User:Marshallsumter/Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles/Final quiz

Messier 83 is shown in the image. Credit: David Malin, Anglo-Australian Observatory.{{fairuse}}

Principles of radiation astronomy is a course of fifty-two lectures, seventeen mini-lectures for quiz sections, three hourly quizzes that are timed at an hour, a mid-term that covers the first half of the course, and a final which covers everything in the course. This is the final quiz. It covers the entire course as described and listed in the syllabus.

You are free to take this quiz based on these at any time.

To improve your score, read and study the lectures and the rest, the links contained within, listed under See also, External links, and in the {{principles of radiation astronomy}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %.

As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score.

Suggestion: Have the lectures and other resources available in a separate window.

To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association.

Enjoy learning by doing!

Quiz

Point added for a correct answer:
Points for an incorrect answer:
Ignore the questions' coefficients:

Match up the item letter with each of the detectors or satellites below:

Bonner Ball Neutron Detector - A

Multi Mirror Telescope - B

MAGIC telescope - C

Explorer 11 - D

HEAO 3 - E

Helios - F

Pioneer 10 - G

Voyager 1 - H

.

	geographic coordinates
	a mirror which turns so as to keep reflecting sunlight toward a predetermined target
	the target is usually stationary
	computer control
	a two-axis motorized system
	altitude

	a launch location
	Kitt Peak National Observatory
	a heliostat
	a distinctive diagonal shaft that continues underground
	a theoretical resolution of 0.07"
	NOAA designations

	Yes
	No

Match up the object with its approximate asec from V645 Cen:
Proxima Centauri - A
TYC 9010-4949-1 - B
HD 126625 - C
HD 126550 - D
PN G313.8-01.7 - E
PN G314.0-02.1 - F
2E 1427.0-6214 - G
TGU H1952 - H
471.41 .
32.59 .
920.44
0.00 .
790.74 .
415.57 .
532.87
1095.86 .

Match up the astronomical entity with each of the possibilities below:

Agrippa - A

Hill sphere - B

a horoscope - C

Centaurus A - D

Rahu - E

dominant group - F

a relativistic jet

.

a body dominates the attraction of satellites

.

astronomical entities of importance

.

lunar nodes

.

God of the Ascending / North lunar node

the occultation of a part of the Pleiades

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the standard candle with a representative image:

Tully-Fisher relation - A

surface brightness fluctuations - B

absolute magnitude - C

globular clusters - D

active galactic nuclei - E

Type Ia supernova - F

classical Cepheid variable - G

novae - H

planetary nebula - I

File:Maximum magnitude-rate of decline for novae.gif

.

File:B-, R-, I-, and H-band Tully-Fisher relations.gif

.

File:Blackbody spectral density.gif

.

File:A further away schematic galaxy.gif

.

File:1-agnsasanewst.jpg

.

File:Planetary nebulae H-R.gif

File:Luminosity function for globular clusters.gif

.

	many examples within reach of parallax measurements
	internal extinction
	star forming regions
	sufficiently bright
	local group galaxies
	almost as luminous as the brightest red supergiants

Match up the likely type of star fission with each of the possibilities below:

a triple-component stellar multiple - A

massive star fission - B

semidetached binary - C

a separating close contact binary - D

ZAMS system - E

tight, circular orbit, impossible to tell eclipses - F

lobate star - G

coronal mass ejection - H

BH Centauri

.

Plaskett's Star (HR 2422)

.

Betelgeuse

W Ursae Majoris

.

Beta Lyrae

.

V1010 Ophiuchi

object is confirmed to be co-moving

.

Sun

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the stellar image with the radiation astronomy:

meteor astronomy - A

neutrino astronomy - B

gamma-ray astronomy - C

X-ray astronomy - D

ultraviolet astronomy - E

visual astronomy - F

violet astronomy - G

blue astronomy - H

yellow astronomy - I

red astronomy - J

orange astronomy - K

infrared astronomy - L

radio astronomy - M

File:280557main oblate purplesun HI.jpg

.

File:Wfullb.jpg

.

File:Sun in X-rays Recovered.png

.

File:Sun5GHz.jpg

.

File:Neusun1 superk1.jpg

.

File:Latest nsoHe.gif

.

File:Blueberrysun friedman 1296.jpg

.

File:Gamma sun1.jpg

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the astronomical entity with the image:

Osiris - A

Rahu - B

Amun - C

Vishnu - D

Huitzilopochtli - E

Bhagwan Ayodhyapati Siyavara Shri Ramachandra - F

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the type of star with each of the characteristics below:

solar twin - A

solar analog - B

solar type - C

double star - D

binary - E

visual binary - F

astrometric binary - G

spectroscopic binary - H

eclipsing binary - I

detached binary - J

semidetached binary - K

contact binary - L

common-envelope binary - M

area of gravitational pull exceeds the other component

.

same line of sight

.

wobbling around a point

.

no close companion with an orbital period of ten days or less

.

resolved binary using visual astronomy

.

periodic variation in radial velocity

.

each component fills the other's area of gravitational pull

.

F8V through K2V

.

unstable mass transfer from one to the other

.

mutual eclipses

.

two orbiting around each other

no stellar companion

.

one component does not exceed the gravitational pull area

.

Match up the type of mathematics with each of the possibilities below:

numbers - A

dimensional analysis - B

arithmetic - C

algebra - D

exponentials - E

probability - F

x² + y² = z²

.

PeV

.

\phi

α 1/σ

.

e^x + e^y

.

A(x) = A₀ · e^-bx

10¹⁵

.

Solar-type stars are

stars with a B-V color between

and 0.80.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	T_eff ≤ 6000 K
	break up of a triple-component stellar system
	none of the captured bodies localize near the Sun
	some captured bodies may localize near Jupiter
	the Jupiter system may be a control group

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

Astronomers place the submillimetre waveband between the

and

wavebands, typically taken to be between a few hundred micrometres and a millimetre.

Neutrinos can be produced by energetic

accelerated in solar

fields. Such protons produce

, and therefore muons, hence also

as a decay product, in the solar atmosphere.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the observation with the phenomena:

B1828+487 - A

PKS0521-36 - B

Fanaroff-Riley (FR) type II radio source - C

prototypical type 2 Seyfert - D

Frank–Tamm formula - E

a type 1 Seyfert - F

.

