Jump to content

Flora of New York/Cichorioideae: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Browse history interactively
[checked revision][checked revision]
← Older editNewer edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Line 3,089: Line 3,089:
| its-id =
| its-id =
| ars-id = 104349
| ars-id = 104349
| fna-i2 = Hieracium_lachenalii
| fna-i2 = Hieracium_vulgatum
| tro-id =
| tro-id =
| ipn-id =
| ipn-id =

Revision as of 16:56, 6 June 2024

←
Carduoideae 		Flora of New York — Asterales : Asteraceae :
Vernonioideae & Cichorioideae 		→
Senecioneae, Calenduleae, Gnaphalieae
Table of
contents 		Genus
index 		Protected species index Invasive species index


Subfamily Vernonioideae

Prior to 2019, the tribe Vernonieae was included in the Asteraceae subfamily Cichorioideae. Mandel et al. (2019) proposed moving Vernonieae and several related tribes into their own Asteraceae subfamily, Vernonioideae.[1]
  1. ↑ Mandel, J. R., R. B. Dikow, C. M. Siniscalchi, R. Thapa, L. E. Watson, and V. A. Funk. 2019. A fully resolved backbone phylogeny reveals numerous dispersals and explosive diversifications throughout the history of Asteraceae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116: 14083–14088.

Tribe Vernonieae

Vernonieae Cassini, "the evil tribe"[1][2]
  1. ↑ Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 (and more or less continuously updated since).
  2. ↑ Keeley, S. C., J. T. Cantley, and T. J. Gallaher. 2021. The “evil tribe” spreads across the land: A dated molecular phylogeny provides insight into dispersal, expansion, and biogeographic relationships within one of the largest tribes of the sunflower family (Vernonieae: Compositae). American Journal of Botany 108(3): 505–519.

Subtribe Vernoniineae

Vernonia
Vernonia noveboracensis
Asterales — Asteraceae — Vernonioideae — Vernonieae — Vernoniineae — Vernonia
Genus Vernonia Ironweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Michx.
1753.  Serratula noveboracensis  L. in…
1753.  Serratula praealta  L. in…
1768.  Serratula caroliniana   Mill. in…
1768.  Behen noveboracensis  (L.) Hill in…
1768.  Behen praealtum  Hill in…
1788.  Chrysocoma tomentosa  Walter in…
1803.  Vernonia noveboracensis  (L.) Michx. in…
1803.  Vernonia noveboracensis  (L.) Willd. in…
1804.  Chrysocoma noveboracensis  Desf. in…
1823.  Vernonia tomentosa  Elliott in…
1852.  Vernonia rugeliana  Shuttlew. ex A.Gray in…
1891.  Cacalia noveboracensis  (L.) Kuntze in…
1906.  Vernonia harperi  Gleason
 New York ironweed Native, CoC: 3,
Likely secure,
S4
FACW
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 4
NYFA: 15 counties
iNat
GBIF
? counties
USDA-N0
COL
WFO
POWO
FSUS
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 (Walter) Trel.
1788.  Chrysocoma gigantea  Walter in…
1803.  Vernonia praealta  Michx. in…
1804.  Chrysocoma praealta  Desf. in…
1818.  Vernonia altissima  Nutt. in…
1838.  Serratula altissima  (Nutt.) DC. in…
1891.  Vernonia gigantea  (Walter) Trel. in…
1891.  Vernonia gigantea  (Walter) Trel. ex Branner & Coville in…
1891.  Cacalia gigantea  (Walter) Kuntze in…
 Tall ironweed,
Giant ironweed
Vernonie géante 		Native, CoC: 0,
Endangered,
S1, G5
FAC-FACW
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 1
NYFA: ? counties
? counties
USDA-NN
COL
POWO
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 DC.
1838.  Vernonia arkansana  DC. in…
1838.  Vernonia crinita  Raf. in…
1891.  Cacalia arkansana  (DC.) Kuntze in…
Ozark ironweed ⓘ
Arkansas ironweed ⓘ
Introduced,
N. America native
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: Xm
NYFA: ? counties
GBIF
? counties
USDA-NN
POWO
Go Botany
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 Michx.
1803. Vernonia fasciculata Michx.
1907. Vernonia fasciculata  var. corymbosa  (Schwein.) Daniels
1972. Vernonia fasciculata  ssp. corymbosa  (Schwein.) S.B.Jones
 Smooth ironweed,
Fascicled ironweed,
Prairie ironweed
Vernonie fasciculée 		Introduced from
 Midwest,
N. America native
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: Xm
NYFA: ? counties
? counties
USDA-NN
Go Botany
VASCAN
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 (L.) Willd.
1753. Serratula glauca L.
1803. Vernonia glauca (L.) Willd.
1884. Vernonia noveboracensis  var. tomentosa  Britton & Brown
 Broadleaf ironweed Introduced from
 PA south,
N. America native,
No NY reports
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: Unlisted
NYFA: ? counties
? counties
USDA-N0
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 Raf.
    Vernonia missurica Raf.
 Missouri ironweed Introduced from
 south-central US,
 midwestern US,
N. America native,
No NY reports,
naturalized in MA
FAC-FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: Unlisted
NYFA: ? counties
? counties
USDA-N0
Go Botany
VASCAN
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies

Tribe Arctotideae

Subtribe Gorteriinae

Gazania
Genus Gazania (Treasure Flowers)
Asterales — Asteraceae — Vernonioideae — Arctotideae — Gorteriinae — Gazania
Genus Berkheya African Thistles N.Y. Status Images Distribution  NPT
    
Wedding treasureflower ⓘ
Introduced,
Cultivated

NYFA: Not listed
13 cultivated
Images
Wikispecies
    
Trailing Treasureflower ⓘ
Introduced,
Cultivated

NYFA: Not listed
3 cultivated
Images
Wikispecies

Subfamily Cichorioideae

Tribe Cichorieae

The members of the Cichorieae have white latex and most have flower heads with perfect 5-dentate, mostly-yellow, ligulate flowers.[1]
  1. ↑ ICN (Hand R., Kilian N. & Raab-Straube E. von; general editors) 2009+ (continuously updated): International Cichorieae Network: Cichorieae Portal. Published at http://cichorieae.e-taxonomy.net/portal/; accessed 21 Sep. 2015.

Subtribe Scorzonerinae

Scorzonerinae Dumort., Fl. Belg.: 63. 18271[1]
  1. ↑ Kilian N., Hand R. & Raab-Straube E. von (general editors) 2009+ (continuously updated): Cichorieae Systematics Portal. – Published at http://cichorieae.e-taxonomy.net/portal/; accessed Dec. 20, 2023.
Tragopogon
Tragopogon pratensis
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Scorzonerinae
Genus Tragopogon Goat's beard, Salsify N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753.  Tragopogon pratensis  L.
1806.  Hieracium tragopogon  E.H.L.Krause in…
 Meadow salsify,
Meadow goat's-beard,
Jack-go-to-bed-at-noon
Salsifis des prés 		Introduced from
 Eurasia

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
1753. Tragopogon porrifolius L.
 Salsify,
Purple salsify,
Purple goat's-beard,
Vegetable oyster
Salsifis cultivé,
Salsifis blanc 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 northern Africa

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 Scop.
 ssp. dubius
1772.  Tragopogon dubius  Scop. in…
1879.  Tragopogon major  ssp. dubius  (Scop.) Nyman  in…
1912.  Tragopogon pratensis  ssp. dubius  (Scop.) Gaut.  in…
 Yellow salsify
Salsifis majeur 		Introduced

NYFA: X
GBIF
USDA-XX
POWO
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 Farw.
  Tragopogon porrifolius ×
  Tragopogon pratensis
1930. Tragopogon neohybridus Farw.
 Goat's-beard,
Newhybrid salsify,
Hybrid of
 Meadow salsify &
 Purple salsify 		Introduced

NYFA: X
USDA-X0
IPN
Images
Wikispecies

Subtribe Scolyminae

Scolymus
Scolymus hispanicus
golden thistle
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Scolyminae — Scolymus
Genus Scolymus Golden thistle N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Scolymus hispanicus  L.
1799. Scolymus grandiflorus  Desf.
 Common goldenthistle,
Spanish oyster-plant,
Spanish salsify 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 northern Africa,
Impersistent,
Not naturalized

NYFA: Xm
USDA-X0
Go Botany-0
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies

Subtribe Lactucinae

Lactuca
Lactuca canadensis
Eight Lettuce (Lactuca) species are reported in the New York Flora Atlas, along with a hybrid of the two more common native lettuce species. Four of the species are considered to be native to New York, while the other four are Eurasian species, including the cultivated garden lettuce (Lactuca sativa).
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Lactucinae — Lactuca
Genus Lactuca Lettuce N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Lactuca canadensis L.
1803. Lactuca longifolia Michx.
1824. Lactuca sagittifolia Elliott
1891. Lactuca canadensis  var. latifolia  Kuntze
1898. Lactuca canadensis  var. montana  Britton
1920. Lactuca canadensis  var. obovata  Wiegand
1923. Lactuca canadensis  var. longifolia  (Michx.) Farw.
 Tall lettuce,
Canada lettuce,
Canada wild lettuce,
Tall wild lettuce,
Arrow-leaved lettuce,
Devil's weed
Laitue du Canada 		Native, CoC: 1,
Secure
FACU
Annual, biennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
NYFA: ? counties
iNat
? counties
USDA-NN
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
FNA
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 (Moench) Fernald
1794. Sonchus biennis Moench
1940. Lactuca biennis (Moench) Fernald
 Tall blue lettuce,
Blue wood lettuce,
Biennial lettuce 		Native, CoC: 1,
Secure
FAC-FACU
Annual, biennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
NYFA: ? counties
? counties
USDA-NN
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
FNA
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 B.L.Rob.
  Lactuca biennis ×
  Lactuca canadensis
 Morss’s lettuce,
Wild lettuce 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
NYFA: ? counties
? counties
USDA-N0
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
 Muhl. ex Nutt.
 Tall hairy lettuce,
Hairy lettuce,
Downy lettuce 		Native, CoC: 5,
Endangered
Biennial

NYFA: 1
NYFA: ? counties
? counties
USDA-NN
ARS-GRIN
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 (L.) Gaertn.
    Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaertn.
 Woodland lettuce Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered

NYFA: 1
NYFA: ? counties
? counties
USDA-NN
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
1753. Lactuca virosa L. misappl.
1756. Lactuca serriola L.
1763. Lactuca scariola L. orth.var.
1773. Lactuca augustana All.
1926. Lactuca serriola  var. integrata  Farw.
 Prickly lettuce,
China lettuce,
Wild lettuce 		Introduced from
 Europe

NYFA: X
NYFA: 35 counties
~30 counties
USDA-XX
ARS-GRIN
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
    
 Willow-leaved lettuce Introduced

NYFA: X
NYFA: ? counties
? counties
USDA-XX
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
    
 Garden lettuce Introduced

NYFA: X
NYFA: ? counties
? counties
USDA-XW
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 (Pursh) DC.
1813. Sonchus pulchellus Pursh
1838. Lactuca pulchella (Pursh) DC.
1839. Mulgedium pulchellum (Pursh) G. Don
1841. Mulgedium pulchellum (Pursh) Nutt. (isonym)
1939. Lactuca tatarica  ssp. pulchella  (Pursh) Stebbins
1957. Lactuca tatarica  var. pulchella  (Pursh) Breitung
 Showy blue lettuce,
Blue lettuce 		Introduced

NYFA: X
NYFA: ? counties
? counties
USDA-NN
Images
Wikispecies
Mycelis
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Lactucinae — Mycelis
Genus Mycelis Cass. Blue sow thistle N.Y. Status Images Distribution Refs.[1] NPT
 (L.) Dumort.
1753. Prenanthes muralis L.
1791. Lactuca muralis (L.) Gaertn.
1822. Cicerbita muralis (L.) Wallr.
1827. Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort.
 Wall lettuce Introduced

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ New York Flora Atlas (NYFA): Mycelis genus page

Subtribe Hyoseridinae

Sonchus
Sonchus arvensis
All sow thistles (Sonchus spp.) found in New York are non-native plants. Sonchus arvensis ssp. arvensis, in particular, is considered to be a noxious weed in much of North America and is being tracked in New York for its invasiveness.[1]
  1. ↑ iMapInvasives (2022). Sonchus arvensis ssp. arvensis New York Species Record
Sonchus sow-thistle flowerhead (capitulum) width (mm) fruiting involucre length (mm) duration roots peduncles
(flower/fruit stalks) 		phyllaries
(involucral bracts) 		leaf blades
S. arvensis ssp. arvensis field sowthistle 30-50 >13, 14-17 perennial creeping, deep-seated rhizome pubescent, yellow stipitate glands pubescent, yellow stipitate glands, 14-17 mm
S. arvensis ssp. uliginosus smooth sowthistle 30-50 >13, 10-15 perennial creeping, deep-seated rhizome glabrous, sessile yellow glands glabrous, sessile yellow glands or tomentose, 10-15 mm
S. asper spiny-leaved sowthistle 15-25 ≤13 annual or biennial taproot stipulate glands or sometimes glabrous 9-13+ mm firm, stiff prickles, rounded basal auricles
S. oleraceus common sow-thistle 15-25 ≤13 annual or biennial taproot glabrous or sometimes stipulate glands 9-13+ mm soft, softer prickles, triangular basal auricles
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Hyoseridinae
Genus Sonchus Sow thistle N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
 ssp. arvensis
1753.  Sonchus arvensis  L. in…
1771.  Hieracium arvense  Scop. in…
1813.  Lepicaune spinulosa  Lapeyr. in…
1826.  Hieracium spinulosum  Spreng. in…
1869.  Sonchoseris arvensis  Fourr. in…
Field sow thistle ⓘ
Field sow-thistle ⓘ
Laiteron des champs ⓘ
Introduced from
 Europe,
Potentially invasive,
 iMapInvasives,
 Invasive.org: 20,
 USGS: L48 invasive,
 USGS: L48 established,
Naturalized

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
POWO
Go Botany
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
 ssp. uliginosus (M.Bieb.) Nyman
1808. Sonchus uliginosus M.Bieb.
1866. Sonchus arvensis  var. uliginosus  (M.Bieb.) Trautv.
1879. Sonchus arvensis  ssp. uliginosus  (M.Bieb.) Nyman
Smooth sow thistle ⓘ
Moist sowthistle
Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Potentially invasive,
 Invasive.org: 3,
 USGS: L48 invasive,
Naturalized

NYFA: X
GBIF
USDA-XX
POWO
Go Botany
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 (L.) Hill
1769. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill
1800. Hieracium asperum (L.) Bernh.
Spiny-leaved sowthistle ⓘ
Spiny sowthistle
Prickly sowthistle
Introduced,
Potentially invasive,
 Invasive.org: 9,
 USGS: L48 invasive,
Naturalized

NYFA: X
GBIF
USDA-XX
POWO
Go Botany
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
 Common sowthistle Introduced,
Potentially invasive,
 Invasive.org: 9,
 USGS: L48 invasive,
Naturalized

NYFA: X
GBIF
USDA-XX
Go Botany
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
 Slender sowthistle Introduced,
Not naturalized

