1959" class="citation cs2">Hayashi, Saburo; et al. (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Coox" title="Alvin Coox">Alvin D. Coox</a>) (1959), <i>Kōgun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War</i>, Quantico, Virginia: Marine Corps Association</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C5%8Dgun%3A+The+Japanese+Army+in+the+Pacific+War&rft.place=Quantico%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Marine+Corps+Association&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Hayashi&rft.aufirst=Saburo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2005" class="citation cs2">Horn, Steve (2005), <i>The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor: Operation K and Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II</i>, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-388-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-388-8"><bdi>1-59114-388-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor%3A+Operation+K+and+Other+Japanese+Attempts+to+Bomb+America+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59114-388-8&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt2000" class="citation cs2">Hoyt, Edwin P. (2000) [1991], <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pearlharbor0000hoyt/"><i>Pearl Harbor</i></a></span> (Large-print ed.), G. K. Hall & Co., <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7838-9303-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7838-9303-5"><bdi>0-7838-9303-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor&rft.edition=Large-print&rft.pub=G.+K.+Hall+%26+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7838-9303-5&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpearlharbor0000hoyt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKeegan1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1990), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00john/"><i>The Second World War</i></a></span>, New York: Viking, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-82359-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-82359-7"><bdi>0-670-82359-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-670-82359-7&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondworldwar00john%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1995" class="citation cs2">Levine, Ellen (1995), <i>A Fence Away from Freedom: Japanese Americans and World War II</i>, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-22638-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-22638-0"><bdi>978-0-399-22638-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fence+Away+from+Freedom%3A+Japanese+Americans+and+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-399-22638-0&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLiddell_Hart1971" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">Liddell Hart, B. H.</a> (1971) [1970], <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofsecondw00lidd/"><i>History of the Second World War</i></a></span> (First American ed.), New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First+American&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Liddell+Hart&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofsecondw00lidd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLord1957" class="citation cs2">Lord, Walter (1957), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dayofinfamy00walt/"><i>Day of Infamy</i></a></span> (50th Anniversary ed.), Henry Holt and Company, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-1898-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-1898-0"><bdi>0-8050-1898-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Day+of+Infamy&rft.edition=50th+Anniversary&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=0-8050-1898-0&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdayofinfamy00walt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFManchester1978" class="citation cs2">Manchester, William (1978), <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Caesar" title="American Caesar">American Caesar</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Caesar&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Manchester&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffrey2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_McCaffrey" title="Stephen McCaffrey">McCaffrey, Stephen C.</a> (2004), <i>Understanding International Law</i>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse</a>, pp. 210–229</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+International+Law&rft.pages=210-229&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=McCaffrey&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2007" class="citation cs2">Miller, Edward S. (2007) [1991], <i>War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945</i> (New ed.), Naval Institute Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-500-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-500-4"><bdi>978-1-59114-500-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Plan+Orange%3A+The+U.S.+Strategy+to+Defeat+Japan%2C+1897%E2%80%931945&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-500-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMorison2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a> (2001), <i>The Rising Sun in the Pacific, 1931 – April 1942</i>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II" title="History of United States Naval Operations in World War II">History of United States Naval Operations in World War II</a>, vol. III, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06973-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06973-0"><bdi>0-252-06973-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rising+Sun+in+the+Pacific%2C+1931+%E2%80%93+April+1942&rft.series=History+of+United+States+Naval+Operations+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-252-06973-0&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFParillo2006" class="citation cs2">Parillo, Mark (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T0gt_RjeCrgC&pg=PA287">"The United States in the Pacific"</a>, in Higham, Robin; Harris, Stephen (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T0gt_RjeCrgC"><i>Why Air Forces Fail: the Anatomy of Defeat</i></a>, The University Press of Kentucky, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2374-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2374-5"><bdi>978-0-8131-2374-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141001000341/http://books.google.com/books?id=T0gt_RjeCrgC">archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+United+States+in+the+Pacific&rft.btitle=Why+Air+Forces+Fail%3A+the+Anatomy+of+Defeat&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2374-5&rft.aulast=Parillo&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT0gt_RjeCrgC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPeattie2001" class="citation cs2">Peattie, Mark R. (2001), <i>Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909–1941</i>, Naval Institute Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-664-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-664-X"><bdi>1-59114-664-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunburst%3A+The+Rise+of+Japanese+Naval+Air+Power%2C+1909%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-59114-664-X&rft.aulast=Peattie&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1981" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Prange" title="Gordon Prange">Prange, Gordon William</a>; Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V. (1981), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atdawnwesleptun00pran/"><i>At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor</i></a></span>, McGraw-Hill, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-050669-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-050669-8"><bdi>0-07-050669-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Dawn+We+Slept%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-07-050669-8&rft.aulast=Prange&rft.aufirst=Gordon+William&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Donald+M.&rft.au=Dillon%2C+Katherine+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatdawnwesleptun00pran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1991" class="citation cs2">Prange, Gordon William; Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V. (1991) [1981], <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atdawnwesleptunt0000pran/"><i>At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor</i></a></span> (New ed.), New York: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-015734-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-015734-5"><bdi>978-0-14-015734-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Dawn+We+Slept%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Pearl+Harbor&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-015734-5&rft.aulast=Prange&rft.aufirst=Gordon+William&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Donald+M.&rft.au=Dillon%2C+Katherine+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatdawnwesleptunt0000pran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1986" class="citation cs2">Prange, Gordon William; Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V. (1986), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pearlharborverdi00pran/"><i>Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History</i></a></span>, Penguin Books, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-050668-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-050668-X"><bdi>0-07-050668-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+The+Verdict+of+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-07-050668-X&rft.aulast=Prange&rft.aufirst=Gordon+William&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Donald+M.&rft.au=Dillon%2C+Katherine+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpearlharborverdi00pran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPrangeGoldsteinDillon1988" class="citation cs2">Prange, Gordon William; Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V. (1988), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dec71941dayjapan00gold"><i>December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor</i></a></span>, McGraw-Hill, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-050682-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-050682-4"><bdi>978-0-07-050682-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=December+7%2C+1941%3A+The+Day+the+Japanese+Attacked+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-07-050682-4&rft.aulast=Prange&rft.aufirst=Gordon+William&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Donald+M.&rft.au=Dillon%2C+Katherine+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdec71941dayjapan00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPrados1995" class="citation cs2">Prados, John (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/combinedfleetdec00prad/"><i>Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II</i></a>, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-431-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-431-8"><bdi>1-55750-431-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combined+Fleet+Decoded%3A+The+Secret+History+of+American+Intelligence+and+the+Japanese+Navy+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-55750-431-8&rft.aulast=Prados&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcombinedfleetdec00prad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRaymer1996" class="citation cs2">Raymer, E. C. (1996), <i>Descent Into Darkness</i>, Presidio Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descent+Into+Darkness&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Raymer&rft.aufirst=E.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1987" class="citation cs2">Rhodes, Anthony (1987) [1976], <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/propagandaartofp0000rhod/"><i>Propaganda: The Art of Persuasion: World War II</i></a></span>, The Wellfleet Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda%3A+The+Art+of+Persuasion%3A+World+War+II&rft.pub=The+Wellfleet+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpropagandaartofp0000rhod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2004" class="citation cs2">Shepherd, Dennis W. (September 22, 2004), <i>Returning Son: From Baghdad, Kentucky to Baghdad, Iraq (and Back)</i>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Returning+Son%3A+From+Baghdad%2C+Kentucky+to+Baghdad%2C+Iraq+%28and+Back%29&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2004-09-22&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Dennis+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1960" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1960), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallthirdreich00shir"><i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany</i></a></span>, New York: Simon and Schuster</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallthirdreich00shir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation cs2">Smith, Carl (1999), <i>Pearl Harbor 1941: The Day of Infamy</i>, Campaign Series, vol. 62, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-798-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-798-8"><bdi>1-85532-798-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor+1941%3A+The+Day+of+Infamy&rft.series=Campaign+Series&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85532-798-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSymonds2011" class="citation cs2">Symonds, Craig L. (2011), <i>The Battle Of Midway</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+Of+Midway&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Symonds&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1988" class="citation cs2">Stephen, Martin (1988), Grove, Eric (ed.), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seabattlesinclos00mart"><i>Sea Battles in Close-up: World War 2</i></a></span>, vol. 1, Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan, pp. 34–38, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1596-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-1596-1"><bdi>0-7110-1596-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Battles+in+Close-up%3A+World+War+2&rft.place=Shepperton%2C+Surrey&rft.pages=34-38&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7110-1596-1&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseabattlesinclos00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2007" class="citation cs2">Thomas, Evan (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-bOZnz2At0C"><i>Sea of Thunder: Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign 1941–1945</i></a>, Simon and Schuster, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5222-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5222-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-5222-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906075842/https://books.google.com/books?id=G-bOZnz2At0C">archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+of+Thunder%3A+Four+Commanders+and+the+Last+Great+Naval+Campaign+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5222-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG-bOZnz2At0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFToland1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toland_(historian)" title="John Toland (historian)">Toland, John</a> (1970), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risingsundecline00tola"><i>The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936-1945</i></a></span>, Random House, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-44311-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-44311-X"><bdi>0-394-44311-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rising+Sun%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Japanese+Empire%2C+1936-1945&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-394-44311-X&rft.aulast=Toland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisingsundecline00tola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFToland1983" class="citation cs2">Toland, John (1983), <i>Infamy: Pearl Harbor and its Aftermath</i>, New York: Berkley, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-05991-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-05991-X"><bdi>0-425-05991-X</bdi></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9331838">9331838</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infamy%3A+Pearl+Harbor+and+its+Aftermath&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berkley&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9331838&rft.isbn=0-425-05991-X&rft.aulast=Toland&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWallin1968" class="citation cs2">Wallin, Homer N. (1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/war-and-conflict/wwii/pearl-harbor/pearlharborwallin/d767_92_w3.pdf">"Ships Sunk at Pearl Harbor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Pearl Harbor: Why, How, Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal</i>, Naval History Division, pp. 203–269, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180730202728/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/war-and-conflict/wwii/pearl-harbor/pearlharborwallin/d767_92_w3.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 30, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ships+Sunk+at+Pearl+Harbor&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+Why%2C+How%2C+Fleet+Salvage+and+Final+Appraisal&rft.pages=203-269&rft.pub=Naval+History+Division&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Wallin&rft.aufirst=Homer+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fnhhc%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Fwar-and-conflict%2Fwwii%2Fpearl-harbor%2Fpearlharborwallin%2Fd767_92_w3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2007" class="citation cs2">Watson, Patrick (December 1, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHb_geGUpFcC"><i>Watson's Really Big WWII Almanac, Volume 2: July to December</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xlibris_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Xlibris Corporation">Xlibris</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4257-8993-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4257-8993-0"><bdi>978-1-4257-8993-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801205402/https://books.google.com/books?id=IHb_geGUpFcC">archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watson%27s+Really+Big+WWII+Almanac%2C+Volume+2%3A+July+to+December&rft.pub=Xlibris&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4257-8993-0&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHb_geGUpFcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWetzler1998" class="citation cs2">Wetzler, Peter (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BWqEkwH1KRMC"><i>Hirohito and war: imperial tradition and military decision making in prewar Japan</i></a>, University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1925-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1925-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-1925-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801205337/https://books.google.com/books?id=BWqEkwH1KRMC">archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hirohito+and+war%3A+imperial+tradition+and+military+decision+making+in+prewar+Japan&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1925-5&rft.aulast=Wetzler&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBWqEkwH1KRMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott1983" class="citation cs2">Willmott, H. P. (1983), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barrierjavelin00hpwi/"><i>The Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies, February to June 1942</i></a></span>, Naval Institute Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-092-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-092-0"><bdi>0-87021-092-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barrier+and+the+Javelin%3A+Japanese+and+Allied+Pacific+Strategies%2C+February+to+June+1942&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-87021-092-0&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbarrierjavelin00hpwi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott2001" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H.P. (2001). <i>Pearl Harbor</i>. London, England: Cassell & Co. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35884-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35884-7"><bdi>978-0-304-35884-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35884-7&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWorth2014" class="citation cs2">Worth, Roland H. Jr. (2014), <i>No Choice but War: The United States Embargo Against Japan and the Eruption of War in the Pacific</i>, Jefferson, North Carolina: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland, Incorporated</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7752-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-7752-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Choice+but+War%3A+The+United+States+Embargo+Against+Japan+and+the+Eruption+of+War+in+the+Pacific&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7752-4&rft.aulast=Worth&rft.aufirst=Roland+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYergin1991" class="citation cs2">Yergin, Daniel (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prizeepicques00yerg"><i>The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power</i></a>, New York: Simon & Schuster, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-79932-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-79932-0"><bdi>0-671-79932-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prize%3A+The+Epic+Quest+for+Oil%2C+Money+%26+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-671-79932-0&rft.aulast=Yergin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprizeepicques00yerg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFZimm2011" class="citation cs2">Zimm, Alan D. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LgkaTwEACAAJ"><i>Attack on Pearl Harbor: Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions</i></a>, Havertown, Pennsylvania: Casemate Publishers, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-010-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-010-7"><bdi>978-1-61200-010-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906070947/https://books.google.com/books?id=LgkaTwEACAAJ">archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor%3A+Strategy%2C+Combat%2C+Myths%2C+Deceptions&rft.place=Havertown%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61200-010-7&rft.aulast=Zimm&rft.aufirst=Alan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLgkaTwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="US_government_documents">US government documents</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054258005"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_State1943" class="citation cs2">Department of State (1943), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Dip/PaW/"><i>Peace and War, United States Foreign Policy 1931–1941</i></a>, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512150939/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/paw/">archived</a> from the original on May 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+War%2C+United+States+Foreign+Policy+1931%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rft.au=Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FDip%2FPaW%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
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<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1962" class="citation cs2">Morton, Louis (1962), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/"><i>Strategy and Command: The First Two Years</i></a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_in_World_War_II" title="United States Army in World War II">United States Army in World War II</a>, Washington, D.C.: <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Army_Center_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army Center of Military History">US Army Center of Military History</a>, CMD Pub 5-1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211231320/https://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/">archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span> – via HyperWar Foundation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy+and+Command%3A+The+First+Two+Years&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=United+States+Army+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=US+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-P-Strategy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
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<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Strategic_Bombing_Survey1946" class="citation cs2">United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific), Naval Analysis Division (1946), Daniels, Gordon (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/campaignsofpacif46unit/"><i>The Campaigns of the Pacific War</i></a>, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1946&rft.au=United+States+Strategic+Bombing+Survey+%28Pacific%29%2C+Naval+Analysis+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcampaignsofpacif46unit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2db.com/doc.php?q=45"><i>U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor</i></a>, United States National Archives, Modern Military Branch, 1942, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113234417/http://ww2db.com/doc.php?q=45">archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Navy+Report+of+Japanese+Raid+on+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=United+States+National+Archives%2C+Modern+Military+Branch&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fww2db.com%2Fdoc.php%3Fq%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFInvestigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack_–_"The_Japanese_Attack_And_Its_Aftermath"1946" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_2.html">"Part II: The Japanese Attack And Its Aftermath"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_0.html"><i>Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack</i></a>, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1946, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501061754/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_0.html">archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%3A+The+Japanese+Attack+And+Its+Aftermath&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Joint+Committee+on+the+Investigation+of+the+Pearl+Harbor+Attack&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpha%2Fcongress%2Fpart_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFInvestigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack_–_"Review_of_the_Diplomatic_Conversations"1946" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#314">"Appendix D: Review of the Diplomatic Conversations"</a>, <i>Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack</i>, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1946, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429222741/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/app-d.html#314">archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+D%3A+Review+of+the+Diplomatic+Conversations&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Joint+Committee+on+the+Investigation+of+the+Pearl+Harbor+Attack&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpha%2Fcongress%2Fapp-d.html%23314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDANFS_Aylwin" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/aylwin-iii.html">"USS <i>Aylwin</i> III (DD-355)"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a></i>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy Department</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=USS+Aylwin+III+%28DD-355%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fhistories%2Fship-histories%2Fdanfs%2Fa%2Faylwin-iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDANFS_Shaw" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/s/shaw-ii.html">"USS <i>Shaw</i> II (DD-373)"</a>. <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships" title="Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships">Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships</a></i>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy Department</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=USS+Shaw+II+%28DD-373%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fhistories%2Fship-histories%2Fdanfs%2Fs%2Fshaw-ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCaravaggio2014" class="citation journal cs2">Caravaggio, Angelo N. (Winter 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714190848/https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/59d3fa3c-3a53-49f6-9f28-6f0358389db8/-Winning--the-Pacific-War--The-Masterful-Strategy-.aspx">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Winning' the Pacific War: The Masterful Strategy of Commander Minoru Genda"</a>, <i>Naval War College Review</i>, <b>67</b> (1): 85–118, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/59d3fa3c-3a53-49f6-9f28-6f0358389db8/-Winning--the-Pacific-War--The-Masterful-Strategy-.aspx">the original</a> on July 14, 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.atitle=%27Winning%27+the+Pacific+War%3A+The+Masterful+Strategy+of+Commander+Minoru+Genda&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-118&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Caravaggio&rft.aufirst=Angelo+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.usnwc.edu%2Fgetattachment%2F59d3fa3c-3a53-49f6-9f28-6f0358389db8%2F-Winning--the-Pacific-War--The-Masterful-Strategy-.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLauren1978" class="citation journal cs2">Lauren, Paul Gordon (1978), "Human Rights in History: Diplomacy and Racial Equality at the Paris Peace Conference", <i>Diplomatic History</i>, <b>2</b> (3): 257–278, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24909920">24909920</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154765654">154765654</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+in+History%3A+Diplomacy+and+Racial+Equality+at+the+Paris+Peace+Conference&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-278&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154765654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24909920%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x&rft.aulast=Lauren&rft.aufirst=Paul+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWilford2002" class="citation journal cs2">Wilford, Timothy (January 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol12/nm_12_1_17to37.pdf">"Decoding Pearl Harbor: USN Cryptanalysis and the Challenge of JN-25B in 1941"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Northern_Mariner" title="The Northern Mariner">The Northern Mariner</a></i>, <b>XII</b> (1): 17–37, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25071%2F2561-5467.571">10.25071/2561-5467.571</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247550000">247550000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705080832/https://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol12/nm_12_1_17to37.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 5, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Mariner&rft.atitle=Decoding+Pearl+Harbor%3A+USN+Cryptanalysis+and+the+Challenge+of+JN-25B+in+1941&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-37&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25071%2F2561-5467.571&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247550000%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.cnrs-scrn.org%2Fnorthern_mariner%2Fvol12%2Fnm_12_1_17to37.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFParshall2010" class="citation journal cs1">Parshall, Jonathan (March 21, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127070529/http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/612aa0c4-47a1-4107-afbb-17fa992adf59/Reflecting-on-Fuchida,-or--A-Tale-of-Three-Whopper">"Reflecting on Fuchida or "A Tale of Three Whoppers"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Naval War College Review</i>. <b>63</b> (2). <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, United States of America: Naval History and Heritage Command/<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_War_College" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Naval War College">United States Naval War College</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">United States Department of the Navy</a>): 127–138. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-1484">0028-1484</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26397106">26397106</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/75617787">75617787</a>. <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/01779130">01779130</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/612aa0c4-47a1-4107-afbb-17fa992adf59/Reflecting-on-Fuchida,-or--A-Tale-of-Three-Whopper">the original</a> on November 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.atitle=Reflecting+on+Fuchida+or+%22A+Tale+of+Three+Whoppers%22&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-138&rft.date=2010-03-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F01779130&rft.issn=0028-1484&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F75617787&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26397106%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Parshall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.usnwc.edu%2Fgetattachment%2F612aa0c4-47a1-4107-afbb-17fa992adf59%2FReflecting-on-Fuchida%2C-or--A-Tale-of-Three-Whopper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1982" class="citation journal cs2">Potter, Joseph V. (Winter 1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviation.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/A-Handful-of-Pilots.pdf">"A Handful of Pilots"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of American Aviation Historical Society</i>: 282–285, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093542/http://aviation.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/A-Handful-of-Pilots.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Aviation+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=A+Handful+of+Pilots&rft.ssn=winter&rft.pages=282-285&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Joseph+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Faviation.hawaii.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F03%2FA-Handful-of-Pilots.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Magazine_articles">Magazine articles</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDorrBorch2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Dorr" title="Robert F. Dorr">Dorr, Robert F.</a>; Borch, Fred L. (December 8, 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130102094911/http://www.armytimes.com/offduty/travel/airforce_history_120808w/">"Pajama-clad pilot took on Japanese at Pearl Harbor"</a>, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Times" title="Army Times">Army Times</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armytimes.com/offduty/travel/airforce_history_120808w/">the original</a> on January 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Army+Times&rft.atitle=Pajama-clad+pilot+took+on+Japanese+at+Pearl+Harbor&rft.date=2008-12-08&rft.aulast=Dorr&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft.au=Borch%2C+Fred+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.armytimes.com%2Foffduty%2Ftravel%2Fairforce_history_120808w%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFukudome1955b" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeru_Fukudome" title="Shigeru Fukudome">Fukudome, Shigeru</a> (December 1955b), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1955/december/hawaii-operation">"Hawaii Operation"</a></span>, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_(magazine)" title="Proceedings (magazine)">Proceedings</a></i>, vol. 81, no. 12, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>, pp. 13, 15–31, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211210054032/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1955/december/hawaii-operation">archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=Hawaii+Operation&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=13%2C+15-31&rft.date=1955-12&rft.aulast=Fukudome&rft.aufirst=Shigeru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fproceedings%2F1955%2Fdecember%2Fhawaii-operation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHone1977" class="citation cs2">Hone, Thomas C. (December 1977), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1977/december/destruction-battle-line-pearl-harbor">"The Destruction of the Battle Line at Pearl Harbor"</a></span>, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_(magazine)" title="Proceedings (magazine)">Proceedings</a></i>, vol. 103, no. 12, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>, pp. 56–57, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211210205857/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1977/december/destruction-battle-line-pearl-harbor">archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=The+Destruction+of+the+Battle+Line+at+Pearl+Harbor&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=56-57&rft.date=1977-12&rft.aulast=Hone&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fproceedings%2F1977%2Fdecember%2Fdestruction-battle-line-pearl-harbor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPeck2016" class="citation cs2">Peck, Michael (August 5, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/feature/russias-pearl-harbor-the-battle-port-arthur-17260">"Russia's Pearl Harbor: The Battle of Port Arthur"</a>, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814234939/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/russias-pearl-harbor-the-battle-port-arthur-17260">archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+Pearl+Harbor%3A+The+Battle+of+Port+Arthur&rft.date=2016-08-05&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Ffeature%2Frussias-pearl-harbor-the-battle-port-arthur-17260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1974" class="citation cs2">Stewart, A. J. (December 1974), "Those Mysterious Midgets", <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_(magazine)" title="Proceedings (magazine)">Proceedings</a></i>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=Those+Mysterious+Midgets&rft.date=1974-12&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFWolk2007" class="citation cs2">Wolk, Herman S. (July 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2007/July%202007/0707mason.aspx">"Mason Patrick's Inside Game"</a>, <i>Air Force Magazine</i>, Air Force Association, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715002734/http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2007/July%25202007/0707mason.aspx">archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Force+Magazine&rft.atitle=Mason+Patrick%27s+Inside+Game&rft.date=2007-07&rft.aulast=Wolk&rft.aufirst=Herman+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.airforcemag.com%2FMagazineArchive%2FPages%2F2007%2FJuly%25202007%2F0707mason.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Online_sources">Online sources</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBjorkman2019" class="citation web cs2">Bjorkman, James (March 2, 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwartwodaily.filminspector.com/2019/03/december-7-1941-japan-attacks-pearl.html">"December 7, 1941: Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor"</a>, Filminspector.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111526/https://worldwartwodaily.filminspector.com/2019/03/december-7-1941-japan-attacks-pearl.html">archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=December+7%2C+1941%3A+Japanese+Attack+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=Filminspector.com&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.aulast=Bjorkman&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fworldwartwodaily.filminspector.com%2F2019%2F03%2Fdecember-7-1941-japan-attacks-pearl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDiGiulian2021" class="citation web cs2">DiGiulian, Tony (March 7, 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Pearl_Harbor.htm">"Order of Battle: Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941"</a>, Navweaps.com, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110630214745/http://navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Pearl_Harbor.htm">archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+of+Battle%3A+Pearl+Harbor%2C+December+7%2C+1941&rft.pub=Navweaps.com&rft.date=2021-03-07&rft.aulast=DiGiulian&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.navweaps.com%2Findex_oob%2FOOB_WWII_Pacific%2FOOB_WWII_Pearl_Harbor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYarnell2003" class="citation web cs2">Yarnell, Paul R. (November 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navsource.org/Naval/ijnaf.htm">"Organization of the Japanese Air Attack Units December 7, 1941"</a>, NavSource Naval History, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213181330/http://www.navsource.org/Naval/ijnaf.htm">archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organization+of+the+Japanese+Air+Attack+Units+December+7%2C+1941&rft.pub=NavSource+Naval+History&rft.date=2003-11&rft.aulast=Yarnell&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.navsource.org%2FNaval%2Fijnaf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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</h3>