.

.

.

File:PKS0521-36 2 cm.gif

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the superluminal detector with the image:

Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope - A

International Ultraviolet Explorer - B

C. Donald Shane telescope - C

2.3m Bok Telescope - D

VLA - E

LHCb - F

AMS-02 - G

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

	large variation in actual diameters
	disaggregation
	rim characteristics
	random sectioning produces less than or equal to true diameters
	transparent matrix
	viewing in reflected light

	TRUE
	FALSE

	the occurrence of blue rock types on the surface of rocky objects
	the Earth and other rocky objects have a green mineral containing mantle
	checking equations about complex systems
	the advantages of a 559 nm band pass
	digging holes in the surface of Mars
	surface temperatures low enough to produce methane lakes

	TRUE
	FALSE

	luminosities below ~3 x 10³⁸ erg/s
	a few SSS with luminosities ≥10³⁹ erg/s
	synchrotron radiation
	a photosphere
	a polar diameter that exceeds ever so slightly the equatorial diameter at solar cycle minimum
	super soft X-rays
	hot active regions with temperatures hot enough to fuse hydrogen
	sunspots at the feet of coronal loops

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Einstein ring - A

stellar nebula - B

Andromeda galaxy - C

Triplet galaxies interacting - D

Hubble galaxies - E

Dark matter halo simulation - F

Fairall 9 (Seyfert galaxy in X-rays) - G

Tycho Brahe observatory, remotely controlled telescope, captured galaxy - H

.

	high-energy cosmic rays
	secondary and tertiary cosmic rays
	nuclear interactions between neutrons and quartz
	nuclear interactions between muons and calcite
	production rates of a few atoms per gram of rock per year
	build-up of cosmogenic nuclides through time

	TRUE
	FALSE

The nuclear processes that produce cosmogenic ³⁶Cl in rocks are

, neutron

, and

capture.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	the relationship between outer-space geography and geographic position
	military space strategy
	extensive meteorite cratering
	a flattening out
	evaluating strategy
	military operations

Match up the description with each of the optical astronomy possibilities below:

Palomar's 5 m - L

adaptive optics poc - M

AO actuators - N

Mars Global Surveyor - O

star-forming region - P

Warner & Swasey - Q

protoplanetary nebula - R

SkyMapper - S

Mauna Kea - T

full-color of Mercury - U

Hubble Space Telescope of carbon star - V

supernova remnant - W

HESS - X

line of sight - Y

.

File:AO proof of concept.jpg

.

	a region of space where the interstellar medium is blown away by the solar wind
	a bubble in space
	virtually all the material emanates from the Sun itself
	Voyager 2
	Voyager 1
	the termination shock

Match up the type of speed effect with each of the possibilities below:

superluminal - A

luminal - B

subluminal - C

transluminal - D

tachyons - E

tardyons - F

speeds which cross the speed of light

.

speed equal to that of light

.

particles moving at speeds slower than light

.

speed less than light

.

particles moving at speeds faster than light

speed greater than light

.

	refractive index
	decrease in index
	Scorpius X-1
	group velocity can be boosted to beyond the velocity of its constituent waves
	resonance of ionized hydrogen

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the letter for the object name with the radio or radar image below:

Sun - A

Mercury - B

Venus - C

Earth - D

Moon (South Pole) - E

Moon (North Pole) - F

Moon (850 micron thermal emission) - G

Mars (North Pole cross section) - H

Toustatis - I

Jupiter - J

Saturn - K

Titan - L

Interstellar medium - M

Milky Way - N

3C 98 - O

3C 31 - P

3C 380 - Q

Moon (self radiation) - R

NGC 4151 - S

GRS 1915 - T

M87 - U

3C 279 - V

IRC+10216 - W

Boomerang nebula - X

R Sculptoris - Y

.

File:3C 380 bent.jpg

.

File:Bhexplode merlin big.gif

.

File:Allsky408.jpg

.

File:Nhsc2010-011a.jpg

.

File:Moon 4panels2 col.jpg

.

File:M87 jet Hubble.gif

.

File:Sun5GHz.jpg

.

File:3c279 mosaic lo.jpg

.

File:Ngc4151stis.gif

.

File:Jupiter radio image.jpg

.

File:Moon at 850 microns.gif

.

File:HIsky.jpg

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	produced in a volcanic fire-fountain
	composed of three chemical groups
	lthe presence of crocoite
	the most Mg-rich group (A) was produced by partial melting of Ti-rich cumulates at a depth of about 480 km
	derived from a magma by fractional crystallization

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the object viewed in the ultraviolet with its image:

Sun's chromosphere- L

calcite - M

Venus - N

Jupiter's aurora - O

Jupiter - P

Io - Q

Saturn - R

Betelgeuse - S

Mira - T

LAB-1 - U

Messier 101 - V

.

File:Betelgeuse star hubble-580x580.jpg

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	geographic coordinates
	the Royal Observatory in Greenwich
	French Institut Géographique National (IGN) maps
	a longitude meridian passing through Paris
	a local center of civilization
	altitude

Match up the altitude with its concept:

altitude - A

meters above sea level - B

indicated altitude - C

absolute altitude - D

true altitude - E

height - F

pressure altitude - G

density altitude - H

altitude in terms of distance above a certain point

masl

.

usually a vertical distance measurement

.

altitude in terms of the density of the air

.

the altimeter reading

.

altitude in terms of air pressure

.

altitude in elevation above sea level

.

distance above the ground directly

.

Match up the imaging system letter with the image possibilities below:

Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (EGRET) - A

XMM Newton - B

Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope - C

Lunar Orbiter Gamma-Ray Spectrometer - D

BATSE - E

Mars Odyssey GRS - F

GLAST - G

Swift (X-ray/Gamma-ray mission) - H

File:Geminga-1.jpg

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the letter of the spherical object with each of the possibilities below:

Sun - A

Mercury - B

Venus - C

Earth - D

Moon - E

Mars - F

Ceres - G

Jupiter - H

Callisto - I

Europa - J

Ganymede - K

Io - L

Enceladus - M

Titan - N

Uranus - O

Titania - P

Neptune - Q

Triton - R

Pluto - S

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the radiation letter with each of the detector possibilities below:

Meteors - A

Cosmic rays - B

Neutrons - C

Protons - D

Electrons - E

Positrons - F

Neutrinos - G

Muons - H

Gamma rays - I

X-rays - J

Ultraviolet rays - K

Optical rays - L

Visual rays - M

Violet rays - N

Blue rays - O

Cyan rays - P

Green rays - Q

Yellow rays - R

Orange rays - S

Red rays - T

Infrared rays - U

Submillimeter rays - V

Radio rays - W

Superluminal rays - X

multialkali (Na-K-Sb-Cs) photocathode materials

.