NYFA: X
NYFA: Richmond (1908)
No observations
USDA-X0
Images
Wikispecies

Subtribe Crepidinae

Subtribe Crepidinae
Crepidinae
 

Nabalus (8 native rattlesnake roots)

 
 
 
 

Ixeris stolonifera (creeping lettuce - not naturalized)

 
 

Taraxacum (3 introduced dandelions)

 
 
 
 

Crepis (6 introduced hawk's beards)

 
 

Lapsana communis (introduced nipplewort)

 
 
 
 
Nabalus
Nabalus serpentarius
Common names for Nabalus species include rattlesnake-root and white lettuce.
Names Principle phyllaries
(inner/longer involucral bracts) 		Flower
count 		Ray
color 		Pappus
color
Nabalus rattlesnakeroot surface color count
N. altissimus tall rattlesnake root glabrous pale green (4)5(6) 5–6
N. trifoliolatus threeleaf rattlesnake root glabrous pale green (7)8–14 (8)9–18(20) green-yellow to
yellow-white 		light brown to
pale yellow-brown
N. albus white rattlesnake root glabrous pale purple-green (7)8–14 (8)9–18(20) white-pink-lavender deep red-brown
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Hypochaeridinae — Nabalus
Genus Nabalus Rattlesnakeroot N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Hook.
1753. Prenanthes altissima L.
1833. Nabalus altissimus (L.) Hook.
1900. Prenanthes altissima  var. hispidula  Fernald
1908. Prenanthes altissima  var. cinnamomea  Fernald
 Tall rattlesnake root,
Tall rattlesnake-root,
Tall white-lettuce
Prenanthe élevée 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure,
S5, G5?
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
iNat
USDA-NN
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 Cass.
1825. Nabalus trifoliolatus Cass.
1838. Nabalus nanus (Bigelow) DC.
1839. Prenanthes nana Torr. ex DC.
1900. Prenanthes trifoliolata (Cass.) Fernald
1901. Prenanthes trifoliolata  var. nana  (Bigelow) Fernald
 Three-leaved rattlesnake root,
Threeleaf rattlesnake-root,
Gall of the earth 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure,
S5, G5
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
iNat
USDA-NN
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 (L.) Hook.
1753. Prenanthes alba L.
1833. Nabalus albus (L.) Hook.
 White rattlesnakeroot,
White rattlesnake-root
Prenanthe blanche 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure,
S5
FACU
Biennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
iNat
USDA-NN
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 (Pursh) Hook.
1813. Prenanthes serpentaria Pursh
    Nabalus integrifolius Cass.
1833. Nabalus serpentarius (Pursh) Hook.
    Nabalus fraseri DC.
    P. integrifolia (Cass.) Small
 Lion's-foot rattlesnakeroot,
Cankerweed,
Gall-of-the-earth,
Butterweed 		Native, CoC: 10,
Unranked,
SNR
Albany, Bronx, Chemung, Kings, Nassau, Otsego, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk, Ulster, Westchester
NYFA: 3-4
iNat
USDA-N0
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 DC.
1838. Nabalus boottii DC.
1847. Prenanthes boottii (DC.) D. Dietr.
 Alpine rattlesnakeroot,
Boott's rattlesnake-root 		Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered,
S1, G2
Perennial,
Herb-forb
Essex (1862-1998)
NYFA: 1
iNat
USDA-NN
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
 (Michx.) DC.
    Prenanthes crepidinea Michx.
    Nabalus crepidineus (Michx.) DC.
 Nodding rattlesnakeroot,
Nodding rattlesnake-root 		Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered,
No recent reports,
SH, G3-4
FAC-FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb
Cattaraugus, Erie (1844)
NYFA: Z
iNat
USDA-N0
Images
Wikispecies
 Michx.
ssp. racemosa
    Nabalus racemosus
 Glaucous rattlesnake-root,
Purple rattlesnakeroot,
Purple rattlesnake-root 		Native, CoC: 10,
Extirpated,
SX
FACW
Perennial,
Herb-forb
Kings (1891), Nassau (1909), Queens (1882), Rockland, Westchester (1896)
NYFA: X
iNat
USDA-NN
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
(A. Gray) A. Heller
  Nabalus racemosus ×
  Nabalus trifoliolatus
 Maine rattlesnake root Native,
No recent reports,
SNA, GNA
Perennial,
Herb-forb
Nassau (1909)
NYFA: Z
USDA-
Images
Wikispecies
Ixeris
Ixeris stolonifera
Creeping lettuce (Ixeris stolonifera) appears to have been collected from a Long Island garden in 1985 and has also been found in New Jersey, southeastern Pennsylvania, and Delaware but is not assumed to naturalize in New York State.
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Crepidinae — Ixeris
Genus Ixeris Ixeris N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 A.Gray
    Ixeris stolonifera (A. Gray
    Lactuca stolonifera (A. Gray) Benth. ex Maxim.
 Creeping lettuce Introduced from
 east Asia,
Impersistent,
Not naturalized
Nassau (1985)
NYFA: X
USDA-X0
Images
Wikispecies
Taraxacum
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Crepidinae — Taraxacum
Genus Taraxacum Dandelion N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 F.H.Wigg.
    Leontodon taraxacum L.
    Taraxacum officinale  var. palustre  Blytt
    Taraxacum sylvanicum R.Doll
    Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg.
 Common dandelion,
Dandelion
Pissenlit officinal 		Introduced,
Widespread weed

