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===Iberian Union===
In 1578 King [[Sebastian of Portugal]] died at the [[Battle of Alcácer Quibir]] (known as the Battle of Three Kings) in what is today northern Morocco, without descendants, triggering the [[1580 Portuguese succession crisis]]. His granduncle, the elderly [[Henry I of Portugal|Cardinal Henry]], succeeded him as King, but Henry also had no descendants, having taken holy orders. When the cardinal-king died two years after Sebastian's death, three grandchildren of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] claimed the throne: [[Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza]]; [[António, Prior of Crato]]; and Philip II of Spain (Uncle of former King Sebastian of Portugal), who would prevail and be crowned King [[Philip I of Portugal]] in 1581, uniting the two crowns and overseas empires in what is historically referred to as the "[[Iberian Union]]".<ref name="Kamen177">
During the Iberian Union 1580 to 1640, Ceuta attracted many residents of Spanish origin.<ref name=Griffinh>{{cite book | author=Griffin, H | year=2010 | title=Ceuta Mini Guide | url=http://www.miragebooks.co.uk/ceuta | publisher=Mirage | isbn=978-0-9543335-3-9 | access-date=18 January 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305205916/http://www.miragebooks.co.uk/ceuta | archive-date=5 March 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ceuta became the only city of the [[Portuguese Empire]] that sided with Spain, when Portugal regained its independence in the [[Portuguese Restoration War]] of 1640.
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== Defence and Civil Guard ==
The defence of the enclave is the responsibility of the [[Spanish Armed Forces]]' General Command of Ceuta (COMGECEU).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contenido - Army|url=https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/en/unidades/Ceuta/comge_ceuta/Organizacion/index.html|access-date=2023-01-14|website=ejercito.defensa.gob.es}}</ref> The [[Spanish Army]]'s combat components of the command include:
* [[Regulares|54th ''Regulares'' Infantry Regiment]] based in ''González Tablas'' barracks;
* [[Tercio "Duque de Alba" No. 2 of the Legion|2nd Tercio ''Duke of Alba'' Regiment]] of the [[Spanish Legion]] based in the Seraglio-Recarga cantonment;
* 3rd "Montesa" Cavalry Regiment (RC-3) located in the ''Colonel Galindo'' barracks and equipped with [[Leopard 2|Leopard 2 main battle tanks]] and [[ASCOD|Pizarro infantry fighting vehicles]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-19|title=Los ceutíes conocen las unidades acorazadas de ‘Montesa nº3’|url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/jornada-puertas-abiertas-ceuties-unidades-acorazadas-montesa/|access-date=2023-01-14|website=El Faro de Ceuta|language=es}}</ref>
* 30th Mixed Artillery Regiment, one group equipped with [[Santa Bárbara Sistemas 155/52|155/52mm towed howitzers]] and the other with [[Mistral (missile)|Mistral short-range SAMs]] and [[Oerlikon GDF|35/90 SKYDOR/35/90 GDF-007 anti-aircraft guns]] fulfilling an air defence role;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contenido - Army|url=https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/en/unidades/Ceuta/ramix30/Historial/index.html|access-date=2023-01-14|website=ejercito.defensa.gob.es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Contenido - Army|url=https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/en/unidades/Ceuta/ramix30/Organizacion/index.html|access-date=2023-01-14|website=ejercito.defensa.gob.es}}</ref> and,
* 7th Engineer Regiment
The command also includes its headquarters battalion as well as logistics elements.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contenido - Army|url=https://ejercito.defensa.gob.es/en/unidades/Ceuta/comge_ceuta/Organizacion/index.html|access-date=2023-01-14|website=ejercito.defensa.gob.es}}</ref>
The [[Spanish Navy]] deploys the ''Aresa''-class patrol boat ''P-114'' in the territory.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ministerio de Defensa. Nodo de Internet.|url=https://armada.defensa.gob.es/
The [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]] is responsible for border security and protects both the territory's [[Ceuta border fence|fortified land border]] as well as its maritime approaches against frequent, and sometimes significant, migrant incursions.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-18|title=Ceuta: Spain sends troops as 8,000 migrants enter enclave|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57156320|access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Guerraoui|first=Saad|date=2021-06-12|title=Spanish report warns of Morocco’s ‘hybrid strategies’ to annex Ceuta, Melilla | Saad Guerraoui|url=https://middle-east-online.com/en/spanish-report-warns-morocco%
