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From 1897 to 1948, the primary goal of the Zionist movement was to establish the basis for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and thereafter to consolidate it. The movement itself recognized that Zionism's claim to Palestine went against the commonly accepted interpretation of the principle of [[self-determination]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Butenschøn|first=Nils A.|date=2006|title=Accommodating Conflicting Claims to National Self-determination. The Intractable Case of Israel/Palestine|journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights|volume=13|issue=2/3|pages=285–306|doi=10.1163/157181106777909858|jstor=24675372|issn=1385-4879|quote=[T]he Zionist claim to Palestine on behalf of world Jewry as an extra-territorial population was unique, and not supported (as admitted at the time) by established interpretations of the principle of national self-determination, expressed in the Covenant of the League of later versions), and as applied to the other territories with the same status as Palestine ('A' mandate).}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=Not clear if the reference supports the claim. Not clear in the reference who "admitted" at the time that|date=June 2024}} In 1884, proto-Zionist groups established the [[Lovers of Zion]], and in 1897 the [[World Zionist Congress|first Zionist congress]] was organized. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a large number of Jews immigrated first to [[Ottoman Palestine|Ottoman]] and later to [[Mandatory Palestine]]. At the same time, some international recognition and support was gained, notably in the 1917 [[Balfour Declaration]] by the [[United Kingdom]]. Since the establishment of the [[State of Israel]] in 1948, Zionism has continued primarily to advocate on behalf of Israel and to address threats to its continued existence and security.
 
The term "Zionism" has been applied to various approaches to addressing issues faced by European Jews in the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Derek J. Penslar|title=Zionism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvJnzwEACAAJ&pg=PA|year=2023|publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-7609-1|pages=}}</ref> Modern political Zionism, different from [[religious Zionism]], is a movement made up of diverse political groups whose strategies and tactics have changed over time. The common ideology among mainstream Zionist factions is support for territorial concentration and a Jewish demographic majority in Palestine, through [[colonization]].<ref>'Should the powers show themselves willing to grant us sovereignty over a neutral land, then the Society will enter into negotiations for the possession of this land. Here two regions come to mind: Palestine and Argentina. Significant experiments in colonization have been made in both countries, though on the mistaken principle of gradual infiltration of Jews. Infiltration is bound to end badly.'(b) 'Only settlement on a grand scale would bring about a solution to the Jewish problem: the Jews must colonize rather than infiltrate and assimilate. This principle was similar to the assertions of Herzl or Zangwill.' [[Theodor Herzl]] cited in Gur Alroey, [http://www.jstor.com/stable/10.2979/jewisocistud.18.1.1 "Zionism without Zion"? Territorialist Ideology and the Zionist Movement, 1882–1956,'] [[Jewish Social Studies]], Fall 2011, Vol. 18, No. 1 pp. 1-32, p.5, p.20</ref> The Zionist mainstream has historically included [[Liberal Zionism|liberal]], [[Labor Zionism|labor]], [[Revisionist Zionism|revisionist]], and [[cultural Zionism]], while groups like [[Brit Shalom (political organization)|Brit Shalom]] and [[Ihud]] have been dissident factions within the movement.<ref name="Yosef Gorni-1987">{{cite book|author=Yosef Gorni|title=Zionism and the Arabs, 1882-1948: A Study of Ideology|date=1987|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crHjZnRmWhgC&pg=PA|publisher=Clarendon Press, 1987|isbn=978-0-19-822721-2|pages=|access-date=June 23, 2024|archive-date=July 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707011032/https://books.google.com/books?id=crHjZnRmWhgC&pg=PA|url-status=live}}</ref> Differences within the mainstream Zionist groups lie primarily in their presentation and ethos, having adopted similar strategies to achieve their political goals, in particular in the use of violence and compulsory transfer to deal with the presence of the local Palestinian, non-Jewish population.<ref>{{cite book|author=Shlomo Ben-Ami|title=Scars of War, Wounds of Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x72ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-532542-3|page=3|access-date=June 23, 2024|archive-date=July 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707010524/https://books.google.com/books?id=x72ZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Anita Shapira-1992">{{cite book|author=Anita Shapira|title=Land and Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdhtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA|year=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-506104-8|pages=|access-date=June 23, 2024|archive-date=July 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707010524/https://books.google.com/books?id=EdhtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Noam