View source for Australian English phonology

{{Short description|Sound system of Australian English}}
{{IPA notice}}{{listen|filename=AustraliaPart2.ogg|title=Speech example|description=A man with a general Australian accent reading aloud part of the "Australia" Wikipedia article.}}
{{listen|filename=Geoffrey Rush bbc radio4 front row 01 05 2013.flac|title=Speech example|description=A man from south [[Queensland]] with a cultivated Australian accent ([[Geoffrey Rush]]).}}
[[Australian English]] (AuE) is a [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic]] variety of [[English language|English]] spoken by most native-born Australians. Phonologically, it is one of the most [[Variation in Australian English|regionally homogeneous]] language varieties in the world. Australian English is notable for [[vowel length]] contrasts which are absent from most English dialects.

The Australian English vowels {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/oː/}} are noticeably [[vowel height|closer]] (pronounced with a higher tongue position) than their contemporary [[Received Pronunciation]] equivalents.

==Vowels==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right;"
|+ Variation in Australian closing diphthongs{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=597}}
! rowspan="2" | Phoneme !! rowspan="2" | Lexical set !! colspan="3" | Phonetic realization
|-
! Cultivated !! General !! Broad
|-
| {{IPA|/iː/}}
| {{sc2|FLEECE}}
| {{IPA|[ɪi]}}
| {{IPA|[ɪ̈i]}}
| {{IPA|[əːɪ]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/ʉː/}}
| {{sc2|GOOSE}}
| {{IPA|[ʊu]}}
| {{IPA|[ɪ̈ɯ, ʊʉ]}}
| {{IPA|[əːʉ]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/æɪ/}}
| {{sc2|FACE}}
| {{IPA|[ɛɪ]}}
| {{IPA|[æ̠ɪ]}}<!-- Wells's [ʌ], which represents a near-open near-front unrounded vowel, is written [æ̠] here. -->
| {{IPA|[æ̠ːɪ, a̠ːɪ]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/əʉ/}}
| {{sc2|GOAT}}
| {{IPA|[ö̞ʊ]}}
| {{IPA|[æ̠ʉ]}}
| {{IPA|[æ̠ːʉ, a̠ːʉ]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/ɑɪ/}}
| {{sc2|PRICE}}
| {{IPA|[a̠e]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒe]}}
| {{IPA|[ɒːe]}}
|-
| {{IPA|/æɔ/}}
| {{sc2|MOUTH}}
| {{IPA|[a̠ʊ]}}
| {{IPA|[æo]}}
| {{IPA|[ɛːo, ɛ̃ːɤ]}}
|}
[[File:Australian English vowel chart.svg|thumb|250px|Stressed [[monophthong]]s of the general variety on a vowel chart, from {{Harvcoltxt|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=65}}.]]
[[File:Broad Australian English vowel chart.svg|thumb|250px|Stressed monophthongs of the broad variety on a vowel chart, reconstructed from {{Harvcoltxt|Harrington|Cox|Evans|1997}}]]
[[File:Australian English diphthong chart - part 1.svg|thumb|250px|Fronting [[diphthong]]s of the general variety shown on a vowel chart, from {{Harvcoltxt|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=67}}]]
[[File:Broad Australian English diphthong chart - part 1.svg|thumb|250px|Fronting diphthongs of the broad variety shown on a vowel chart, reconstructed from {{Harvcoltxt|Harrington|Cox|Evans|1997}}]]
[[File:Australian English diphthong chart - part 2.svg|thumb|250px|Other diphthongs of the general variety shown on a vowel chart, from {{Harvcoltxt|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=67}}]]
[[File:Broad Australian English diphthong chart - part 2.svg|thumb|250px|Other diphthongs of the broad variety shown on a vowel chart, reconstructed from {{Harvcoltxt|Harrington|Cox|Evans|1997}}. {{IPA|/ɪə/}} is shown here as a long monophthong {{IPA|[ɪː]}}.]]