NYFA: X
USDA-MM
Go Botany
VASCAN
Images
Wikispecies
 Andrz. ex Besser
    Leontodon erythrospermum (Andrz. ex Besser) Britton
    Taraxacum disseminatum G.E.Haglund
    Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. ex Besser
    Taraxacum lacistophyllum (Dahlst.) Raunk.
 Red-seeded dandelion,
Smooth dandelion,
Lesser dandelion,
Rock dandelion
Pissenlit à graines rouges,
Pissenlit à fruits rouges 		Introduced

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
Go Botany
VASCAN
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 (Lyons) Symons
 Marsh dandelion
Pissenlit palustre,
Pissenlit des marais 		Introduced

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
VASCAN
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
Genus Taraxacum (excluded) Dandelion N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Ledeb.) DC
 Horned dandelion,
Northern dandelion,
Woolbearing dandelion
Pissenlit tuberculé,
Pissenlit corniculé 		N. America native
 western N. A.,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-NN
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 Dahlst.
    
    
    
Showy dandelion ⓘ
Introduced,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-X0
Images
Wikispecies
Youngia
Youngia japonica
Oriental false hawksbeard (Youngia japonica) appears to be present in New York State and is being tracked for its invasive potential.
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Crepidinae — Youngia
Genus Youngia False hawksbeard N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) DC.
    Youngia japonica (L.) DC.
Oriental false hawksbeard
Introduced,
Potentially invasive,
 iMapInvasives,
 GRIIS-US: Invasive

NYFA: 0 counties
iNat
GBIF
4 counties
Images
Wikispecies
Crepis
Crepis capillaris
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Crepidinae — Crepis
Genus Crepis Hawksbeard N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Wallr.
1763. Crepis virens L.
1840. Crepis capillaris (L.) Wallr.
1860. Malacothrix crepoides A.Gray
1874. Crepis cooperi A.Gray (i)
 Smooth hawksbeard,
Smooth hawk's-beard,
Green crepis
Crépis capillaire,
Crépis à tige capillaire,
Crépis verdâtre,
Crépide à tige capillaire,
Crépide capillaire,
Crépide verdâtre 		Introduced from
 Europe
UPL
Biennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
1753. Crepis biennis L.
1838. Limonoseris biennis (L.) Peterm.
 Rough hawksbeard,
Rough hawk's-beard
Crépis bisannuel,
Crépis des prés,
Crépide bisannuelle,
Crépide des prés 		Introduced from
 Europe
Biennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
FNA
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 Haller f.
1797. Crepis setosa Haller f.
 Bristly hawksbeard,
Bristly hawk's-beard 		Introduced from
 Eurasia

NYFA: X
USDA-X0
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
1753. Crepis tectorum L.
 Narrowleaf hawksbeard,
Narrow-leaved hawk's-beard
Crépis des troits 		Introduced from
 Eurasia

NYFA: X
USDA-XW
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
ssp. taraxacifolia
 Beaked hawksbeard,
Beaked hawk's-beard 		Introduced,
Impersistent

USDA-XX
Images
Wikispecies
Lapsana
Lapsana communis
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Crepidinae — Lapsana
Genus Lapsana Nipplewort N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Lapsana communis L.
1899. Lalda communis (L.) Bubani
Nipplewort ⓘ
Common nipplewort ⓘ
Ballogan ⓘ
Succory-dock ⓘ
Dock-cress
Succory dock-cress
Lapsane commune ⓘ
Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Potentially invasive,
 Invasive.org: 9,
 USGS: L48 invasive,
Naturalized
FACU
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: X
GBIF
USDA-XX
POWO
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
FNA
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies

Subtribe Chondrillinae

Chondrilla
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Chondrillinae — Chondrilla
Genus Chondrilla Chondrilla N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
 Rush skeletonweed Introduced,
Noxious weed US west

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
Images
Wikispecies

Subtribe Hypochaeridinae

The subtribe Hypochaeridinae contains the genera Hedypnois, Helminthotheca, Hypochaeris, Leontodon, Picris, Prenanthes, Scorzoneroides, and Urospermum.[1]
Hypochaeridinae
 

Urospermum

 
 
 

Prenanthes purpurea

 
 
 

Scorzoneroides autumnalis (fall dandelion)

 
 
 

Hypochaeris radicata (hairy cat’s ear)

 
 
 
 

Helminthotheca echioides (bristly oxtongue)

 
 

Picris hieracioides (hawkweed oxtongue)

 
 
 
 

Hedypnois

 
 
 

Leontodon hispidus (rough hawkbit)

 
 

Leontodon saxatilis (lesser hawkbit)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