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<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBeach1995" class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Beach,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edward L. Beach, Jr.">Beach, Edward L. Jr.</a> (1995), <i>Scapegoats: A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor</i>, Naval Institute Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-059-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-059-2"><bdi>1-55750-059-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scapegoats%3A+A+Defense+of+Kimmel+and+Short+at+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-55750-059-2&rft.aulast=Beach&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Clausen, Henry C.; Lee, Bruce (2001), <i>Pearl Harbor: Final Judgment</i>, HarperCollins</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+Final+Judgment&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Clausen&rft.aufirst=Henry+C.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. An account of the secret "<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausen_Inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Clausen Inquiry">Clausen Inquiry</a>" undertaken late in the war by order of Congress to Secretary of War <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a>. Clausen was given the authority to go anywhere and question anyone under oath. Ultimately, he traveled more than 55,000 miles and interviewed over a hundred US and British Army, Navy, and civilian personnel, in addition to being given access to all relevant Magic intercepts.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCondon-Rall1989" class="citation journal cs2">Condon-Rall, M. E. (1989), "The U.S. Army medical department and the attack on Pearl Harbor", <i>J Mil Hist</i>, <b>53</b> (1): 65–78, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1986020">10.2307/1986020</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1986020">1986020</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11617401">11617401</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Mil+Hist&rft.atitle=The+U.S.+Army+medical+department+and+the+attack+on+Pearl+Harbor&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-78&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11617401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1986020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1986020&rft.aulast=Condon-Rall&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. This article discusses the state of medical readiness prior to the attack, and the post-attack response by medical personnel.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Dorsey, James (2009), "Literary Tropes, Rhetorical Looping, and the Nine Gods of War: 'Fascist Proclivities' Made Real", in Tansman, Alan (ed.), <i>The Culture of Japanese Fascism</i>, Durham, North Carolina / London: Duke University Press, pp. 409–431</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literary+Tropes%2C+Rhetorical+Looping%2C+and+the+Nine+Gods+of+War%3A+%27Fascist+Proclivities%27+Made+Real&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+Japanese+Fascism&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina+%2F+London&rft.pages=409-431&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dorsey&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. A study of Japanese wartime media representations of the submarine component of the attack on Pearl Harbor.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_III" title="Hamilton Fish III">Fish, Hamilton III</a> (1983), <i>Tragic Deception: FDR and America's Involvement in World War II</i>, Devin-Adair, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8159-6917-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8159-6917-1"><bdi>0-8159-6917-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tragic+Deception%3A+FDR+and+America%27s+Involvement+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Devin-Adair&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8159-6917-1&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Hamilton+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Gannon, Michael V. (2001), <i>Pearl Harbor Betrayed</i>, Henry Holt and Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor+Betrayed&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Michael+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. A recent examination of the issues surrounding the surprise of the attack.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation magazine cs2">Haynok, Robert J. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2009-12/how-japanese-did-it">"How the Japanese Did It"</a>, <i>Naval History Magazine</i>, vol. 23, no. 6, United States Naval Institute, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607195401/http://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2009-12/how-japanese-did-it">archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+the+Japanese+Did+It&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Haynok&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnavalhistory%2F2009-12%2Fhow-japanese-did-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFHixson2003" class="citation cs2">Hixson, Walter L., ed. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5mJWrEeqMfgC"><i>The United States and the Road to War in the Pacific</i></a>, The American Experience in World War II, vol. 3, Routledge, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94031-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94031-1"><bdi>0-415-94031-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404221251/https://books.google.com/books?id=5mJWrEeqMfgC">archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Road+to+War+in+the+Pacific&rft.series=The+American+Experience+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-94031-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5mJWrEeqMfgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. Part of a twelve-volume series.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Holmes, W. J. (1979), <i>Double-Edged Secrets: U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II</i>, United States Naval Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Double-Edged+Secrets%3A+U.S.+Naval+Intelligence+Operations+in+the+Pacific+During+World+War+II&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. Contains some important material, such as Holmes's argument that, had the US Navy been warned of the attack and put to sea, it would have likely resulted in an even greater disaster.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Hughes-Wilson, John (2004) [1999], <i>Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover-Ups</i> (revised ed.), Robinson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Intelligence+Blunders+and+Cover-Ups&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Robinson&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hughes-Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. Contains a brief but insightful chapter on the particular intelligence failures, and a broader overview of what causes them.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Kimmett, Larry; Regis, Margaret (2004), <i>The Attack on Pearl Harbor: An Illustrated History</i>, NavPublishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=NavPublishing&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kimmett&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.au=Regis%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. Using maps, photos, unique illustrations, and an animated CD, this book provides a detailed overview of the surprise attack that brought the United States into World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKrepinevich2002" class="citation report cs2">Krepinevich, Andrew F. (February 25, 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2002.02.25-Field-Exercises-and-Military-Transformation.pdf">Lighting the Path Ahead: Field Exercises and Transformation</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report), Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924003422/https://csbaonline.org/uploads/documents/2002.02.25-Field-Exercises-and-Military-Transformation.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Lighting+the+Path+Ahead%3A+Field+Exercises+and+Transformation&rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+and+Budgetary+Assessments&rft.date=2002-02-25&rft.aulast=Krepinevich&rft.aufirst=Andrew+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fcsbaonline.org%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2F2002.02.25-Field-Exercises-and-Military-Transformation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. Contains a passage regarding the Yarnell attack, as well as reference citations.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_T._Layton" title="Edwin T. Layton">Layton, Edwin T.</a>; Pineau, Roger; Costello, John (1985), <i>And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway – Breaking the Secrets</i>, New York: W. Morrow, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06968-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06968-1"><bdi>978-0-688-06968-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+I+Was+There%3A+Pearl+Harbor+and+Midway+%E2%80%93+Breaking+the+Secrets&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+Morrow&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-688-06968-1&rft.aulast=Layton&rft.aufirst=Edwin+T.&rft.au=Pineau%2C+Roger&rft.au=Costello%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. Layton, Kimmel's Combat Intelligence Officer, says that <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> was the only field commander who had received any substantial amount of <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_(cipher_machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple (cipher machine)">Purple</a> intelligence.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Madsen, Daniel (2003), <i>Resurrection-Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor</i>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resurrection-Salvaging+the+Battle+Fleet+at+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Madsen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation report cs2">McCollum, Arthur H. (October 7, 1940), <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum">Memorandum for the Director: Estimate of the Situation in the Pacific and Recommendations for Action by the United States</a> (Memorandum), Office of Naval Intelligence, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124120956/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/McCollum_memorandum">archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Memorandum+for+the+Director%3A+Estimate+of+the+Situation+in+the+Pacific+and+Recommendations+for+Action+by+the+United+States&rft.pub=Office+of+Naval+Intelligence&rft.date=1940-10-07&rft.aulast=McCollum&rft.aufirst=Arthur+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FMcCollum_memorandum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. The <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCollum_memo" title="McCollum memo">McCollum memo</a> is a 1940 memo from a Naval headquarters staff officer to his superiors outlining possible provocations to Japan, which might lead to war (declassified in 1994).</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Melber, Takuma (2016), <i>Pearl Harbor: Japans Angriff und der Kriegseintritt der USA</i> [<i>Pearl Harbor: Japan's Attack and the US Entry into the War</i>] (in German), München: C.H. Beck, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-69818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-69818-7"><bdi>978-3-406-69818-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+Japans+Angriff+und+der+Kriegseintritt+der+USA&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-406-69818-7&rft.aulast=Melber&rft.aufirst=Takuma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation journal cs2">Moorhead, John J. (1942), "Surgical Experience at Pearl Harbor", <i>The Journal of the American Medical Association</i>, <b>118</b> (9): 712, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1942.62830090002009">10.1001/jama.1942.62830090002009</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Surgical+Experience+at+Pearl+Harbor&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=712&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1942.62830090002009&rft.aulast=Moorhead&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. An overview of different surgical procedures at the hospital at the scene of the event.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Morgenstern, George Edward (1947), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pearlharborthestoryofthesecretwar/"><i>Pearl Harbor: The Story of the Secret War</i></a>, The Devin-Adair Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+The+Story+of+the+Secret+War&rft.pub=The+Devin-Adair+Company&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Morgenstern&rft.aufirst=George+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpearlharborthestoryofthesecretwar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. Conspiracy theory.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Parker, Frederick D. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/pearl-harbor-revisited-usn-communications-intelligence.html"><i>Pearl Harbor Revisited: United States Navy Communications Intelligence 1924–1941</i></a>, National Security Agency, Center for Cryptologic History, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209030151/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/pearl-harbor-revisited-usn-communications-intelligence.html">archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor+Revisited%3A+United+States+Navy+Communications+Intelligence+1924%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=National+Security+Agency%2C+Center+for+Cryptologic+History&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Frederick+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fhistory%2Fnhhc%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fp%2Fpearl-harbor-revisited-usn-communications-intelligence.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. Contains a detailed description of what the Navy knew from intercepted and decrypted Japan's communications prior to Pearl.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Rodgaard, John; Hsu, Peter K.; Lucas, Carroll L. & Biache, Andrew Jr. (December 1999), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/1999/december/pearl-harbor-attack-below">"Pearl Harbor – Attack from Below"</a></span>, <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval History (magazine)">Naval History</a></i>, vol. 13, no. 6, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060930030611/http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/Articles99/Nhrodgaard.htm">archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+History&rft.atitle=Pearl+Harbor+%E2%80%93+Attack+from+Below&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1999-12&rft.aulast=Rodgaard&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Peter+K.&rft.au=Lucas%2C+Carroll+L.&rft.au=Biache%2C+Andrew+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnaval-history-magazine%2F1999%2Fdecember%2Fpearl-harbor-attack-below&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Seki, Eiji (2006), <i>Mrs. Ferguson's Tea-Set, Japan and the Second World War: The Global Consequences Following Germany's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940</i>, London: Brill/<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Oriental" title="Global Oriental">Global Oriental</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905246-28-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905246-28-1"><bdi>978-1-905246-28-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mrs.+Ferguson%27s+Tea-Set%2C+Japan+and+the+Second+World+War%3A+The+Global+Consequences+Following+Germany%27s+Sinking+of+the+SS+Automedon+in+1940&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Brill%2FGlobal+Oriental&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-905246-28-1&rft.aulast=Seki&rft.aufirst=Eiji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Stille, Mark E. (2011), <i>Tora! Tora! Tora!: Pearl Harbor 1941</i>, Raid Series, vol. 26, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-509-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-509-0"><bdi>978-1-84908-509-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tora%21+Tora%21+Tora%21%3A+Pearl+Harbor+1941&rft.series=Raid+Series&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-509-0&rft.aulast=Stille&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stinnett" title="Robert Stinnett">Stinnett, Robert</a> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050616074335/http://www.pearlharbor41.com/"><i>Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor</i></a>, Free Press, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0129-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0129-9"><bdi>0-7432-0129-9</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pearlharbor41.com/">the original</a> on June 16, 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Day+of+Deceit%3A+The+Truth+About+FDR+and+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7432-0129-9&rft.aulast=Stinnett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.pearlharbor41.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. A study of the Freedom of Information Act documents that led Congress to direct clearance of Kimmel and Short.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Takeo, Iguchi (2010), <i>Demystifying Pearl Harbor: A New Perspective From Japan</i>, I-House Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demystifying+Pearl+Harbor%3A+A+New+Perspective+From+Japan&rft.pub=I-House+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Takeo&rft.aufirst=Iguchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Theobald" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Theobald">Theobald, Robert A.</a> (1954), <i>Final Secret of Pearl Harbor</i>, Devin-Adair, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8159-5503-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8159-5503-0"><bdi>0-8159-5503-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Secret+of+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=Devin-Adair&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=0-8159-5503-0&rft.aulast=Theobald&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. Foreword by Fleet Admiral <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Halsey,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William F. Halsey, Jr.">William F. Halsey, Jr.</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_W._Toll" title="Ian W. Toll">Toll, Ian W.</a> (2011), <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Crucible:_War_at_Sea_in_the_Pacific,_1941%E2%80%931942" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942">Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942</a></i>, New York: W. W. Norton</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Crucible%3A+War+at+Sea+in+the+Pacific%2C+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Toll&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Coady_Wedemeyer" title="Albert Coady Wedemeyer">Wedemeyer, Albert C.</a> (1958), <i>Wedemeyer Reports!</i>, Henry Holt Co., <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89275-011-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89275-011-1"><bdi>0-89275-011-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wedemeyer+Reports%21&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+Co.&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0-89275-011-1&rft.aulast=Wedemeyer&rft.aufirst=Albert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962), <i>Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision</i>, Stanford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+Warning+and+Decision&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Wohlstetter&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span>. The most cited scholarly work on the intelligence failure at Pearl Harbor. Her introduction and analysis of the concept of "noise" persist in understanding intelligence failures.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation cs2">Wohlstetter, Roberta (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210231934/http://ias.wustl.edu/files/ias/imce/wohlstetter_cuba_and_pearl_harbor.pdf">"Cuba and Pearl Harbor: Hindsight and Foresight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, <b>43</b> (4), Council on Foreign Relations: 691–707, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20039133">10.2307/20039133</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039133">20039133</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ias.wustl.edu/files/ias/imce/wohlstetter_cuba_and_pearl_harbor.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 10, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Cuba+and+Pearl+Harbor%3A+Hindsight+and+Foresight&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=691-707&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20039133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20039133%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wohlstetter&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fias.wustl.edu%2Ffiles%2Fias%2Fimce%2Fwohlstetter_cuba_and_pearl_harbor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100818203925/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq66-1.htm">Overview</a>(archived) from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/pearl-harbor">Account (with Video)</a> on History.com</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/Attack-Pearl-Harbor.htm">The Attack on Pearl Harbor</a> on ThoughtCo.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190614081536/https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/18arizona/18arizona.htm"><i>"Remembering Pearl Harbor:The USS Arizona Memorial"</i> — Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan</a> (archived) from National Park Service</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu/library/research/collections/archives/manuscript-collections/hawaii-war-records-depository/">Hawaii War Records Depository</a>, Archives & Manuscripts Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa Library</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/7Dec41/index.html">7 December 1941, The Air Force Story</a> on ibiblio.org</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/magic/">The "Magic" Background</a> (PDFs or readable online) on ibiblio.org</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/congress/">The Congressional investigation</a> on ibiblio.org</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLTC_Jeffrey_J._GudmensCOL_Timothy_R._Reese2009" class="citation report cs1">LTC Jeffrey J. Gudmens; COL Timothy R. Reese (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/educational-services/staff-rides/StaffRideHB_PearlHarbor.pdf">Staff Ride Handbook for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941: A Study of Defending America</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Combat Studies Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Staff+Ride+Handbook+for+the+Attack+on+Pearl+Harbor%2C+7+December+1941%3A+A+Study+of+Defending+America&rft.pub=Combat+Studies+Institute&rft.date=2009&rft.au=LTC+Jeffrey+J.+Gudmens&rft.au=COL+Timothy+R.+Reese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbackend.710302.xyz%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.armyupress.army.mil%2FPortals%2F7%2Feducational-services%2Fstaff-rides%2FStaffRideHB_PearlHarbor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Pearl+Harbor" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/w/world_war_ii_/pearl_harbor/index.html">Pearl Harbor</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Accounts">Accounts</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/ch7.htm">Guarding The United States And Its Outposts</a>, in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents">Guarding the United States and Its Outposts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225041653/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Guard-US/index.htm#contents">Archived</a> December 25, 2007, at the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Official US Army history of Pearl Harbor by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/1999/09/13/special/index.html">War comes to Hawaii</a> <i>Honolulu Star-Bulletin</i>, Monday, September 13, 1999</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/video/pearl-harbour-first-pictures">Video of first Newsreel from December 23, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor</a> from <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British-Pathe" class="mw-redirect" title="British-Pathe">British-Pathe</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8H-BTblzqO0&list=PLNxwX7r4A557deayljDNLqVA7Pl9Y8K9Z&index=1"><i>Pearl Harbour</i> – British Movietone News, 1942</a> from the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a> Archive</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675029979_attack-on-Pearl-Harbor_Harbor-installations_USS-Arizona-burns_black-smoke-rises">Historic footage of Pearl Harbor during and immediately following attack on December 7, 1941</a> on CriticalPast</li>
<li>Emily DeLetter: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/pearl-harbor-remembrance-day-historical-photos-show-the-dec-7-1941-attack-in-hawaii/ar-AA1l7Znw?ocid=socialshare"><i>Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day - 82 years later.</i></a> Historical photos show and video of the Dec. 7, 1941 attack in Hawaii, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, 7 December 2023</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gb7XUDlhz6k">December 7th (long version)</a>  –  Documentary made by the <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> several years after the attack, which shows (mostly by dramatization) life in Hawaii before, during, and after the attack on Pearl Harbor.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Historical_documents">Historical documents</span><span class="mw-editsection">