The vowels of Australian English can be divided according to length. The long vowels, which include [[monophthong]]s and [[diphthong]]s, mostly correspond to the tense vowels used in analyses of [[Received Pronunciation]] (RP) as well as its centring diphthongs. The short vowels, consisting only of monophthongs, correspond to the RP lax vowels. There exist pairs of long and short vowels with overlapping vowel quality giving Australian English [[vowel length|phonemic length distinction]].<ref name="impressionistic">{{cite web|author=Robert Mannell |url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/ausenglish/impressionistic.html |title=Australian English – Impressionistic Phonetic Studies |publisher=Clas.mq.edu.au |date=2009-08-14 |access-date=2011-07-26| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706114743/http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/ausenglish/impressionistic.html| archive-date= 6 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>

There are two families of phonemic transcriptions of Australian English: revised ones, which attempt to more accurately represent the phonetic sounds of Australian English; and the Mitchell-Delbridge system, which is minimally distinct from Jones' original transcription of RP. This page uses a revised transcription based on Durie and Hajek (1994) and Harrington, Cox and Evans (1997) but also shows the Mitchell-Delbridge equivalents as this system is commonly used for example in the [[Macquarie Dictionary]] and much literature, even recent.

{|class="wikitable"
|+ Australian English vowels
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
! {{small|short}}
! {{small|long}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|ɪ|ɪ}}
| 
|
|
| {{IPA link|u|ʊ}}
| {{IPA link|o̝|oː}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA link|eː}}
| {{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|ɘ|ɜː}}
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|a|æ}}
| ({{IPA link|a|æː}})
| {{IPA link|ä|a}}
| {{IPA link|ä|aː}}
|
|
|- style="text-align:center;"
! [[Diphthong]]s
| colspan="6" | {{IPA|ɪə &nbsp; æɪ &nbsp; ɑɪ &nbsp; oɪ &nbsp; iː &nbsp; æɔ &nbsp; əʉ &nbsp; ʉː}}
|}
* As with [[General American]], the [[weak vowel merger]] is nearly complete in Australian English: unstressed {{IPA|/ɪ/}} is merged with {{IPA|/ə/}} ([[schwa]]) except before a following [[velar consonant|velar]]. [[New Zealand English]] takes it a step further and merges all instances of {{IPA|/ɪ/}} with {{IPA|/ə/}} (even in stressed syllables), which is why the New Zealand pronunciation of the dish name [[fish and chips]] as {{IPA|/ˈfəʃ ən ˈtʃəps/}} sounds like 'fush and chups' to Australians.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=601, 606}} In Australian English, {{IPA|/ə/}} is restricted to unstressed syllables, as in most dialects.
* The [[trap-bath split]] is a [[Variation in Australian English#Phonology|regional variable]] in Australia, with the {{sc2|PALM}} vowel {{IPA|/aː/}} being more common in [[South Australia]] than elsewhere. This is due to the fact that that state was settled later than the rest of Australia, when the lengthened pronunciation was already a feature of London speech. Research done by {{Harvcoltxt|Crystal|1995}} shows that the word ''graph'' is pronounced with the {{sc2|PALM}} vowel ({{IPA|/ɡɹaːf/}}) by 86% speakers from [[Adelaide]], whereas 100% speakers from [[Hobart]] use the {{sc2|TRAP}} vowel in this word: {{IPA|/ɡɹæf/}}. There are words in which the {{sc2|TRAP}} vowel is much less common; for instance, Crystal reports that both the word ''grasp'' and the verb ''to contrast'' are most commonly pronounced with the {{sc2|PALM}} vowel: {{IPA|/ɡɹaːsp/}}, {{IPA|/kənˈtɹaːst/}}. This also affects the pronunciation of some placenames; [[Castlemaine, Victoria|Castlemaine]] is locally {{IPA|/ˈkæsəlmæɪn/}}, but speakers from outside of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] often pronounce that name {{IPA|/ˈkaːsəlmæɪn/}} by analogy to the noun ''castle'' in their local accent.