F547M

.

511 keV gamma-ray peak

.

F675W

.

broad-band filter centered at 404 nm

.

a cloud chamber

.

ring-imaging Cherenkov

.

coherers

.

effective area is larger by 10⁴

.

F588N

.

pyroelectrics

.

a blemish about 8,000 km long

.

a metal-mesh achromatic half-wave plate

.

coated with lithium fluoride over aluminum

.

thallium bromide (TlBr) crystals

.

F606W

.

aluminum nitride

.

heavy water

.

18 micrometers FWHM at 490 nm

.

wide-gap II-VI semiconductor ZnO doped with Co²⁺ (Zn_1-xCo_xO)

.

a recoiling nucleus

high-purity germanium

.

magnetic deflection to separate out incoming ions

.

2.2-kilogauss magnet used to sweep out electrons

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

	potential ²²Ne
	helium-burning shells
	non-standard neutrino losses
	Lithium red line
	N stars display F abundances up to 30 times the solar system value
	RGB and AGB stars
	a radius between 200 and 800 times that of the Sun

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Sun - A

Mercury - B

Venus - C

Earth - D

Comets - E

Mars - F

Jupiter - G

Saturn - H

Auroral currents on the order of 10⁶ Amps

Fluorescent radiation from oxygen at ~130 km above the surface

.

Faint halo of X-rays extending out some 7,000 km

.

Solar wind lighting up with X-rays

.

Bright X-ray arcs at low energy

.

Major source of hard X-rays

.

X-ray emission concentrated near the equator

.

Low surface iron content in minerals

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Optical bench - A

Focal length - B

CCD - C

Coded aperture - D

Grazing incidence - E

Modulator - F

Collimator - G

Normal incidence - H

a device for the movement of electrical charge

gold mirrors

.

narrows a beam

.

a measure of how strongly a system converges or diverges

.

reflective multilayer optics

.

varying amplitude, phase, or frequency

.

a flat grille

.

a platform used to support systems

.

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Intracluster medium - A

Mayall's object - B

M82 PAHs - C

Milky Way bubbles - D

Local Hot Bubble - E

Stephan's Quintet - F

UGC 8335 - G

Arp 272 - H

File:Outflow from M82 galaxy.jpg

.

File:Stephan's Quintet with annotation.jpg

.

File:A2199 Xray Optical2.jpg

.

	the color of the upper rim as seen from Earth
	an excess brightness at or near the edge of the Sun
	the iron XIV green line
	neutron emission
	polar coronal holes
	meteor emission
	changes in the line-blanketing

Match up the radiation type with the satellite:

meteor - A

cosmic ray - B

neutral atoms - C

neutron - D

proton - E

electron - F

positron - G

neutrino - H

gamma ray - I

X-ray - J

ultraviolet - K

optical - L

visual - M

violet - N

blue - O

cyan - P

green - Q

yellow - R

orange - S

red - T

infrared - U

submillimeter - V

microwave - W

radio - X

radar - Y

superluminal - Z

.

File:Nasasupports.jpg

.

File:INTEGRAL-spacecraft410.jpg

.

	the pair of galaxies appear to be interacting rather than a mere galaxy double
	a lack of luminous sources at any wavelength in the interaction volume
	asymmetry is approximately centered on the interaction volume
	a common origin originally between them
	the large X-ray output surrounding primarily the more central portion of the edge-on galaxy suggests a very high temperature galactic coronal cloud
	the infrared portion of the composite image with ultraviolet strongly suggests that the edge-on galaxy is much cooler in general than the face-on galaxy
	orange and yellow astronomy reveal that the edge-on galaxy may be composed of older or cooler stars
	VV340A appears to be more than 33 % involved in the interaction

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the type of Sun system astrogony with each of the possibilities below:

Babylonian epic story of creation - A

a primordial or first Greek god - B

the primeval chaos - C

creation of heaven and earth - D

Greek god personifying the sky - E

Cronus (Saturn) castrating his father - F

separation of the waters by a firmament

.

Chaos magno

.

Uranus

.

watery abyss

.

Ouranos

Enuma Elish

.

	under ice
	the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
	Digital Optical Modules
	the counting house is on the surface above the array
	the baryon neutrino
	the electron neutrino

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the violet or violet containing image with the object letter:

Sun - A

Venus - B

Earth - C

Moon - D

Mars - E

Jupiter - F

Ganymede - G

Io - H

Saturn - I

Dione - J

Titan - K

Uranus - L

Ariel - M

Miranda - N

Triton - O

Eta Carinae - P

NGC 5584 - Q

.

File:Blueberrysun friedman 1296.jpg

.

Match up the type of trigonometric parallax with each of the possibilities below:

visual parallax - A

distribution function of the errors in distance - B

VLBA - C

Cygnus X-1 - D

pulse times of arrival - E

ultraviolet trigonometric parallax - F

optical annual parallax (HST) - G

continuum 'fixed' radio sources J1953+3537 and J1957+3338

.

Vela pulsar

.

skewed due to non-linearity

.

cloud top height

.

Sgr B2M and Sgr B2N

.

PSRs J1744−1134 and J1024−0719 detected at X-ray energies

χ Cyg 144 ± 25 pc (Stein 1991)

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	fluorine emission lines in the green are relatively weak
	fluorine lines in the near infrared are usually much stronger than the green lines
	F I has lines in the green
	F II has lines in the green
	F III has at least one line in the green
	the Fraunhofer E line

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Chemistry - A

Geography - B

History - C

Mathematics - D

Physics - E

Science - F

Technology - G

Geology - H

solar eclipses

a spatial frequency of occurrence or extent

.

radio observations revealed a radio corona around the Sun

.

elemental abundances

.

microcalorimeter arrays

.