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2db.com/doc.php?q=45">US Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor</a> from World War II Database</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar-two.net/events/usa_declaration_of_war_on_japan/">Second World War – USA Declaration of War on Japan</a> from WorldWar-Two.net</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/monos/097/index.html">Collection of extensive Japanese preparation military documents</a> on ibiblio.org</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pearl_Harbor_attack" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Template:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Template talk:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pearl_Harbor_attack" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pearl Harbor attack"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pearl_Harbor_attack" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl Harbor attack</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attack</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Prelude to the attack on Pearl Harbor">Prelude to the attack</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor">Order of battle</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships_present_at_Pearl_Harbor,_December_7,_1941" title="List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941">Present US ships</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship_Row" title="Battleship Row">Battleship Row</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau incident</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japanese<br />carriers<br />involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Akagi" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi">Akagi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Kaga" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga">Kaga</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_S%C5%8Dry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū">Sōryū</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū">Hiryū</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku">Shōkaku</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku">Zuikaku</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States<br />ships sunk</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Arizona (BB-39)"><i>Arizona</i></a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_salvaged_artifacts" title="USS Arizona salvaged artifacts">salvaged artifacts</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(BB-44)" title="USS California (BB-44)"><i>California</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Oglala" title="USS Oglala"><i>Oglala</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Oklahoma_(BB-37)" title="USS Oklahoma (BB-37)"><i>Oklahoma</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shaw_(DD-373)" title="USS Shaw (DD-373)"><i>Shaw</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sotoyomo_(YTM-9)" title="USS Sotoyomo (YTM-9)"><i>Sotoyomo</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Utah_(BB-31)" title="USS Utah (BB-31)"><i>Utah</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_West_Virginia_(BB-48)" title="USS West Virginia (BB-48)"><i>West Virginia</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/YFD-2" title="YFD-2"><i>YFD-2</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequences_of_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor">Consequences</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto%27s_sleeping_giant_quote" title="Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote">Sleeping giant quote</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United States declaration of war on Japan">U.S. declaration of war</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Japan" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Japan">U.K. declaration of war</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Commissions" title="Roberts Commissions">Roberts Commissions</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Joint_Committee_on_the_Investigation_of_the_Pearl_Harbor_Attack" title="United States Congressional Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack">Pearl Harbor Committee</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_the_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Pearl_Harbor_Remembrance_Day" title="National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS <i>Arizona</i> Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Survivors_Association" title="Pearl Harbor Survivors Association">Survivors Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_Commemorative_Medal" title="Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal">Commemorative Medal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis:_The_Japanese_Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_and_Southeast_Asia" title="Crisis: The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia">Crisis: The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor and Southeast Asia</a></i> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Infamy_series" title="Days of Infamy series"><i>Days of Infamy</i> series</a> (2004–05)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War_series" title="Pacific War series"><i>Pacific War</i> series</a> (2007–08)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Agent_of_Japan" title="Secret Agent of Japan">Secret Agent of Japan</a></i> (1942)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_at_Sea_from_Hawaii_to_Malaya" title="The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya">The War at Sea from Hawaii to Malaya</a></i> (1942)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_(film)" title="Air Force (film)">Air Force</a></i> (1943)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_the_Army" title="This Is the Army">This Is the Army</a></i> (1943)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_7th_(film)" title="December 7th (film)">December 7th</a></i> (1943)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Force_(film)" title="Task Force (film)">Task Force</a></i> (1949)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_Here_to_Eternity" title="From Here to Eternity">From Here to Eternity</a></i> (1953)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolt_of_Mamie_Stover_(film)" title="The Revolt of Mamie Stover (film)">The Revolt of Mamie Stover</a></i> (1956)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Over_the_Pacific" title="Storm Over the Pacific">Storm Over the Pacific</a></i> (1960)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Harm%27s_Way" title="In Harm's Way">In Harm's Way</a></i> (1965)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora!_Tora!_Tora!" title="Tora! Tora! Tora!">Tora! Tora! Tora!</a></i> (1970)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_(film)" title="1941 (film)">1941</a></i> (1979)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Countdown_(film)" title="The Final Countdown (film)">The Final Countdown</a></i> (1980)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_(film)" title="Pearl Harbor (film)">Pearl Harbor</a></i> (2001)</li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_(2019_film)" title="Midway (2019 film)">Midway</a></i> (2019)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_of_Pearl_Harbor_in_1941" title="Vulnerability of Pearl Harbor in 1941">Vulnerability of Pearl Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Advance-knowledge conspiracy theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_in_popular_culture" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_Japanese_surprise_attacks_and_battles_of_December_1941" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dec41attacks" title="Template:Dec41attacks"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dec41attacks" title="Template talk:Dec41attacks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dec41attacks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dec41attacks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_Japanese_surprise_attacks_and_battles_of_December_1941" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Imperial Japanese surprise attacks and battles of December 1941</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam (1941)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway" title="First Bombardment of Midway">First Bombardment of Midway</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelling_of_Johnston_and_Palmyra" title="Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra">Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Invasion of Gilbert Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Bombing of Rangoon</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Prachuap_Khiri_Khan" title="Battle of Prachuap Khiri Khan">Battle of Prachuap Khiri Khan</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Invasion of Borneo</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pearl_Harbor_Attack,_7_December_1941_(24374354935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg/100px-Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg/150px-Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg/200px-Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5767" data-file-height="4527" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg/100px-Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg/150px-Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg/200px-Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Clark_Field" title="Attack on Clark Field">Attack on Clark and Iba Fields</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Aparri" title="Japanese invasion of Aparri">Japanese invasion of Aparri</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Batan_Island" title="Japanese invasion of Batan Island">Japanese invasion of Batan Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Davao" title="Japanese invasion of Davao">Japanese invasion of Davao</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lamon_Bay" title="Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay">Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Legazpi" title="Japanese invasion of Legazpi">Japanese invasion of Legazpi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Vigan" title="Japanese invasion of Vigan">Japanese invasion of Vigan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gurun" title="Battle of Gurun">Battle of Gurun</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra" title="Battle of Jitra">Battle of Jitra</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kampar" title="Battle of Kampar">Battle of Kampar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kota_Bharu" title="Battle of Kota Bharu">Battle of Kota Bharu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Battle of Kuala Lumpur">Battle of Kuala Lumpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Bombing of Singapore (1941)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_and_the_British_Empire" title="Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire">Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines campaign (1941–1942)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies campaign</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1941" title="List of shipwrecks in December 1941">List of shipwrecks in December 1941</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wake#Service_history" title="USS Wake">USS Wake capture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Peterel_(1927)" title="HMS Peterel (1927)">HMS Peterel sunk</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement#Japanese_occupy_the_International_Settlement_(1941)" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Invasion of Shanghai International Settlement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_in_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:USWWII" title="Template:USWWII"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:USWWII" title="Template talk:USWWII"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USWWII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USWWII"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_in_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States in World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">Home front</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_music_during_World_War_II" title="American music during World War II">American music during World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_aircraft_production_during_World_War_II" title="United States aircraft production during World War II">United States aircraft production during World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona during World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada during World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico during World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="G.I. Generation">G.I. Generation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_at_War" title="Schools at War">Schools at War</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">American women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots">Women Airforce Service Pilots</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America" title="Woman's Land Army of America">Woman's Land Army of America</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie_the_Riveter" title="Rosie the Riveter">Rosie the Riveter</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_the_US_armed_forces_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities in the US armed forces during World War II"> Minorities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_Americans_in_World_War_II" title="Hispanic Americans in World War II">Hispanic Americans in World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Ricans in World War II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/US_Navy_081110-N-5549O-080_The_U.S._national_flag_waves_graciously_from_the_Iwo_Jima_memorial_during_a_wreath_laying_ceremony_in_honor_of_the_233rd_Marine_Corps_birthday_at_the_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="4100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II"> Military participation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Army"> Army</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_uniforms_in_World_War_II" title="United States Army uniforms in World War II">Uniforms</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Force</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps#World_War_II" title="History of the United States Marine Corps"> Marine Corps</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy#World_War_II_(1941–1945)" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_service_medals_of_the_World_Wars" title="United