Chomsky|title=Fateful Triangle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHphMCIkhK0C&pg=PA|year=1999|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=978-0-7453-1530-0|pages=|access-date=June 23, 2024|archive-date=June 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624173917/https://books.google.com/books?id=aHphMCIkhK0C&pg=PA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Shlomo Ben-Ami|title=Prophets Without Honor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA|year=2022|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-006047-3|pages=|access-date=June 23, 2024|archive-date=June 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624173918/https://books.google.com/books?id=hnhXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Avi Shlaim"/> Advocates of Zionism have viewed it as a national [[liberation movement]] for the [[repatriation]] of an [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous people]] (which were subject to [[persecution]] and share a [[national identity]] through [[National identity#National consciousness|national consciousness]]), to the [[homeland]] of their [[ancestor]]s as noted in [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|ancient history]].<ref>''Israel Affairs''. Volume 13, Issue 4, 2007 – Special Issue: ''Postcolonial Theory and the Arab-Israel Conflict – De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine''. S. Ilan Troen</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Ran|last1=Aaronson|year=1996|title=Settlement in Eretz Israel – A Colonialist Enterprise? "Critical" Scholarship and Historical Geography|journal=Israel Studies|volume=1|issue=2|pages=214–229|publisher=Indiana University Press|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8aPWE9P5iBoJ:130.102.44.246/journals/israel_studies/v001/1.2aaronsohn.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj1Tc0SKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJkvxNF7UjJdGkVHTlf7yJcPdkujhi-GXEoUsSGjB8Y-cNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9R1__kxvACSBMsGtcH4nYZmB5e8gSAdgbH_QT6&sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU4lvf4a6Og |access-date=July 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221012913/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A8aPWE9P5iBoJ%3A130.102.44.246%2Fjournals%2Fisrael_studies%2Fv001%2F1.2aaronsohn.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj1Tc0SKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJkvxNF7UjJdGkVHTlf7yJcPdkujhi-GXEoUsSGjB8Y-cNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9R1__kxvACSBMsGtcH4nYZmB5e8gSAdgbH_QT6&sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU4lvf4a6Og |archive-date=December 21, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>"Zionism and British imperialism II: Imperial financing in Palestine", ''Journal of Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture''. Volume 30, Issue 2, 2011. pp. 115–139. Michael J. Cohen</ref> Similarly, anti-Zionism has many aspects, which include criticism of Zionism as a [[colonialist]],<ref name="CHARCOL" /> [[Zionist racism|racist]],<ref name="CHARRAS" /> or [[exceptionalist]] ideology or as a [[settler colonialism|settler colonialist]] movement.<ref>See for example: M. Shahid Alam (2010), ''Israeli Exceptionalism: The Destabilizing Logic of Zionism Paperback'', or [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-gouldwartofsky/through-the-looking-glass_b_596704.html? "Through the Looking Glass: The Myth of Israeli Exceptionalism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921234330/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-gouldwartofsky/through-the-looking-glass_b_596704.html |date=September 21, 2017 }}, ''Huffington Post''</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nur Masalha|title=The Bible and Zionism: Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine- Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LAUeWo8NDK4C&pg=PA314|year=2007|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-84277-761-9|page=314|access-date=February 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112015208/https://books.google.com/books?id=LAUeWo8NDK4C&pg=PA314|archive-date=January 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ned Curthoys|author2=Debjani Ganguly|title=Edward Said: The Legacy of a Public Intellectual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crIxjc564_AC&pg=PA315|access-date=May 12, 2013|year=2007|publisher=Academic Monographs|isbn=978-0-522-85357-5|page=315|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112033221/https://books.google.com/books?id=crIxjc564_AC&pg=PA315|archive-date=January 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nādira Shalhūb Kīfūrkiyān|title=Militarization and Violence Against Women in Conflict Zones in the Middle East: A Palestinian Case-Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ka2AmZw3YIC&pg=PA9 |access-date=May 12, 2013|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88222-4|page=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502223201/http://books.google.com/books?id=_ka2AmZw3YIC&pg=PA9 |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Scham|author2=Walid Salem|author3=Benjamin Pogrund |title=Shared Histories: A Palestinian-Israeli Dialogue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-cviX0c63YC&pg=PA87|access-date=May 12, 2013 |date=2005|publisher=Left Coast Press|isbn=978-1-59874-013-4|pages=87–|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107235523/http://books.google.com/books?id=c-cviX0c63YC&pg=PA87|archive-date=January 7, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Proponents of Zionism do not necessarily reject the characterization of Zionism as settler-colonial or exceptionalist.