The Ariel V /3 A/ catalogue of X-ray sources. II - Sources at high galactic latitude |b| > 10°

.

Carancas meteorite

.

a thermal bremsstrahlung source may fit

.

One of the reasons why detection of

is controversial is that although

(and some other methods like rotational spectroscopy) are good for the identification of simple species with large dipole moments, they are less sensitive to more

molecules, even something relatively small like

.

Charged-current charged pion production is a process in which a

interacts with an atomic

and produces a

, a charged

and recoiling nuclear fragments.

	a star may emit predominantly green rays
	an astronomical yellow source is spherical
	a yellow star is an astronomical yellow source
	a star with nuclear fusion in its chromosphere emits neutrinos, but a yellow source with no nuclear fusion ongoing does not
	a yellow source may be cloud like
	an astronomical yellow source may be a rocky object

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the blue object with the possibilities below:

Sun - H

Mercury - I

Venus - J

Earth - K

Meteorite on Mars - L

Pallas - M

Comet Holmes - N

Europa - O

Io - P

Saturn - Q

Enceladus - R

Tethys - S

Titan - T

Neptune - U

Abell 370 - V

SN 1987A - W

Crab Nebula - X

.

File:Blueberrysun friedman 1296.jpg

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	dark territory of Cassini Regio
	manifesting intense magnetic fields
	equatorial ridge that bisects Cassini Regio
	global "color dichotomy"
	global brightness dichotomy
	different color hues
	leading vs. the trailing side color hues

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

	tachyons
	an optical illusion
	the object partly moving in the direction of the observer
	large amounts of mass moving at close to half the speed of light
	speed calculations assume it does not move in the direction of the observer
	velocities close to the speed of light relative to our reference frame

	plate tectonics in its past
	Mars is spheroidal
	stripes of crustal magnetism
	it appears to be in hydrostatic equilibrium
	transform faults
	two natural satelites
	the direction of the magnetic field changes dramatically from place to place

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the theoretical astronomy idea with each of the possibilities below:

astronomical object - A

astronomical source - B

astronomical entity - C

star - D

interstellar medium - E

material - F

natural luminous body visible in the sky

.

naturally from which something comes

.

matter which may be shaped or manipulated

.

an independent, separate, or self-contained existence

.

the matter that exists in the space between the star systems

naturally in the sky especially at night

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the type of stellar surface fusion with each of the possibilities below:

symbiotic nova - A

recurrent nova - B

flare star (flaring) - C

accretion - D

coronal loops - E

amplitude of between 9 and 11 magnitudes

.

a close companion star that overflows its Roche lobe

.

about every 20 years

.

unpredictable dramatic increases in brightness for a few minutes

.

the basic structure of the lower corona and transition region

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the first astronomical source possibilities below:

Meteors - A

Cosmic rays - B

Neutrons - C

Protons - D

Electrons - E

Positrons - F

Gamma rays - G

Superluminals - H

cosmic rays

galactic nuclei

.

comets

.

electron-positron annihilation

.

weak force nuclear decay

.

AGNs

.

511 keV photon pair production

.

solar wind

.

	Nitrogen emission line at 575.5 nm
	the strong C₂ (1,2) band
	nitrogen emission in plasmas at 566.934 nm from N VIII
	Helium emission line at 5876 Å
	neutral iron line at 526.96 nm
	Calcium yellow line at 569.4 nm

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the image with the star-forming regions:

Messier 17 - A

RCW 79 - B

Flame Nebula - C

Cone Nebula - D

NGC 1999 - E

R136 - F

HH 46/47 - G

RCW 108 - H

Carina Nebula - I

NGC 3582 - J

NGC 1097 - K

Hubble-X - L

NGC 6334 - M

Arp 220 - N

Sh 2-106 - O

Rho Ophiuchi complex - P

Ghost Head Nebula - Q

NGC 2366 - R

NGC 2363 - S

Dragonfish nebula - T

.

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

synchrotron X-rays - A

power law - B

inverse Compton - C

thermal Bremsstrahlung - D

black body - E

cyclotron - F

Supergiant Fast X-ray Transients

Galactic diffuse emission

.

Crab nebula

.

continuum

.

accretion disk

.

strongly magnetized neutron stars

.

	extensively long quiet Sun
	lowest ¹⁴C concentration from as far back as 1100 BP.
	a period of lower-than-average European temperatures
	a surface coverage of about 88%
	only about 50 sunspots during one 30-year period
	11-year cycles

Match up the likely surface fusion activity with the image:

CME - A

coronal clouds - B

solar flare - C

neutrinos from the solar octant - D

coronal loops - E

prominences - F

File:Neusun1 superk1.jpg

.

File:Sun in X-rays Recovered.png

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	they are extremely luminous
	can be observed at very large distances
	they emit their own light signature
	GeV gamma rays
	reverberation mapping
	tight relationship between the luminosity of an AGN and the radius of its broad line region

Match up the trigonometric parallax phenomena with the image:

stellar parallax motion - A

Very Long Baseline Array - B

radio continuum - C

Chandra X-ray Observatory spatial resolution HRC-I ~ 0.5 arcsec - D

WD 0346+246 has a trigonometric parallax measurement - E

Very Large Telescope - F

File:Proxima xray.jpg

.

File:FORS2 image of DE1520-44.jpg

.

File:Continuum Sources.jpg

.

File:SSPM J2231-7514.jpg

File:Sgr B2M.jpg

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Regarding a blue haze layer near the south polar region of Titan, the difference in color

above and

nearer the

could be due to

of the haze.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Scorpius X-1 - A

Serpens X-1 - B

Circinus X-1 - C

Virgo X-1 - D

Taurus X-1 - E

Cygnus X-1 - F

Cepheus X-1 - G

Sagittarius X-1 - H

Crab Nebula

Messier 87

.

2U 1744-26

.

Tychos's Nova SN 1572

.

Carina X-1 misprint

.

the first X-ray source widely accepted to be a black hole candidate

.

discovered in 1962 by a team under Riccardo Giacconi

.

not Caput

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

A three-color (850, 650, and 350 GHz) single-pixel

system has been installed on the

Submillimeter Telescope (ASTE) and several massive star forming regions were mapped to derive submillimeter SEDs of these sources.