States service medals of the World Wars"> Service medals</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_for_World_War_II" title="List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II">Medal of Honor recipients</a>)</li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles_involving_the_United_States" title="List of World War II battles involving the United States">List of battles</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Minorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of African Americans">African Americans</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Asian_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Chinese-American service in World War II">Chinese Americans</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese-American_service_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese-American service in World War II">Japanese Americans</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Jewish_Americans#World_War_II" title="Military history of Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy#World_War_II_.281941.E2.80.931945.29" title="History of United States foreign policy">Diplomatic participation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Imperial Seal of Japan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mutsuhito)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yoshihito)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hirohito)</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration<br />(ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and<br />deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code"><i>Senjinkun</i> military code</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Election_Law" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a></i> after 1943)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen Bloc">Yen Bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_II" title="List of military engagements of World War II">Military engagements</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Free India</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Poland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark (1940)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Belgium</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Italian War">Greece</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Shanggao</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">Greece</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Soviet Union</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria and Lebanon</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Kiev</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl Harbor</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Borneo (1941–1942)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Java Sea</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Gazala</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Dutch Harbor</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu (occupation)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Lower Dnieper</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Italy</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Okinawa</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Guangxi</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1945">Vietnamese famine of 1945</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing during World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities#Aerial_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Aerial bombing of cities">Aerial bombing of cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing directive</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">Strategic bombing</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">V-weapons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nex%C3%B8#Allied_air_attacks" title="Nexø">Nexø</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8nne#Allied_air_attacks" title="Rønne">Rønne</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Estonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Narva_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Narva in World War II">Narva</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Tallinn in World War II">Tallinn</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Charnwood#Preliminary_attacks" title="Operation Charnwood">Caen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Astonia#Allied_preparations" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royan#Destruction" title="Royan">Royan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Leu-d%27Esserent" title="Saint-Leu-d'Esserent">Saint-Leu-d'Esserent</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of<br /> the Ruhr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum#Allied_air_attacks" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">Cologne</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Duisburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Duisburg in World War II">Duisburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Düsseldorf in World War II">Düsseldorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Essen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Essen in World War II">Essen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsenkirchen#Nazi_Germany" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krefeld#Allied_air_attacks" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wuppertal_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wuppertal in World War II">Wuppertal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen#World_War_II" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Augsburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Augsburg in World War II">Augsburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aschersleben#Allied_air_attacks" title="Aschersleben">Aschersleben</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Baden-Baden_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Baden-Baden in World War II">Baden-Baden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">Berlin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocholt,_Germany#Allied_air_attack" title="Bocholt, Germany">Bocholt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Braunschweig_(October_1944)" title="Bombing of Braunschweig (October 1944)">Braunschweig</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Bremen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bremen in World War II">Bremen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemnitz#World_War_II" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crailsheim#Allied_air_attacks" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Darmstadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Darmstadt in World War II">Darmstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessau#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dessau">Dessau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Dietzenbach_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dietzenbach in World War II">Dietzenbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">Dresden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emden#Allied_air_attacks" title="Emden">Emden</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Frankfurt_am_Main_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II">Frankfurt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Freiburg_on_10_May_1940" title="Bombing of Freiburg on 10 May 1940">Freiburg (Axis)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tigerfish" title="Operation Tigerfish">Freiburg (Allies)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Friedrichshafen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Friedrichshafen in World War II">Friedrichshafen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giessen#Allied_air_attack" title="Giessen">Giessen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halberstadt#Allied_air_attacks" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle_(Saale)#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanau in World War II">Hanau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanover_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanover in World War II">Hannover</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hildesheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hildesheim in World War II">Hildesheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Innsbruck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Innsbruck in World War II">Innsbruck</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena#Allied_air_attacks" title="Jena">Jena</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserslautern#World_War_II" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe#Allied_air_attacks" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleve#Allied_air_attacks" title="Kleve">Kleve</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">Königsberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Leipzig_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Leipzig in World War II">Leipzig</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCbeck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Lübeck in World War II">Lübeck</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Ludwigshafen_and_Oppau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ludwigshafen and Oppau in World War II">Ludwigshafen / Oppau</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Mainz_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mainz in World War II">Mainz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg#Allied_air_attacks" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Mannheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mannheim in World War II">Mannheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moers#Allied_air_attack" title="Moers">Moers</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnster#Allied_air_attacks" title="Münster">Münster</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Munich_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Munich in World War II">Munich</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Nordhausen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nordhausen in World War II">Nordhausen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Nuremberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nuremberg in World War II">Nuremberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck#Allied_air_attacks" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paderborn#Allied_air_attacks" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Peenemünde</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam#Allied_air_attacks" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostock#Allied_air_attack" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken#World_War_II" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweinfurt#World_War_II" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegen#Allied_air_attacks" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II">Stuttgart</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Ulm_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ulm in World War II">Ulm</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wesel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wesel in World War II">Wesel</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wiener_Neustadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wiener Neustadt in World War II">Wiener Neustadt</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wilhelmshaven_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II">Wilhelmshaven</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germany#Allied_air_attacks" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Würzburg in World War II">Würzburg</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria#Allied_air_attacks" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Ancona_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ancona in World War II">Ancona</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raid_on_Bari" title="Air raid on Bari">Bari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevento#Allied_air_attacks" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Bologna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bologna in World War II">Bologna</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Cagliari_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cagliari in World War II">Cagliari</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catania#Allied_air_attacks" title="Catania">Catania</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Ferrara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ferrara in World War II">Ferrara</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Foggia" title="Bombing of Foggia">Foggia</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raid_on_Frascati" title="Air raid on Frascati">Frascati</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Genoa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Genoa in World War II">Genoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorla" title="Bombing of Gorla">Gorla</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Grosseto_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Grosseto in World War II">Grosseto</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Livorno_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Livorno in World War II">Livorno</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina#Allied_air_attacks" title="Messina">Messina</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Milan_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Milan in World War II">Milan</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Naples_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Naples in World