==Economy==
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* General [[Antonio Escobar Huertas]] (1879 in Ceuta{{Snd}} executed 1940 in Barcelona), a Spanish military officer
* [[África de las Heras]] Gavilán (1909 in Ceuta{{Snd}} 1988 in Moscow), a Spanish Communist, naturalized Soviet citizen, and [[KGB]] spy who went by the code name ''Patria''
* [[Eugenio Martín]] (born 1925 in Ceuta), a Spanish film director and screenwriter <ref>
* [[Jacob Hassan]], PhD (1936 in Ceuta{{Snd}} 2006 in Madrid), a Spanish [[philologist]] of Sephardic Jewish descent
* [[Manuel Chaves González]] (born 1945 in Ceuta), a Spanish politician of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He served as the Third Vice President of the Spanish Government from 2009 to 2011
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* [[Juan Jesús Vivas]] Lara (born 1953 in Ceuta), became the Mayor-President of Ceuta in Spain in 2001
* [[Pedro Aviles|Pedro Avilés Gutiérrez]] (born 1956 in Ceuta), a Spanish novelist from Madrid.
* [[Eva Isanta|Eva María Isanta Foncuberta]] (born 1971 in Ceuta), a Spanish actress <ref>
* [[Mohamed Taieb Ahmed]] (born 1975 in Ceuta), a Spanish-Moroccan drug lord <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interviu.es/reportajes/articulos/vuelve-el-nene|title=Vuelve 'El Nene'|date=14 January 2008|website=Interviu|language=es|access-date=20 October 2017|archive-date=11 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911075451/http://www.interviu.es/reportajes/articulos/vuelve-el-nene|url-status=dead}}</ref> responsible for trafficking hashish across the Strait of Gibraltar and into Spain.
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However Ceuta and Melilla are not under NATO protection since Article 6 of the treaty limits the coverage to Europe and North America and islands north of the [[Tropic of Cancer]].
This contrasts with [[French Algeria]] which was explicitly included in the treaty.
Legal experts have interpreted that other articles could cover the Spanish North African cities but this interpretation has not been tested in practice.<ref name="Newtral">{{cite web |title=¿Están Ceuta y Melilla bajo el paraguas de la OTAN? |url=https://www.newtral.es/ceuta-melilla-otan-expertos/20211002/ |website=Newtral |access-date=25 February 2022 |language=es |date=2 October 2021}}</ref> On the occasion of NATO's Madrid Summit in 2022, the issue of the protection Ceuta and Melilla was a prominent one with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg stating: "On which territories NATO protects and Ceuta and Melilla, NATO is there to protect all Allies against any threats. At the end of the day, it will always be a political decision to invoke Article 5, but rest assured NATO is there to protect and defend all Allies".<ref>{{Cite web|last=NATO|title=Press conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the North Atlantic Council at the level of Heads of State and Government (2022 NATO Summit)|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_197301.htm|access-date=2023-01-14|website=NATO|language=en}}</ref>
On 21 December 2020, following the affirmations of the Moroccan Prime Minister, [[Saadeddine Othmani]], stating that Ceuta and Melilla "are Moroccan as the Sahara [is]", Spain urgently summoned the Moroccan ambassador to convey that Spain expects all its partners to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its territory in Africa and asked for explanations of Othmani's words.<ref>{{Cite web|last=elDiario.es|date=21 December 2020|title=España convoca a la embajadora de Marruecos por unas declaraciones de su primer ministro sobre Ceuta y Melilla|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/espana-convoca-embajadora-marruecos-declaraciones-ceuta-melilla_1_6523031.html|access-date=22 December 2020|website=ElDiario.es|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=AfricaNews|date=22 December 2020|title=Moroccan Ambassador to Spain summoned over calls for territorial sovereignty talks|url=https://www.africanews.com/2020/12/22/moroccan-ambassador-to-spain-summoned-over-calls-for-territorial-sovereignty-talks/|access-date=22 December 2020|website=Africanews|language=en}}</ref>
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