Match up the approximate luminosity class with each of the stellar class possibilities below:

0 - A

I - B

II - C

III - D

IV - E

V - F

VI - G

VII - H

giants

.

supergiants

.

white dwarfs

.

main-sequence

.

bright giants

.

subdwarfs

.

subgiants

hypergiants

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Hydrogen - H, or D

Helium - He

Lithium - Li

Beryllium - Be

Boron - B

Carbon - C

Nitrogen - N

Oxygen - O

Fluorine - F

Neon - Ne

consumed in chromosphere fusion to produce lithium and neutrinos

.

isotope fusion in the chromosphere producing neutrinos

fusion in the chromosphere producing the most neutrinos

.

a factor of ~200 below meteorite abundance in the Sun's photosphere

.

detected with X-rays on the Moon

.

an organic form detected in Allan Hills 84001 probably from Mars

.

detected marginally on Venus with Chandra

.

found in the X-ray spectra of comets

.

consumed to produce beryllium and neutrinos

.

a surface impurity on meteorites

.

Match up the observation with the binary star:

Sirius A and B - A

Algol A and B - B

Albireo - C

WISE J1049-5319 - D

Mizar A - E

Minkowski 2-9 - F

File:New-binary-star-third-closest-to-sun-3.jpg

.

File:MizarA npoi big.gif

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Whether the thermal IGM is

or collisionless at scales smaller than the

scale depends on the effect of reduced

that is mediated by the plasma

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

	Hipparcos mission (ESA 1997), π = 15.15 ± 3.24 mas
	independent observational constraint for DA white dwarfs
	parallax distance of 357 +43 or −35 pc
	angular diameter comparison
	distance estimates
	the range of an artificial satellite

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

E0 - A

E1 - B

E2 - C

E3 - D

E4 - E

E5 - F

E6 - G

E7 - H

.

at left

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the X-ray angular resolution possibilities below:

Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer - A

XMM-Newton - B

Chandra X-ray Observatory - C

Swift - D

Astro-rivelatore Gamma ad Imagini Leggero (AGILE) - E

Solar Heliospheric Observatory - F

Suzaku - G

Koronas-Foton - H

2"

3"

.

~2'

.

1"

.

5.9'

.

7'

.

1"

.

0.5"

.

Match up the type of source with each of the possibilities below:

a source - A

a source or apparent source detected or created at or near the time of the event or events - B

a source or apparent source that transforms or transduces anything originating from a primary source - C

a source or apparent source that selects (such as through selective absorption), distills, scatters, or reflects anything from a primary or secondary source - D

the point of origin of a ray, beam, or stream of small cross section traveling in a line - E

a natural source in the sky especially at night - F

a tertiary source

.

a primary source

.

an astronomical source

.

a secondary source

.

a radiation source

an entity from which something comes or is acquired

.

Match up the celestial octant with the constellation:

NQ1 - A

NQ2 - B

NQ3 - C

NQ4 - D

SQ1 - E

SQ2 - F

SQ3 - G

SQ4 - H

Musca

.

Sagitta

.

Lynx

.

Pyxis

.

Piscis Austrinus

.

Corona Borealis

.

Pictor

.

Taurus

.

Match up the coordinate system letter with each of the possibilities below:

triclinic coordinate system - A

monoclinic coordinate system - B

orthorhombic coordinate system - C

tetragonal coordinate system - D

rhombohedral coordinate system - E

hexagonal coordinate system - F

α = β = γ = 90° and a ≠ b ≠ c

.

a = b ≠ c and α = β = 90°, γ = 120°

.

a = b = c and α = β = γ < 120°, ≠ 90°

.

α = β = γ = 90° and a = b ≠ c

.

a ≠ b ≠ c and α ≠ β ≠ γ

.

a ≠ b ≠ c and for example α = β ≠ γ ≠ 90°

.

	surface regions reflecting or emitting violet or purple
	an excess brightness at or near the edge
	red regions that may be phosphorus
	neutron emission
	polar coronal holes
	meteor emission
	rotation

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Moon - A

Eros - B

Io - C

Ganymede - D

Europa - E

Titan - F

X-ray producing electric arc, current spots

reflecting solar X-rays

.

soft X-ray emission

.

possible soft X-ray emission

.

synchrotron X-ray diffraction of methane hydrate up to 10GPa

.

ordinary chondrite composition

.

	a rapid rise in temperature
	not practical to prevent cosmic-ray events
	understanding their behavior
	deglitching
	operating in a relatively high cosmic-ray flux

	emission of electromagnetic radiation from a superluminal charged particle
	intensity of some components decays as the inverse of the distance from the source
	non-spherically-decaying sources
	emission contains very high frequencies not present in the synthesis of the source
	non-spherically decaying components of the radiation do not violate energy conservation
	strong electromagnetic fields are compensated by weak fields elsewhere

Match up the distance-time phenomena with the image:

line of sight - A

an origin - B

a displacement - C

one billion light years - D

measuring - E

acceleration - F

Celestial swiss cheese.

.

A beautiful galaxy.

.

An elliptical orbit.

.

Closer than a route.

.

It's about the chains.

Getting the numbers.

.

Match up the item letter with each of the cosmogonic possibilities below:

interior models of the giant planets - A

high interest for cosmogony, geophysics and nuclear physics - B

hierarchical accumulation - C

clouds and globular clusters - D

cosmic helium abundance - E

deuterium fusion - F

a large deficiency of light elements - G

after galactic sized systems had collapsed - H

the motions of hydrogen

fornation of luminous quasars

.

stars with an initial mass less than the solar mass

.

rotating liquid drops

.

primordial is less than 26 per cent

.

a solar mixture of elements dominated by hydrogen and helium gas

.

around 13 Jupiter masses

.

smaller rocky objects

.

	means for concentrating actinide elements and for separating actinide elements from reactor poisons exist
	thermonuclear fusion reactions in stars are ignited by nuclear fission energy
	dark matter
	the feasibility of thermal neutron fission and fast neutron fission in planetary and protostellar matter may be calculated from nuclear reactor theory
	brown dwarfs

Match up the characteristics with the type of dynamo:

disc dynamo - A

geodynamo - B

radiative dynamo - C

α dynamo - D

Ω dynamo - E

radiative α-Ω dynamo - F

Taylor-Spruit dynamo - G

convection

.

pinch-type instabilites

.

molten outer core

.

turbulence, a radiative layer, and differential rotation

.

radiative layers

.

differential rotation

.

a rotating cylinder

.

	a rapid rise in temperature
	a gradual, long-lasting component
	large apparent source sizes
	synchrotron emission
	a magnetic field strength of ≥ 200 Gauss
	a close correlation in time and space of radio emission with pion production

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Skylark - A

V-2 - B

Nike-Asp - C

Aerobee 150 - D

Black Brant XII - E

Vertikal - F

Terrier Sandhawk - G

Wallops Flight Facility

Woomera, Australia

.