War II">Naples</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Padua_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Padua in World War II">Padua</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Palermo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Palermo in World War II">Palermo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Pescara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pescara in World War II">Pescara</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Pisa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pisa in World War II">Pisa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Reggio_Calabria_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Reggio Calabria in World War II">Reggio Calabria</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Rimini</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rome in World War II">Rome</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terni#Allied_air_attacks" title="Terni">Terni</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Treviso_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Treviso in World War II">Treviso</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste#Allied_air_attacks" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Turin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Turin in World War II">Turin</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Verona#20th_century" title="History of Verona">Verona</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Vicenza_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vicenza in World War II">Vicenza</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbo#Allied_air_attacks" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Zadar_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zadar in World War II">Zadar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_bombings_of_Amsterdam-Noord" title="Allied bombings of Amsterdam-Noord">Amsterdam</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Oyster" title="Operation Oyster">Eindhoven</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enschede#World_War_II" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Enkhuizen" title="Bombing of Enkhuizen">Enkhuizen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland#Bombing_of_Middelburg" title="Battle of Zeeland">Middelburg</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Nijmegen" title="Bombing of Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam (Axis)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_bombing_of_Rotterdam_in_World_War_II" title="Allied bombing of Rotterdam in World War II">Rotterdam (Allied)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Frampol" title="Bombing of Frampol">Frampol</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Warsaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Bombing of Wieluń">Wieluń</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Bucharest</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Ploiești</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad#Bombardment" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Minsk_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Minsk in World War II">Minsk</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Stalingrad" title="Bombing of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United<br />Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Blitz" title="Barrow Blitz">Barrow-in-Furness</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Blitz" title="Bath Blitz">Bath</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth_Blitz" title="Bournemouth Blitz">Bournemouth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Blitz" title="Brighton Blitz">Brighton</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Blitz" title="Bristol Blitz">Bristol</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz" title="Cardiff Blitz">Cardiff</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clydebank_Blitz" title="Clydebank Blitz">Clydebank</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Blitz" title="Exeter Blitz">Exeter</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock_Blitz" title="Greenock Blitz">Greenock</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Blitz" title="Hull Blitz">Hull</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Blitz" title="Leeds Blitz">Leeds</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Blitz" title="Liverpool Blitz">Liverpool</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_Blitz" title="Norwich Blitz">Norwich</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Blitz" title="Nottingham Blitz">Nottingham</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Blitz" title="Plymouth Blitz">Plymouth</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Blitz" title="Sheffield Blitz">Sheffield</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_Blitz" title="Southampton Blitz">Southampton</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_Blitz" title="Swansea Blitz">Swansea</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Yugoslavia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Belgrade
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">1941</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Belgrade_(1944)" title="Bombing of Belgrade (1944)">1944</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Podgorica_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Podgorica in World War II">Podgorica</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Sarajevo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sarajevo in World War II">Sarajevo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest#Allied_air_strikes" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> (Hungary)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Dublin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dublin in World War II">Dublin</a> (Ireland)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerfest#Destruction_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Hammerfest">Hammerfest (Norway)</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Helsinki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Helsinki in World War II">Helsinki</a> (Finland)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namsos_campaign#Air_attacks" title="Namsos campaign">Namsos</a> (Norway)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Prague" title="Bombing of Prague">Prague</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Schaffhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Schaffhausen</a> (Switzerland)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Sofia_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sofia in World War II">Sofia</a> (Bulgaria)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Vienna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vienna in World War II">Vienna</a> (Austria)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Zagreb_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zagreb in World War II">Zagreb</a> (Croatia)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burma" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Burma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Mandalay_(1942)" title="Bombing of Mandalay (1942)">Mandalay</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Allied Rangoon</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raids_on_Hong_Kong" title="Air raids on Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">Nanjing</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Sukabumi" title="Bombing of Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Transom" title="Operation Transom">Surabaya</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Akita_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Akita in World War II">Akita</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Aomori_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Aomori in World War II">Aomori</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukui_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Fukui during World War II">Fukui</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukuoka" title="Bombing of Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Gifu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gifu in World War II">Gifu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamamatsu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamamatsu in World War II">Hamamatsu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hiratsuka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hiratsuka in World War II">Hiratsuka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Kobe_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kobe in World War II">Kobe</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C5%8Dfu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kōfu in World War II">Kōfu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Kure" title="Bombing of Kure">Kure</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagaoka" title="Bombing of Nagaoka">Nagaoka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagoya_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nagoya in World War II">Nagoya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Naha</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Numazu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Numazu in World War II">Numazu</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Okazaki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Okazaki in World War II">Okazaki</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Osaka" title="Bombing of Osaka">Osaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Rabaul</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Sendai_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sendai during World War II">Sendai</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Shizuoka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Shizuoka in World War II">Shizuoka</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (<a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)" title="Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)">10 March 1945</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyohashi_Air_Raid" title="Toyohashi Air Raid">Toyohashi</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Toyokawa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Toyokawa in World War II">Toyokawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Utsunomiya_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Utsunomiya during World War II">Utsunomiya</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Yawata">Yawata</a>
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata_(June_1944)" title="Bombing of Yawata (June 1944)">June 1944</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Yokkaichi_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Yokkaichi in World War II">Yokkaichi</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taihoku</a> (Taiwan)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Singapore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Allied Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1944–1945)">Axis Singapore</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearl Harbor</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Unalaska</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Bangkok_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bangkok in World War II">Bangkok</a> (Thailand)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Colombo</a> (Sri Lanka)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Kuala_Lumpur_(1945)" title="Bombing of Kuala Lumpur (1945)">Kuala Lumpur</a> (Malaysia)</li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</a> (Philippines)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and<br />Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Mandatory Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Acre</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Haifa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Jaffa</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Tel Aviv</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_raids_on_Cyprus_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing raids on Cyprus during World War II">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II#Italian_bombing_of_Gibraltar" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li>
<li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chad" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderkommando_Blaich" title="Sonderkommando Blaich">Fort Lamy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52418#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52418#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52418#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX540897">Spain</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952860f">France</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952860f">BnF data</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4127711-9">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531446605171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85099030">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00602111">Japan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="útok na Pearl Harbor (1941 : Pearl Harbour, Havajské ostrovy)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116982&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643770">NARA</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130094686">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Attack on Pearl Harbor</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_attack" class="extiw" title="c:Pearl Harbor attack">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li></ul></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1715021213' |