{{efn|Nur Masalha, ''The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory'' (2012) "For decades Zionists themselves used terms such as ‘colonisation’ (hityashvut) to describe their project in Palestine."}}<ref>"After two thousand years of struggle for survival, the reality of Israel is a colonial state.' [[Avraham Burg]] cited [[Tony Judt]], [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/10/23/israel-the-alternative/ Israel:The Alternative] [[New York Review of Books]] 23 October 2003</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Morris |first=Benny |author-link=Benny Morris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC&pg=PA |title=1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War |date=October 2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14524-3 |page=3 |quote=But once there, the settlers could not avoid noticing the majority native population. It was from them, as two of the first settlers put it, that 'we shall... take away the country... through stratagems, without drawing upon us their hostility before we become the strong and populous ones.' |access-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311004654/https://books.google.com/books?id=CC7381HrLqcC&pg=PA |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jabotinsky |first=Ze'ev |author-link=Ze'ev Jabotinsky |date=4 November 1923 |title=The Iron Wall |url=http://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf |pages=6–7 |quote=It does not matter at all which phraseology we employ in explaining our colonising aims, Herzl's or Sir Herbert Samuel's. Colonisation carries its own explanation, the only possible explanation, unalterable and as clear as daylight to every ordinary Jew and every ordinary Arab... Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population. |access-date=April 17, 2024 |archive-date=May 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509210923/https://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="G. Finkelstein 2003 109">{{cite book |author=G. Finkelstein |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Finkelstein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNb5VkyxDlYC |title=Image and reality of the Israel-Palestine conflict |publisher=Verso Books |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85984-442-7 |page=109 |quote=The 'defensive ethos' was never the operative ideology of mainstream Zionism. From beginning to end, Zionism was a conquest movement. The subtitle of Shapira's study is 'The Zionist Resort to Force'. Yet, Zionism did not 'resort' to force. Force was – to use Shapira's apt phrase in her conclusion – 'inherent in the situation' (p. 357). Gripped by messianism after the issuance of the Balfour Declaration, the Zionist movement sought to conquer Palestine with a Jewish Legion under the slogan 'In blood and fire shall Judea rise again' (pp. 83–98). When these apocalyptic hopes were dispelled and displaced by the mundane reality of the British Mandate, mainstream Zionism made a virtue of necessity and exalted labor as it proceeded to conquer Palestine 'dunum by dunum, goat by goat'. Force had not been abandoned, however. Shapira falsely counterposes settlement ('by virtue of labor') to force ('by dint of conquest'). Yet, settlement was force by other means. Its purpose, in Shapira's words, was to build a 'Jewish infrastructure in Palestine' so that 'the balance of power between Jews and Arabs had shifted in favor of the former' (pp. 121, 133; cf. p. 211). To the call of a Zionist leader on the morrow of Tel Hai that 'we must be a force in the land', Shapira adds the caveat: 'He was not referring to military might but, rather, to power in the sense of demography and colonization' (p. 113). Yet, Shapira willfully misses the basic point that 'demography and colonization' were equally force. Moreover, without the 'foreign bayonets' of the British Mandate, the Zionist movement could not have established even a toehold, let alone struck deep roots, in Palestine. Toward the end of the 1930s and especially after World War II, a concatenation of events – Britain's waning commitment to the Balfour Declaration, the escalation of Arab resistance, the strengthening of the Yishuv, etc. – caused a consensus to crystallize within the Zionist movement that the time was ripe to return to the original strategy of conquering Palestine 'by blood and fire'.{{Short description|access-date=JanuaryMovement 27,supporting 2024a |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726064009/https://books.google.com/books?id=vNb5VkyxDlYC |url-status=liveJewish homeland}}</ref>
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[[File:Theodor Herzl.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|[[Theodor Herzl]] was the founder of the Modern Zionist movement. In his 1896 pamphlet {{Lang|de|[[Der Judenstaat]]}}, he envisioned the founding of a future independent Jewish state during the 20th century.]]