Natal, Brazil

.

Kapustin Yar

.

White Sands Missile Range

.

Point Defiance

.

Barking Sands

.

White Sands Proving Grounds

.

Match up the type of radiation with each of the star-forming possibilities below:

Spitzer infrared - A

VISTA infrared - B

visual - C

XMM-Newton X-rays - D

ultraviolet - E

ESO visual - F

NGC 346

.

NGC 2024

.

HH 46/47

.

NGC 2264

.

R136

RCW 79

.

Match up the observatory facility with the observatory:

Ondrejov Observatory - A

Okayama Astrophysical Observatory - B

Orbiting Astronomical Observatory - C

Metsähovi Radio Observatory - D

Tortugas Mountain Planetary Observatory - E

Pierre Auger Observatory - F

Observed quasar 3C 454.3 in the spring of 2005.

.

A solar telescope.

.

Detector components.

.

Data on AG Peg were obtained with the ultraviolet broad-band photometers on the second one.

.

File:Tortugas Planetary Observatory.jpg

The 0.6 m monitors cloud decks and equatorial activity.

A 188 cm telescope.

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	stochastic acceleration
	hottest clusters
	scaling of the acceleration efficiency with IGM temperature
	collisionless IGM
	placid magnetic compressions
	the smaller the mean free path
	cold regions
	least effective for inducing the instability

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

X-ray burster - A

gamma-ray burster - B

X-ray pulsar - C

SFXT - D

soft X-ray transient - E

diffuse X-ray background - F

power law afterglow

magnetized neutron star

.

absorbed by neutral hydrogen

.

Aquila X-1

.

Factor of 10 or greater luminosity increase

.

thermal bremsstrahlung

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the white dwarf classification with its distinctive characteristic:

DA - A

DB - B

DC - C

DO - D

DQ - E

DX - F

DZ - G

a helium-rich atmosphere, indicated He II spectral lines

.

a helium-rich atmosphere, indicated He I spectral lines

.

spectral lines are insufficiently clear to classify

.

no strong spectral lines

.

a metal-rich atmosphere

.

a carbon-rich atmosphere

a hydrogen-rich atmosphere

.

	the delta of the Mississippi river is higher than its source
	a unit of distance in astronomy and geology
	falls between the equatorial maximum and the polar minimum
	the geoid length
	a balloon
	McMurdo Station
	Greenland

	TRUE
	FALSE

	a strong 2.223 MeV emission line
	flashes of gamma rays
	associated with extremely energetic explosions
	most luminous events known
	can last from ten milliseconds to several minutes
	followed by a longer-lived "afterglow"

Match up the radiation letter with each of the detector possibilities below:

Optical rays - L

Visual rays - M

Violet rays - N

Blue rays - O

Cyan rays - P

Green rays - Q

Yellow rays - R

Orange rays - S

Red rays - T

multialkali (Na-K-Sb-Cs) photocathode materials

.

F547M

.

F675W

.

broad-band filter centered at 404 nm

.

F588N

.

thallium bromide (TlBr) crystals

.

F606W

.

18 micrometers FWHM at 490 nm

.

wide-gap II-VI semiconductor ZnO doped with Co²⁺ (Zn_1-xCo_xO)

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	moving across the surface of the Sun or star
	manifesting intense magnetic fields
	a north geographic and magnetic pole
	rotation
	a prime meridian
	average starspot latitudes
	the solar or stellar equator

Match up the radiation mathematics symbol with the radiation phenomena:

thermal neutron capture rate - A

change in particle diameter - B

power law - C

Planck constant - D

Boltzmann constant - E

electrostatic force - F

Jeans length - G

h

.

\lambda _{J}

.

\varphi _{n}

.

F_{q}

.

ax^{k}

.

k_{B}

C_{D}

.

	a deficiency of some noble metals in the crust of the Earth
	leaching by metallic iron
	a liquid Earth
	a loss of mechnical energy by conversion to heat
	low viscosity
	elasticity

	far-infrared (submillimeter) observations at 350 microns
	neutrino detection
	heating of the nearby gas and dust
	near-infrared covering 1.3 and 2.2 microns
	infrared covering 4.5 and 8.0 microns

Match up the type of radiation with each of the superluminal possibilities below:

meteors - A

electrons - B

neutrinos - C

gamma rays - D

X-rays - E

opticals - F

superluminal signal transfer

.

sychrotron emission through the optical into the X-ray regime

.

conelike illumination pattern

.

electroweak Cherenkov radiation

.

index of refraction is often greater than 1

knots

.

Yarkovsky–O'Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack (YORP)

lead many objects to

and then reaccrete.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

superluminals - A

radios - B

radars - C

microwaves - D

submillimeters - E

infrareds - F

reds - G

oranges - H

deuterium enrichment of cometary water

interstellar-comet connection

.

a macroscopic superstring

.

force of life

.

rings of Saturn

.

volcanic activity throughout Vesta

.

a silicon composite bolometer fed by a Winston cone

.

present-day fluctuations an order of magnitude larger

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	a bubble is 70-light years in diameter
	the southern Milky Way
	the radiation and winds of hot young stars
	the hot bubble expands into the interstellar gas and dust around it
	new stars along the edge of the large bubble

While exceptions may occur, match up the star class letter with each of the X-ray possibilities below:

star class - O

star class - B

star class - A

star class - F

star class - G

star class - K

star class - M

L_X >> L_v

.

constant X-ray luminosity across the class

independent of visual luminosity

.

L_X ~ 10^-3L_bol

.

abrupt onset of X-ray emission across the class

.