  1. ↑ Samuel, R., Gutermann, W., Stuessy, T.F., Ruas, C.F., Lack, H.-W., Tremetsberger, K., Talavera, S., Hermanowski, B. and Ehrendorfer, F. (2006), Molecular phylogenetics reveals Leontodon (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) to be diphyletic. Am. J. Bot., 93: 1193-1205.
Scorzoneroides
Scorzoneroides autumnalis
[1]
  1. ↑ Greuter,W.,Gutermann,W.&Talavera,S.:A preliminary conspectus of Scorzoneroides (Compositae,Cichorieae) with validation of the required new names.–Willdenowia 36:689-692.–ISSN 0511-9618;©2006 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem.
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Hypochaeridinae — Scorzoneroides
Genus Scorzoneroides Hawkbit N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Moench
 ssp. autumnalis
1753.  Leontodon autumnalis  L. in…
1778.  Hedypnois autumnalis  (L.) Huds. in…
1779.  Scorzonera autumnalis  (L.) Lam. in…
1785.  Picris autumnalis  (L.) All. in…
1794.  Scorzoneroides autumnalis  (L.) Moench in…
1800.  Lactuca autumnalis  (L.) Bernh. in…
1804.  Apargia autumnalis  (L.) Hoffm. in…
1822.  Virea autumnalis  (L.) Gray in…
1829.  Apargia pratensis  Link in…
1829.  Oporinia autumnalis  (L.) D.Don in…
1846.  Taraxacum autumnale  (L.) Gueldenst. ex Ledeb. in…
 Autumn hawkbit,
Fall hawkbit,
Fall dandelion 		Introduced from
 Europe to Siberia & Caucasus

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
POWO
FSUS
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNAFNA
Images
Wikispecies
Hypochaeris
Hypochaeris radicata
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Hypochaeridinae — Hypochaeris
Genus Hypochaeris Cat's ear N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
 ssp. radicata
1753.  Hypochaeris radicata  L. in…
1771.  Leontodon ciliatus  Scop. in…
1771.  Achyrophorus radicatus  (L.) Scop. in…
1786.  Hypochaeris radiata  Falk in…
1826.  Porcellites radicata  (L.) Cass. in…
1840.  Apargia serotina  Jan ex Steud. in…
1911.  Crepis molokaiensis  H.Lév. in…
 Spotted cat's ear,
Hairy cat's ear 		Introduced from
 Eurasia

NYFA: X
NYFA: 28 counties
? counties
USDA-XX
FSUS
Go Botany
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
Helminthotheca
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Hypochaeridinae — Helminthotheca
Genus Helminthotheca Ox-tongue N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Holub
1753.  Picris echioides  L. in…
1785.  Crepis echioides  (L.) All. in…
1791.  Helminthia echioides  (L.) Gaertn. in…
1794.  Helminthia tuberculata  Moench in…
1796.  Picris ruderalis  Salisb. in…
1807.  Picris humifusa  Willd. in…
1816.  Picris spinosa  (DC.) Poir. in…
1867.  Helminthia dichotoma  Dulac in…
1973.  Helminthotheca echioides  (L.) Holub in…
2006.  Helminthotheca echioides  var. incisa  P.D.Sell  in…
 Bristly oxtongue Introduced from
 Medit. to Caucasus,
 E. Europe to Turkmenistan

NYFA: X
NYFA: 3 counties
iNat
? counties
USDA-XX
POWO
Go Botany
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
Picris
Hawkweed oxtongue is becoming increasingly common along roadsides in the Northeast, and it is considered to be a noxious weed in Washington State.
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Hypochaeridinae — Picris
Genus Picris Ox-tongue N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Picris hieracioides L.
1762. Hedypnois hieracioides (L.) Huds.
1781. Picris aspera Gilib.
1789. Leontodon umbellatus Schrank
1803. Apargia hieracioides (L.) Willd.
1918. Apargia umbellata (Schrank) Schrank
1967. P. hieracioides  var. kamtschatica  (Ledeb.) B. Boivin
1968. P. hieracioides  ssp. kamtschatica  (Ledeb.) Hultén
1982. P. hieracioides  ssp. tsekouensis  Kitam.
2007. P. hieracioides  var. alpina  
 Hawkweed oxtongue
Picride fausse-épervière,
Picride épervière,
Picris fausse-épervière 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Potentially invasive

NYFA: X
USDA-MX
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
FNA
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
Leontodon
Leontodon hispidus
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Hypochaeridinae — Leontodon
Genus Leontodon Hawkbit N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
 ssp. hispidus
1753.  Leontodon hispidus  L. in…
1771.  Leontodon chondrillifolius  Scop. in…
1777.  Hieracium incanum  Pollich in…
1778.  Hedypnois hispida  (L.) Huds. in…
1785.  Picris hispida  (L.) All. in…
1800.  Picris acaulis  Bernh. in…
1812.  Apargia hispida  (L.) Hoffm. in…
1822.  Virea hispida  (L.) Gray in…
1826.  Apargia communis  Spenn. in…
1840.  Apargia hirta  Steud. in…
1844.  Leontodon vulgaris  Kitt. in…
1871.  Leontodon hastilis  ssp. hispidus  (L.) Čelak.  in…
1882.  Leontodon protheiformis  ssp. hispidus  (L.) Arcang.  in…
 Common hawkbit,
Bristly hawkbit,
Rough hawkbit 		Introduced