'''Zionism''' ({{lang-he|צִיּוֹנוּת}} ''Tsiyyonut'' {{IPA-he|tsijoˈnut|}} after ''[[Zion]]'') is a [[Nationalism|nationalist]]{{refn|group=fn|Zionism has been described either as a form of [[ethnic nationalism]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Medding | first=P.Y. | title=Studies in Contemporary Jewry: XI: Values, Interests, and Identity: Jews and Politics in a Changing World | publisher=OUP USA/Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-19-510331-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22iwFNfIWMwC&pg=PA11 | access-date=March 11, 2019 | page=11}}</ref> or as a form of ethno-[[cultural nationalism]] with [[Civic nationalism|civic nationalist]] components.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340686.001.0001/acprof-9780195340686|title=A Just Zionism: On the Morality of the Jewish State|last=Gans|first=Chaim|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-986717-2|language=en-US|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340686.001.0001|access-date=March 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227181827/https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340686.001.0001/acprof-9780195340686|archive-date=December 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}} movement that emerged in the 19th century to espouse support for the establishment of a [[homeland for the Jewish people]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]],{{sfn|Motyl|2001|pp=604.}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Herzl |first1=Theodor |authorlink1=Theodor Herzl |translator= Sylvie d'Avigdor |title=Der Judenstaat |trans-title=The Jewish state |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC |accessdate=September 28, 2010 |edition=republication |year=1988 |origyear=1896 |publisher=[[Dover Publications|Courier Dover]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-486-25849-2 |page=40 |chapter=Biography, by Alex Bein |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC&pg=PA40}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/zionism|title=Zionism|work=Oxford Dictionary|access-date=June 30, 2016|archive-date=April 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404191940/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/zionism|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zionism|title=Zionism {{!}} nationalistic movement|access-date=June 30, 2016}}</ref> a region roughly corresponding to the [[Land of Israel]] in Jewish tradition.<ref>{{Citation |last=Safrai |first=Zeʾev |title=The Land in Rabbinic Literature |date=2018-05-02 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004334823/BP000013.xml |work=Seeking out the Land: Land of Israel Traditions in Ancient Jewish, Christian and Samaritan Literature (200 BCE - 400 CE) |pages=76–203 |access-date=2023-07-06 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-33482-3}} "The preoccupation of rabbinic literature in all its forms with the Land of Israel is without question intensive and constant. It is no wonder that this literature offers historians of the Land of Israel a wealth of information for the clarification of a wide variety of topics."</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Biger|first=Gideon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|title=The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76652-8|language=en|quote=Unlike the earlier literature that dealt with Palestine's delimitation, the boundaries were not presented according to their historical traditional meaning, but according to the boundaries of the Jewish Eretz Israel that was about to be established there. This approach characterizes all the Zionist publications at the time ... when they came to indicate borders, they preferred the realistic condition and strategic economic needs over an unrealistic dream based on the historic past.' This meant that planners envisaged a future Palestine that controlled all [[River Jordan|the Jordan]]'s sources, the southern part of the [[Litani River|Litanni river]] in Lebanon, the large cultivatable area east of the Jordan, including the Houran and Gil'ad wheat zone, Mt Hermon, the Yarmuk and Yabok rivers, the [[Hijaz Railway]] ... |pages=58–63}}</ref>{{sfn|Motyl|2001|p=604}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Herzl |first1=Theodor |author-link1=Theodor Herzl |translator=Sylvie d'Avigdor |title=Der Judenstaat |trans-title=The Jewish state |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC |access-date=September 28, 2010 |edition=republication |year=1988 |orig-year=1896 |publisher=[[Dover Publications|Courier Dover]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-486-25849-2 |page=40 |chapter=Biography, by Alex Bein |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC&pg=PA40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101195701/http://books.google.com/books?id=3f4RFWkMeWoC |archive-date=January 1, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the [[Israeli independence|establishment of Israel]], Zionism became an ideology that supports "the development and protection of the [[State of Israel]]".<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/zionism |title=Zionism |work=Oxford Leaners' Dictionary}}</ref>
 