L_X ~ 10^-7L_bol

.

L_X << 10^-3L_bol

.

	occurring in inert and non-radioactive elements
	high pressure
	brittle fracture
	solids under compression
	low-energy reactions
	take place in nuclei with an atomic weight ≤ iron

Match up the star with the constellation:

Capella - A

Sirius - B

Deneb - C

Anser - D

Altair - E

Vega - F

Vulpecula

.

Canis Major

.

Lyra

.

Cygnus

.

Aquila

Auriga

.

Match up the radiation object with the likely source:

- L

- M

- N

File:Neusun1 superk1.jpg

- O

- P

- Q

- R

File:NGC 7048.jpg

- S

File:HST NGC 5728 -O III- emission-line image.jpg

- T

a Craters of the Moon volcano

.

violet image of Venus

.

active galactic nuclear region of NGC 5728

.

cosmic-ray bombardment of the Moon's surface

.

blue lights from Io

.

neutrino profile of the solar octant

.

planetary nebula NGC 7048

.

ultraviolet image of the Earth

.

a neutron star in a binary system

.

Magnetic fields can be created in

stratified (non-convective) layers in a

rotating star.

	TRUE
	FALSE

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up a likely locational notation with each of the possibilities below:

atomic number - A

atomic weight - B

average hat - C

exponent - D

index - E

pre-coefficient - F

operation - G

range - H

variable - I

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Balloons - A

Sounding rockets - B

Aircraft assisted launches - C

Orbital rocketry - D

Shuttle payload - E

Heliocentric rocketry - F

Exploratory rocketry - G

Lunar rover - H

Ranger 5

microcalorimeter arrays

.

MeV Auroral X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy

.

Lunokhod 2

.

ALEXIS

.

Ulysses

.

Broad Band X-Ray Telescope

.

Solar Heliospheric Observatory

.

Methane possesses prominant

in the visible and near-infrared (IR) making

aquamarine or

in color.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the effective temperature with its spectral class:

O - A

B - B

A - C

F - D

G - E

K - F

M - G

L - H

T - I

Y - J

7,000 K

.

2,000 K

15,000 K

.

4,000 K

.

400 K

9,000 K

.

3,000 K

.

5,500 K

45,000 K

.

1,000 K

	observations made through a narrow band 5007 filter
	internal extinction
	star forming regions
	relatively dust-free environments
	found in galaxies of all Hubble types
	almost as luminous as the brightest red supergiants

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Sa - A

Sb - B

Sc - C

SBa - D

SBb - E

SBc - F

Irr - G

S0 - H

.

File:NGC 2859.jpg

.

263 Using the equation ${\frac {c2}{\lambda T}}{\frac {1}{e^{\frac {c2}{\lambda T}}-1}}e^{\frac {c2}{\lambda T}}-5=0$ what temperature corresponds approximately to a Planckian peak wavelength of 476 nm (Use c2 = 1.438833 cm K.)?

Match up the star pattern with the likely constellation:

- L

- M

- N

- O

- P

- Q

- R

- S

- T

Volans

.

Cassiopeia

.

Pegasus

.

Orion

.

Crux

.

Ursa Major

.

Phoenix

.

Draco

.

Eridanus

.

Match up the form or type of quartz with the effect:

alpha quartz - A

coesite - B

cristobalite - C

stishovite - D

seifertite - E

tridymite - F

10 GPa and above 1200°C

.

2-3 gigapascals and 700°C

.

22-460°C tabular crystals

.

trigonal tectosilicate

.

35 GPa to 40 GPa orthorhombic

1470°C cubic or tetragonal form

.

	a high relative velocity between the solar system and the cometary medium of a passage through a molecular cloud
	none of the captured bodies may localize in the Oort cloud
	none of the captured bodies localize near the Sun
	some captured bodies may localize near Jupiter
	the Jupiter system may be a control group

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the type of cosmic-ray detector with each of the possibilities below:

visible tracks - A

diffusion cloud chamber - B

bubbles - C

a grid of uninsulated electric wires - D

similar to the Haverah Park experiment - E

fluorescence detectors - F

spark chamber

.

continuously sensitized to radiation

.

Pierre Auger Observatory

.

bubble chamber

.

Cherenkov detector

expansion cloud chamber

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Meteors - A

Cosmic rays - B

Neutrons - C

Protons - D

Electrons - E

Positrons - F

Gamma rays - G

Superluminals - H

X-ray jets

the index of refraction is often greater than 1 just below a resonance frequency

.

iron, nickel, cobalt, and traces of iridium

.

Sagittarius X-1

.

escape from a typical hard low-mass X-ray binary

.

collisions with argon atoms

.

X-rays are emitted as they slow down

.

Henry Moseley using X-ray spectra

.

The interstellar medium is the gas and

dust that pervade

space and is the matter that exists between the

within a

. It blends smoothly into the surrounding

medium.

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below:

Interstellar comet - A

Neutrals - B

Geminga - C

star formation region - D

Local Hot Bubble - E

H II regions - F

Ring Nebula - G

molecular cloud - H

supernova remnant - I

Messier 17 - J

empty space - K

.

File:Geminga-1.jpg

.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	gamma-ray trigonometric parallax distances < 0.4 kpc
	X-ray trigonometric parallax distances good to 2 pc
	ultraviolet trigonometric parallax is good to ± 7 pc
	visual trigonometric parallax distances good to about 3 kpc
	infrared trigonometric parallax with an accuracy of 120 µas
	radio trigonometric parallax distances good at least to 1.86 kpc

	TRUE
	FALSE

The

series is the series of transitions and resulting ultraviolet emission lines of the

atoms as an electron goes from a high-energy level to an n =

level.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

Ordinary glass is partially

to UVA but is

to shorter wavelengths, whereas silica or

glass, depending on quality, can be

even to vacuum UV wavelengths.

	TRUE
	FALSE

	TRUE
	FALSE

Match up the muonic device with its image below:

muon telescope - A

proton accelerator - B

neutron telescope - C

Baikal Neutrino Telescope NT200 - D

muon spectrometer - E

IceCube - F

MAGIC - G

Veritas - H

HEGRA - I

HESS - J

compact solenoid - K

File:Solar neutron detector.jpg

.

File:Issue27muons2.jpg

.