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
POWO
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 Lam.
 ssp. saxatilis
1771.  Apargia hirta  (L.) Scop. in…
1779.  Leontodon saxatilis  Lam. in…
1819.  Apargia saxatilis  Ten. in…
1831.  Leontodon taraxacoides  (Vill.) Willd. ex Mérat in…
1869.  Asterothrix crispa  (Vill.) Fourr. in…
1879.  Leontodon crispus  ssp. saxatilis  (Lam.) Nyman  in…
1952.  Thrincia saxatilis  (Lam.) Holub & Moravec in…
 Lesser hawkbit Introduced

NYFA: Xu
USDA-XX
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies

Subtribe Hieraciinae

The Hieraciinae contains the hawkweeds. Some sources include them all in genus Hieracium, while others split them into two genera, as is done here.
Hieracium
Hieracium scabrum
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Hieraciinae — Hieracium
Genus Hieracium Hawkweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
1803. Hieracium scabrum Michx.
 Sticky hawkweed,
Rough hawkweed 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
1753. Hieracium paniculatum L.
 Panicled hawkweed,
Allegheny hawkweed 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
Go Botany
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
1753. Hieracium venosum L.
1918. Hieracium venosum  var. nudicaule  (Michx.) Farw.
 Rattlesnake hawkweed,
Veiny hawkweed,
Poor-Robin's-plantain 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
Go Botany
FNA
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
1753. Hieracium umbellatum L.
1753. Hieracium kalmii L.
1803. Hieracium canadense Michx.
1824. Hieracium scabriusculum Schwein.
1901. Hieracium columbianum Rydb.
1993. Hieracium kalmii  var. canadense  (Michx.) Reveal
 Canada hawkweed,
Canadian hawkweed,
Kalm's hawkweed,
Narrowleaf hawkweed
Èpervière en ombelle,
Èpervière de Kalm 		Native, CoC: 5,
Likely secure
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNAFNA
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
Hairy hawkweed,
Queen-devil,
Gronovius' hawkweed,
Beaked hawkweed 		Native, CoC: 7,
Likely secure
FACU-UPL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
Go Botany
FNA
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 Willd.
  Hieracium gronovii ×
  Hieracium venosum
    Hieracium marianum Willd.
    Hieracium × marianum Willd.
    H. pennsylvanicum Fr.
 Maryland hawkweed Native,
Threatened

NYFA: 2?
GBIF
USDA-NN
ITIS
FNA
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
Common hawkweed Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 Canada,
N. America native

NYFA: X
USDA-XN
ARS-GRIN
FNA
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
    Hieracium hyparcticum (Almquist) Elfstr.
Wall hawkweed
Few-leaved hawkweed ⓘ
Introduced

NYFA: X
GBIF
USDA-XX
FNA
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
New England hawkweed Introduced

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
FNA
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
Pilosella
Pilosella aurantiaca
A universal acceptance of the separation of Pilosella from Hieracium has been gradual and is still not complete. Hieracium aurantiacum, H. pilosella and ten others were proposed for transfer to Pilosella in 1862, but many others weren't proposed until a century later. Besides clear morphological differences Pilosella species are prone to hybridization within the genus, while Hieracium species rarely hybridize.[1]
  1. ↑ Bräutigam, S. & Greuter, W. (2007). A new treatment of Pilosella for the Euro-Mediterranean flora (Notulae ad floram euro-mediterraneam pertinentes 24). – Willdenowia 37: 123-137 – ISSN 0511-9618; © 2007 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem.
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Hieraciinae — Pilosella
Genus Pilosella Hawkweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
1753.  Hieracium aurantiacum  L. in…
1862.  Pilosella aurantiaca  (L.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip. in…
1863.  Hieracium bihariense  A.Kern. in…
1880.  Pilosella bihariensis  Arv.-Touv. in…
1921.  Hieracium brunneocroceum  Pugsley in…
1989.  Pilosella carpathicola  (Nägeli & Peter) Schljakov in…
1989.  Pilosella neriedowae  (Woł. & Zahn) Schljakov in…
1989.  Pilosella subaurantiaca  (Nägeli & Peter) Schljakov in…
1995.  Hieracium carpathicola  (Nägeli & Peter) Czerep. in…
 Orange hawkweed,
Devil's-paintbrush,
King devil,
Orange-red king devil,
Fox and cubs
Épervière orangée,
Bouquets rouges,
Marguerite rouge 		Introduced from
 Central & SE. Europe to Ukraine,
Potentially invasive
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
POWO
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 (Dumort.) P.D.Sell. & C.West
1827. Hieracium caespitosum Dumort.
1828. Hieracium pratense Tausch
1967. Pilosella caespitosa P.D.Sell & C.West
 Yellow Hawkweed,
Yellow king-devil,
Yellow fox-and-cubs,
Meadow hawkweed
Èpervière des prés,
Èpervière des prairies 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Potentially invasive

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
 (Vill.) Soják
1779. Hieracium piloselloides Vill.
1785. Hieracium florentinum All.
1971. P. piloselloides (Vill.) Soják
 Glaucous-leaved hawkweed,
Tall hawkweed,
Kingdevil,
Smoothish hawkweed
Èpervière des Florentins 		Introduced,
Naturalized