Zionism initially emerged in [[Central Europe|Central]] and [[Eastern Europe]] as a national revival movement in the late 19th century, both in reaction to newer waves of [[antisemitism]] and as a response to [[Haskalah]], or Jewish Enlightenment.<ref name="Shillony2012">{{cite book|author=Ben-Ami Shillony|author-link=Ben-Ami Shillony|title=Jews & the Japanese: The Successful Outsiders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvzPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|year=2012|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-1-4629-0396-2|page=88|quote=(Zionism) arose in response to and in imitation of the current national movements of Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe|access-date=November 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225204640/https://books.google.com/books?id=OvzPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|archive-date=December 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="LeVineMossberg2014">{{cite book|last1=LeVine|first1=Mark|last2=Mossberg|first2=Mathias|title=One Land, Two States: Israel and Palestine as Parallel States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnVAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211|year=2014|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-95840-1|page=211|quote=The parents of Zionism were not Judaism and tradition, but antiSemitism and nationalism. The ideals of the [[French Revolution]] spread slowly across Europe, finally reaching the [[Pale of Settlement]] in the [[Russian Empire]] and helping to set off the [[Haskalah]], or Jewish Enlightenment. This engendered a permanent split in the Jewish world, between those who held to a halachic or religious-centric vision of their identity and those who adopted in part the racial rhetoric of the time and made the Jewish people into a nation. This was helped along by the wave of [[pogrom]]s in Eastern Europe that set two million Jews to flight; most wound up in [[United States|America]], but some chose Palestine. A driving force behind this was the [[Hovevei Zion]] movement, which worked from 1882 to develop a Hebrew identity that was distinct from [[Judaism]] as a religion.|access-date=March 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117165546/https://books.google.com/books?id=vnVAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA211|archive-date=November 17, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gelvin2014">{{cite book|last=Gelvin|first=James L.|title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDaZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-47077-4|page=93|quote=The fact that [[Palestinian nationalism]] developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other". Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose. As we have seen, Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. It would be perverse to judge Zionism as somehow less valid than European anti-Semitism or those nationalisms. Furthermore, Zionism itself was also defined by its opposition to the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants of the region. Both the "conquest of land" and the "conquest of labor" slogans that became central to the dominant strain of Zionism in the Yishuv originated as a result of the Zionist confrontation with the Palestinian "other".|access-date=March 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117183517/https://books.google.com/books?id=GDaZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|archive-date=November 17, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after this, most leaders of the movement associated the main goal with creating the desired homeland in Palestine, then an area controlled by the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="RCohen">{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Robin|title=The Cambridge Survey of World Migration|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi/page/504 504]|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi|url-access=registration|quote=Zionism Colonize palestine.|isbn=978-0-521-44405-7}}</ref><ref name="JGelvin">{{cite book|last=Gelvin|first=James|title=The Israel–Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War|year=2007|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88835-6|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5FwAT5fx03IC&q=the%20Basel%20program%20colonisation%20of%20Palestine&pg=PA52|access-date=February 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220003633/https://books.google.com/books?id=5FwAT5fx03IC&lpg=PA52&dq=the%20Basel%20program%20colonisation%20of%20Palestine&pg=PA52|archive-date=February 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Ilan Pappe, ''The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine'', 2006, pp. 10–11</ref> This process was seen by the Zionist Movement as an "[[Gathering of Israel|ingathering of exiles]]" (''kibbutz galuyot''), an effort to put a stop to the exoduses and persecutions that have marked Jewish history by bringing the Jewish people back to their historic homeland.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gamlen |first=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1iCWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |title=Human Geopolitics: States, Emigrants, and the Rise of Diaspora Institutions |year=2019|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-883349-9 |language=en}}</ref>
 
From 1897 to 1948, the primary goal of the Zionist Movement was to establish the basis for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and thereafter to consolidate it. In a unique variation of the principle of self-determination,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Butenschøn|first=Nils A.|date=2006|title=Accommodating Conflicting Claims to National Self-determination. The Intractable Case of Israel/Palestine|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24675372|journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights|volume=13|issue=2/3|pages=285–306|doi=10.1163/157181106777909858 |jstor=24675372 |issn=1385-4879 |quote=[T]he Zionist claim to Palestine on behalf of world Jewry as an extra-territorial population was unique, and not supported (as admitted at the time) by established interpretations of the principle of national self-determination, expressed in the Covenant of the League of later versions), and as applied to the other territories with the same status as Palestine ('A' mandate).}}</ref> The [[Lovers of Zion]] united in 1884 and in 1897 the first [[World Zionist Congress|Zionist congress]] was organized. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a large number of Jews immigrated to first [[Ottoman Palestine|Ottoman]] and later [[Mandatory Palestine]], and at the same time, diplomatic attempts were made to gain worldwide recognition and support. Since the establishment of the [[Israel|State of Israel]] in 1948, Zionism has continued primarily to advocate on behalf of Israel and to address threats to its continued existence and security.