File:CMScollaborationPoster1.gif

.

File:Scherrer Insitute proton accelerator.jpg

.

File:HiFi muon spectrometer.jpg

.

File:Figs nt200+goldplated.png

.

	a great many light gray and dark gray chondrules present
	large grain cross sections making sizing easy
	an available sizing or magnification marker
	independent verification as a meteorite
	correctable diameters and relative abundances
	optical conditions

	TRUE
	FALSE

	actuators may be a part of active optics
	the Vela satellites were the first devices in space ever to detect optical bursts
	Galileo made a telescope with about 3x magnification
	Galileo sold his telescopes to merchants
	Sidereus Nuncius
	a terrestrial telescope or a spyglass could also be used to observe the sky

Hypotheses

Use of repetitive quizzing helps to re-enforce student memories.
Providing radiation astronomy courses allows students to create their own learning pathway.

External links

Learn more about Radiation astronomy

‍

	lanthanum (La)
	calcium (Ca)
	uranium (U)
	titanium (Ti)
	silicon (Si)
	iron (Fe)

	bright spots
	bright patches
	starspots
	magnetic poles
	arising in the photosphere
	neon clouds

	the mass of the electron
	the number of electrons
	e to the grain capacitance factor
	the dust grain radius
	a 4πr factor

	characteristic mottling
	young, disk objects
	recent star formation
	incipient resolution
	pulsation phenomenon
	easy to recognize
	correction for absorption

	orbital theory
	flux of annihilation gamma rays
	the Rydberg formula
	pressure
	the local Jeans length
	Planck's equation

	Alpha Camelopardalis
	Tau Canis Majoris
	Plaskett's star
	Sirius A
	Pistol Star
	Zeta Puppis

	Proxima Centauri
	Alpha Centauri B
	Barnard's star
	Alpha Centauri A
	Rigel Kent
	Alpha Centauri C
	Alpha Centauri D

	an amount per unit area
	the sum of amounts per unit area along a column length
	a column length
	a column perimeter
	a number per area
	a cross section
	a current density
	the hydrogen 21 cm line

	the Spring of 1994
	4,000 light-years away
	VLT observations
	GRS 1915
	MERLIN
	Jodrell Bank

	its large volume
	equivalent charge
	amount of Cherenkov light
	square of the charge
	passing through the Earth
	large monopole mass

	a hole in spacetime
	a hole through our galaxy
	Ursa Minor
	Ursa Major
	the cosmic infrared background
	minimum neutral hydrogen column density

	Alpha Centauri B
	Epsilon Eridani
	Arcturus
	Aldebaran
	Tau Ceti
	Algol B

	a strong 2.223 MeV emission line
	a solar flare
	the formation of deuterium
	the electron neutrino
	OSO-3
	neutrons

	have a gaseous surface
	long nickel-iron crystals
	octahedrite
	kamacite
	taenite
	plessite

	the Ai Khanoum Sun dial
	Cybele
	An orange sunset in the Mahim Bay
	a black sky without stars
	the zenith
	Helios

	Spica
	Tau Canis Majoris
	Bellatrix
	Rigel
	Regulus
	Achernar

	mean high tide
	mean low tide
	glacial periods
	hydroisostatic rebound
	temperatures above 10³ K
	salt flats

	hydrogen
	helium
	lithium
	beryllium
	boron
	carbon
	nitrogen
	oxygen
	fluorine
	neon

	a mu neutrino
	a positron emission
	a decay product of a neutron
	weak interaction
	an electron neutrino
	comes in mutable varieties

	characteristic mottling
	discreteness of the stars
	measurable bumpiness in surface brightness
	incipient resolution
	MMRDs
	easy to recognize

	spiral arms
	a spheroidal shape
	a standard to differentiate dwarf galaxies
	often referred to as the Galaxy
	arms of younger stars
	contains star clusters
	dust lanes
	extended red emission (ERE)
	a faint galaxy heavy with dark matter may orbit it
	larger than the Andromeda galaxy

	redder color indices
	closer stars more affected
	color excess
	observed color index minus intrinsic color index
	red shift
	blue shift

	cryogenically-cooled
	85 cm diameter
	f/12
	lightweight boron
	3 - 180 µm wavelength range
	the Fraunhofer E line

	Gamma Cassiopeiae
	Capella
	Sun
	Beta Canis Minoris
	Tau Ceti
	Achernar

	spectral and timing properties of astronomical sources
	very high-energy γ-rays
	the way from the source to the Earth
	soft X-rays
	redshifts
	ambient radiation fields inside the γ-ray source
	source stability
	protons

	a launch location
	Woomera Test Range
	White Sands Proving Grounds
	Titania
	Natal, Brazil
	the Skylark

	BD Camelopardalis
	S Ursae Majoris
	Chi Cygni
	Deneb
	Altair
	Fomalhaut

	Alpha Camelopardalis
	R Leporis
	TT CVn
	S Camelopardalis
	Pistol Star
	Y Canum Venaticorum

	O III green emission line
	green continua
	biconical structure
	a common cone axis and apex
	ionized gas
	neon clouds

	the atmosphere of the Earth
	the stratosphere
	X-rays
	a rocket
	a balloon
	a Boeing 747
	infrared astronomy

	plate tectonics in its past
	dipole magnetic field
	it is spheroidal
	stripes of crustal magnetism
	a circular electric current flowing deep within the star
	it appears to be in hydrostatic equilibrium
	transform faults
	shear between different parts of the Sun
	two natural satelites
	it has a radiative zone

	Messier 17 sky region
	RCW 79
	NGC 2024
	Local Void
	NGC 2264
	NGC 6503

	symbiotic novae
	coronal loops acting like particle accelerators
	nanoflares
	high atmospheric pressure
	deuterium
	emitted neutrons

	spans three decades in wavelength
	spans three decades in frequency
	spans three decades in energy
	emitted by ²⁶Al
	coronal clouds
	60 keV electromagnetic radiation
	90 eV electromagnetic radiation
	visually dark source

	lithium
	nucleosynthesis
	coronal clouds
	spot central meridian passage
	a surface coverage of at least 95%.

	axisymmetric magnetic field
	sulfur volcanoes
	non-dipolar
	water oceans
	bipolar magnetotail
	detached bow shock
	obtuse rotation