NYFA: Xn
USDA-XX
Go Botany
FNA
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
1753. Hieracium pilosella L,
1862. P. officinarum F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
 Mouse-ear hawkweed Introduced

NYFA: X
USDA-X
Go Botany
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 (Willd.) P.D. Sell & C. West
1814. Hieracium flagellare Willd.
1866. Hieracium flagellare Schur
1967. P. flagellaris (Willd.) P.D. Sell & C. West
 Whiplash hawkweed,
Whip hawkweed 		Introduced,
Naturalized

NYFA: Xn
Go Botany
Images
Wikispecies
 (Wallr.) P.D. Sell & C. West
1822. Hieracium lactucella Wallr.
1967. P. lactucella (Wallr.) P.D. Sell & C. West
 Lettuce hawkweed,
European hawkweed 		Introduced,
Unk. naturalization
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA:
Images
Wikispecies
  Pilosella aurantiaca ×
  Pilosella caespitosa
1885. H. fuscoatrum Nägeli & Peter
1971. P. fuscoatra (Nägeli & Peter) Soják
 Hybrid hawkweed,
Hybrid of
 orange hawkweed &
 yellow hawkweed 		Introduced

NYFA: X
USDA-X0
Images
Wikispecies
 (Wimm. & Grab.) Fr.
  Pilosella caespitosa ×
  Pilosella lactucella
    Hieracium × floribundum
    Hieracium × dorei
    Hieracium auricula
 King-devil hawkweed,
Meadow hawkweed,
Yellow hawkweed,
Yellow devil hawkweed,
Smoothish hawkweed
Épervière à
  fleurs nombreuses 		Introduced

NYFA: Xn
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
 (Vill.) Arv.-Touv.
  Pilosella officinarum ×
  Pilosella piloselloides
    Hieracium × brachiatum Bertol. ex DC.
    P. × brachiata (DC.) F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.
    P. × acutifolia (Vill.) Arv.-Touv.
Sharp-leaved hawkweed ⓘ
Introduced,
Unk. naturalization

NYFA: Xu
Images
Wikispecies

Subtribe Microseridinae

Krigia
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Microseridinae — Krigia
Genus Krigia Dwarf dandelion N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Walter) S.F.Blake
 Twoflower dwarfdandelion,
Two-flowered dwarf dandelion 		Native,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
Images
Wikispecies
 (L.) Willd.
 Virginia dwarf-dandelion Native,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
USDA-NX
Images
Wikispecies
 (Raf.) K.L.Chambers
 var. cespitosa
1817.  Krigia oppositifolia  Raf. in…
1817.  Serinia cespitosa  Raf. in…
1823.  Apogon humilis  Elliott in…
1838.  Krigia petiolaris  Raf. in…
1866.  Arnoseris humilis  (Elliott) Sch.Bip. in…
1891.  Serinia oppositifolia  (Raf.) Kuntze in…
1973.  Krigia cespitosa  (Raf.) K.L.Chambers in…
 Common dwarf-dandelion,
Weedy dwarf-dandelion 		Introduced from
 Central & SE. U.S.A. to,
 Mexico (Tamaulipas),
US South native,
No specimens

NYFA-Excluded
NYFA: Not listed
Bronx (2017)
USDA-N0
POWO
Images
Wikispecies
Stephanomeria
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Microseridinae — Stephanomeria
Genus Stephanomeria Wire lettuce N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Nutt.
ssp. exigua
 Small wirelettuce Introduced,
N. America native,
Impersistent

NYFA: Xm
USDA-N0
Images
Wikispecies
Nothocalais
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Microseridinae — Nothocalais
Genus Nothocalais False agoseris N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Pursh) Greene
1814.  Troximon cuspidatum  Pursh
1840.  Agoseris cuspidata  (Pursh) Raf.
1866.  Microseris cuspidata  (Pursh) Sch. Bip.
1886.  Nothocalais cuspidata  (Pursh) Greene
 Prairie false dandelion,
Sharppoint prairie-dandelion,
Wavy-leaf prairie-dandelion,
Toothed microseris
Microséris cuspidé 		N. America native
 Great Plains,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-NN
VASCAN
ITIS
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
Malacothrix
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Microseridinae — Malacothrix
Genus Malacothrix Desert-dandelion N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
(Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray
    
 Sowthistle desertdandelion N. America native
 western N. America,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-N0
Images
Wikispecies

Subtribe Cichoriinae

Cichorium
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Cichoriinae — Cichorium
Genus Cichorium Chicory N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Cichorium intybus L.
 Chicory,
Succory,
Blue sailors,
French endive
Chicorée sauvage,
Chicorée amère,
Chicorée 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 Tunisia,
Potentially invasive
FACU
Biennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
FNA
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
Arnoseris
Asterales — Asteraceae — Cichorioideae — Cichorieae — Cichoriinae — Arnoseris
Genus Arnoseris Arnoseris N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Schweigg. & Körte
1753. Hyoseris minima L
1811. Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigg. & Körte
 Lamb's succory,
Lamb's lettuce,
Swine's succory
Porcelle des moutons,
Chicorée de mouton,
Arnoséris minime,
Arnoséris naine 		Introduced,
Impersistent,
No specimens

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
Retrieved from "https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_New_York/Cichorioideae&oldid=4410152"