 
Zionism has never been a uniform movement. Its leaders, parties, and ideologies frequently diverged from one another. Compromises and concessions were made in order to achieve a shared cultural and political objective as a result of the growing antisemitism and yearning to return to the "ancestral" country. A variety of [[types of Zionism]] have emerged, including [[political Zionism]], [[liberal Zionism]], [[labor Zionism]], [[revisionist Zionism]], [[cultural Zionism]], and [[religious Zionism]]. Advocates of Zionism view it as a national [[liberation movement]] for the repatriation of a persecuted people to its ancestral homeland.<ref name="Volume13">''Israel Affairs''. Volume 13, Issue 4, 2007 – Special Issue: ''Postcolonial Theory and the Arab-Israel Conflict – De-Judaizing the Homeland: Academic Politics in Rewriting the History of Palestine''. S. Ilan Troen</ref><ref name="RanA">{{cite journal |first1=Ran |last1=Aaronson |year=1996 |title=Settlement in Eretz Israel – A Colonialist Enterprise? "Critical" Scholarship and Historical Geography |journal=Israel Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=214–229 |publisher=Indiana University Press |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8aPWE9P5iBoJ:130.102.44.246/journals/israel_studies/v001/1.2aaronsohn.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj1Tc0SKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJkvxNF7UjJdGkVHTlf7yJcPdkujhi-GXEoUsSGjB8Y-cNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9R1__kxvACSBMsGtcH4nYZmB5e8gSAdgbH_QT6&sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU4lvf4a6Og |access-date=July 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221012913/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A8aPWE9P5iBoJ%3A130.102.44.246%2Fjournals%2Fisrael_studies%2Fv001%2F1.2aaronsohn.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj1Tc0SKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJkvxNF7UjJdGkVHTlf7yJcPdkujhi-GXEoUsSGjB8Y-cNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9R1__kxvACSBMsGtcH4nYZmB5e8gSAdgbH_QT6&sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU4lvf4a6Og |archive-date=December 21, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ZiBri">"Zionism and British imperialism II: Imperial financing in Palestine", ''Journal of Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture''. Volume 30, Issue 2, 2011. pp. 115–139. Michael J. Cohen</ref> [[Anti-Zionism|Critics]] of Zionism view it as a [[Colonialism|colonialist]],<ref name="CHARCOL" /> [[Zionist racism|racist]],<ref name="CHARRAS" /> or [[Exceptionalism|exceptionalist]] ideology or movement.<ref>See for example: M. Shahid Alam (2010), ''Israeli Exceptionalism: The Destabilizing Logic of Zionism Paperback'', or [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-gouldwartofsky/through-the-looking-glass_b_596704.html? "Through the Looking Glass: The Myth of Israeli Exceptionalism"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921234330/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-gouldwartofsky/through-the-looking-glass_b_596704.html |date=September 21, 2017 }}, ''Huffington Post''</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Nur Masalha|title=The Bible and Zionism: Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine- Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LAUeWo8NDK4C&pg=PA314|year=2007|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-84277-761-9|page=314|access-date=February 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112015208/https://books.google.com/books?id=LAUeWo8NDK4C&pg=PA314|archive-date=January 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CurthoysGanguly2007">{{cite book|author1=Ned Curthoys|author2=Debjani Ganguly|title=Edward Said: The Legacy of a Public Intellectual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crIxjc564_AC&pg=PA315|access-date=May 12, 2013|year=2007|publisher=Academic Monographs|isbn=978-0-522-85357-5|page=315|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112033221/https://books.google.com/books?id=crIxjc564_AC&pg=PA315|archive-date=January 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kīfūrkiyān2009">{{cite book |author=Nādira Shalhūb Kīfūrkiyān |title=Militarization and Violence Against Women in Conflict Zones in the Middle East: A Palestinian Case-Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ka2AmZw3YIC&pg=PA9 |access-date=May 12, 2013 |year= 2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88222-4 |page=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502223201/http://books.google.com/books?id=_ka2AmZw3YIC&pg=PA9 |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SchamSalem2005">{{cite book|author1=Paul Scham|author2=Walid Salem|author3=Benjamin Pogrund|title=Shared Histories: A Palestinian-Israeli Dialogue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-cviX0c63YC&pg=PA87|access-date=May 12, 2013|date=2005|publisher=Left Coast Press|isbn=978-1-59874-013-4|pages=87–|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107235523/http://books.google.com/books?id=c-cviX0c63YC&pg=PA87|archive-date=January 7, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
==Terminology==
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