===Monophthongs===
*The target for {{IPA|/ɪ/}} is closer to cardinal {{IPAblink|i}} than in other dialects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonology/features/index.html |title=Distinctive Features |publisher=Clas.mq.edu.au |access-date=2011-07-26}}</ref> The aforementioned phrase ''fish and chips'' as pronounced by an Australian ({{IPA|[ˈfiʃ ən ˈtʃips]}} in narrow transcription) can sound a lot like ''feesh and cheeps'' to speakers of New Zealand English and other dialects, whereas words such as ''bit'' and ''sit'' may sound like ''beat'' and ''seat'', respectively.
*The sound {{IPA|/ɪə/}} is usually pronounced as a diphthong (or disyllabically {{IPA|[iːə]}}, like {{sc2|CURE}}) only in open syllables. In closed syllables, it is distinguished from {{IPA|/ɪ/}} primarily by length<ref name="DH94" /><ref name="Cox6" /> and from {{IPA|/iː/}} by the significant onset in the latter.
* {{IPA|/e/}} tends to be higher than the corresponding vowel in General American or RP. The typical realization is close-mid {{IPAblink|e}}, although for some speakers it may be even closer {{IPAblink|e̝}} (according to John Wells, this pronunciation can occur only in Broad varieties).{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|pp=65, 67}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=598}} A recent change is the ''lowering'' of {{IPA|/e/}} to the {{IPAblink|ɛ}} region.{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|pp=65, 67}}
*For some [[Victoria (Australia)|Victorian]] speakers, {{IPA|/e/}} has merged with {{IPA|/æ/}} in pre-lateral environments, and thus the words ''celery'' and ''salary'' are homophonous as {{IPA|/ˈsæləɹiː/}}.{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2003}} See [[English-language vowel changes before historic l#Salary–celery merger|salary-celery merger]].
*The sound {{IPA|/æː/}} is traditionally transcribed and analysed the same as the short {{IPA|/æ/}}, but [[Phonological history of English short A#Bad–lad split|minimal pairs exist]] in at least some Australians' speech.<ref>Blake, B. J. (1985), "'Short a' in Melbourne English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 15: 6–20</ref><ref name="DH94">Durie, M.; Hajek, J (1994), "A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics 14: 93–107</ref> It is found in the adjectives ''b'''a'''d'', ''m'''a'''d'', ''gl'''a'''d'' and ''s'''a'''d'', before the {{IPA|/ɡ/}} sound (for example, ''h'''a'''g'', ''r'''a'''g'', ''b'''a'''g'') and also in content words before {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/n/}} in the same syllable (for example, ''h'''a'''m'', ''t'''a'''n'', ''pl'''a'''nt'').<ref name="mdtranscription">{{cite web|author=Robert Mannell and Felicity Cox |url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/transcription/broad_transcription/broad_transcription_md.html |title=Phonemic (Broad) Transcription of Australian English (MD) |publisher=Clas.mq.edu.au |date=2009-08-01 |access-date=2011-07-26}}</ref> In [[South Australia]], ''plant'' is usually pronounced with the vowel sound {{IPA|/aː/}}, as in ''rather'' and ''father''. In some speakers, especially those with the broad accent, {{IPA|/æː/}} and {{IPA|/æ/}} will be shifted toward {{IPAblink|ɛː}} and {{IPAblink|ɛ}}, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robert Mannell and Felicity Cox |url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/transcription/broad_transcription/broad_transcription.html |title=Phonemic (Broad) Transcription of Australian English (HCE) |publisher=Clas.mq.edu.au |date=2009-08-01 |access-date=2011-07-26| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110706114633/http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/transcription/broad_transcription/broad_transcription.html| archive-date= 6 July 2011 | url-status= live}}</ref>
*There is [[æ-tensing]] before a [[nasal stop|nasal consonant]]. The [[Nasalization|nasal]] sounds create changes in preceding vowels because air can flow into the nose during the vowel. Nasal consonants can also affect the [[vowel quality|articulation]] of a vowel. Thus, for many speakers, the {{IPA|/æː/}} vowel in words like ''j'''a'''m'', ''m'''a'''n'', ''d'''a'''m'' and ''h'''a'''nd'' is shifted towards {{IPA|[eː]}}. This is also present in [[General American English|General American]] and [[Cockney English]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/australian-voices/further-study |title=further study &#124; Australian Voices |publisher=Clas.mq.edu.au |date=2010-07-29 |access-date=2011-07-26}}</ref> Length has become the main difference between words like 'ban' and 'Ben', with 'ban' pronounced {{IPA|[beːn]}} and 'Ben' pronounced {{IPA|[ben]}}.<ref>{{cite conference |url=https://www.assta.org/proceedings/sst/SST-14/1.B.%20PANZE/1.%20COX.pdf |access-date=2022-11-27 |title=Phonologisation of vowel duration and nasalised /æ/ in Australian English |last1=Cox |first1=Felicity |last2=Palethorpe |first2=Sallyanne |date=2014 |book-title= Proceedings of the 15th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology |pages=33–36}}</ref>
 
*{{IPA|/æ/}} is pronounced as open front {{IPAblink|a}} by many younger speakers.{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=179}}
*As with [[New Zealand English]], the {{sc2|PALM}}/{{sc2|START}} vowel in words like ''park'' {{IPA|/paːk/}}, ''calm'' {{IPA|/kaːm/}} and ''farm'' {{IPA|/faːm/}} is central (in the past even front)<ref name="impressionistic"/> in terms of tongue position and non-rhotic. This is the same vowel sound used by speakers of the [[Boston accent]] of [[New England English|North Eastern New England]] in the [[United States]]. Thus the phrase ''park the car'' is said identically by a New Zealander, Australian or Bostonian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dialectblog.com/northamerican-accents/|title=The American Accents|date=24 January 2011}}</ref> This vowel is only distinguished from the {{sc2|STRUT}} vowel by length, thus: ''park'' {{IPA|/paːk/}} versus ''puck'' {{IPA|/pak/}}.
*The phoneme {{IPA|/ɜː/}} is pronounced at least as high as {{IPA|/eː/}} ({{IPAblink|ɘː}}), and has a lowered F3 that might indicate that it is rounded {{IPAblink|ɵː}}.<ref name="DH94" /><ref name="Cox6">Cox, Felicity (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics 26: 147–179</ref> The {{angbr IPA|ɜ}} glyph is used — rather than {{angbr IPA|ɘ}} or {{angbr IPA|ɵ}} — as most revisions of the phonemic orthography for Australian English predate the [[History of the International Phonetic Alphabet|1993 modifications to the International Phonetic Alphabet]]. At the time, {{angbr IPA|ɜ}} was suitable for any mid central vowel, rounded or unrounded.
* The schwa {{IPA|/ə/}} is a highly variable sound. For this reason, it is not shown on the vowel charts to the right. The word-final schwa in ''comma'' and ''letter'' is often lowered to {{IPAblink|ɐ}} so that it strongly resembles the {{sc2|STRUT}} vowel {{IPA|/a/}}: {{IPA|[ˈkɔmɐ, ˈleɾɐ]}}. As the latter is a checked vowel (meaning that it cannot occur in a final stressed position) and the lowering of {{IPA|/ə/}} is not categorical (meaning that those words can be also pronounced {{IPA|[ˈsəʉfə]}} and {{IPA|[ˈbeɾə]}}, whereas ''strut'' is never pronounced {{IPA|[stɹət]}}), this sound is considered to belong to the {{IPA|/ə/}} phoneme.{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|pp=64, 163}} The word-initial schwa (as in '''''e'''nduring'' {{IPA|/ənˈdʒʉːɹɪŋ/}}) is typically mid {{IPAblink|ə}}: {{IPA|[ənˈdʒʉːɹɪŋ]}}. In the word-internal position (as in ''bott'''o'''m'' {{IPA|/ˈbɔtəm/}}), {{IPA|/ə/}} is raised to {{IPAblink|ɨ̞}}: {{IPA|[ˈbɔɾɨ̞m]}}, as in American English ''roses'' {{IPA|[ˈɹoʊzɨ̞z]}}. Thus, the difference between the {{IPA|/ə/}} of ''padd'''o'''ck'' and the {{IPA|/ɪ/}} of ''pan'''i'''c'' lies in the backness of the vowels, rather than their height: {{IPA|[ˈpædɨ̞k, ˈpænik]}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=601}} In the rest of the article, those allophones of {{IPA|/ə/}} are all transcribed with the broad symbol {{angbr IPA|ə}}: {{IPA|[ˈkɔmə]}} etc. {{IPA|/ɪ/}} is also broadly transcribed with {{angbr IPA|ɪ}}: {{IPA|[ˈpænɪk]}}, which does not capture its closeness.

===Diphthongs===
*The vowel {{IPA|/iː/}} has an onset {{IPA|[ɪi̯]}}, except before laterals.{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2003}} The onset is often lowered to {{IPA|[əi]}}, so that ''beat'' is {{IPA|[bəit]}} for some speakers.
*As in American English and modern RP, the final vowel in words like ''happy'' and ''city'' is pronounced as {{IPA|/iː/}} (''happee'', ''citee''), not as {{IPA|/ɪ/}} ([[Phonological history of English high front vowels#Happy-tensing|happy-tensing]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/australian-voices/further-study|title = Australian voices}}</ref>
*In some parts of Australia, a fully backed allophone of {{IPA|/ʉː/}}, transcribed {{IPA|[ʊː]}}, is common before {{IPA|/l/}}. As a result, the pairs full/fool and pull/pool differ phonetically only in vowel length for those speakers.<ref name="DH94" /> The usual allophone is further forward in New South Wales than Victoria. It is moving further forwards, however, in both regions at a similar rate.{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2003}}
*The second elements of {{IPA|/æɪ/}} and {{IPA|/oɪ/}} on the one hand and {{IPA|/ɑɪ/}} on the other are somewhat different. The first two approach the {{sc2|KIT}} vowel {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, whereas the ending point of {{IPA|/ɑɪ/}} is more similar to the {{sc2|DRESS}} vowel {{IPAblink|e}}, which is why it tends to be written with {{angbr IPA|ɑe}} in modern sources. [[John C. Wells|John Wells]] writes this phoneme {{IPA|/ɑɪ/}}, with the same ending point as {{IPA|/æɪ/}} and {{IPA|/oɪ/}} (which he writes with {{angbr IPA|ʌɪ}} and {{angbr IPA|ɔɪ}}). However, the second element of {{IPA|/ɑɪ/}} is not nearly as different from that of the other fronting-closing diphthongs as the ending point of {{IPA|/æɔ/}} is from that of {{IPA|/əʉ/}}, which is the reason why {{angbr IPA|ɑɪ}} is used in this article.
*The first element of {{IPA|/ɑɪ/}} may be raised and rounded in broad accents.
*The first element of {{IPA|/æɪ/}} is significantly lower {{IPA|[a̠ɪ]}} than in many other dialects of English.
*There is significant allophonic variation in {{IPA|/əʉ/}}, including a backed allophone {{IPA|[ɔʊ]}} before a word-final or preconsonantal {{IPA|/l/}}. The first part of this allophone is in the same position as {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, but {{IPA|[ɔʊ]}} differs from it in that it possesses an additional closing glide, which also makes it longer than {{IPA|/ɔ/}}.
*{{IPA|/əʉ/}} is shifted to {{IPA|[ɔy]}} among some speakers. This realisation has its roots in [[South Australia]] but is becoming more common among younger speakers across the country.{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=66}}
*The phoneme {{IPA|/ʊə/}} is rare and almost extinct. Most speakers consistently use {{IPA|[ʉːə]}} or {{IPA|[ʉː]}} (before {{IPA|/ɹ/}}) instead. Many cases of RP {{IPA|/ʊə/}} are pronounced instead with the {{IPA|/oː/}} phoneme in Australian English. "pour" and "poor", "more" and "moor" and "shore" and "sure" are homophones, but "tore" and "tour" remain distinct.

===Examples of vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; margin-left: 1em;"
! Phoneme
! Example words
! Mitchell-<br/>Delbridge
! OED
|-
| {{IPAslink|ä|a}}
|''str'''u'''t'', ''b'''u'''d'', ''h'''u'''d''; ''c'''u'''p''
| {{IPA|ʌ}}
| {{IPA|ʌ}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|ä|aː}}
|''b'''a'''th'', ''p'''al'''m'', ''st'''ar'''t'', ''b'''ar'''d'', ''h'''ar'''d''; ''f'''a'''ther''
| {{IPA|a}}
| {{IPA|ʌː}}
|-
| {{IPA|/ɑɪ/}}
|''pr'''i'''ce'', ''b'''i'''te'', ''h'''i'''de''
| {{IPA|aɪ}}
| {{IPA|ɑe}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|æ}}
|''tr'''a'''p'', ''l'''a'''d'', ''h'''a'''d''
| {{IPA|æ}}
| {{IPA|æ}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|æː}}
|''b'''a'''d'', ''t'''a'''n''
| {{IPA|æ}}
| {{IPA|æ}}
|-
| {{IPA|/æɪ/}}
|''f'''a'''ce'', ''b'''ai'''t'', ''h'''a'''de''
| {{IPA|eɪ}}
| {{IPA|æe}}
|-
| {{IPA|/æɔ/}}
|''m'''ou'''th'', ''b'''owe'''d'', ''h'''ow'''’d''
| {{IPA|aʊ}}
| {{IPA|æɔ}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|e}}
|''dr'''e'''ss'', ''b'''e'''d'', ''h'''ea'''d''
| {{IPA|ɛ}}
| {{IPA|e}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|eː}}
|''squ'''are''''', ''b'''are'''d'', ''h'''aire'''d''
| {{IPA|ɛə}}
| {{IPA|eə}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|ɘ|ɜː}}
|''n'''ur'''se'', ''b'''ir'''d'', ''h'''ear'''d''
| {{IPA|ɜ}}
| {{IPA|ɜː}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|ə}}
|'''''a'''bout'', ''wint'''er'''''; ''alph'''a'''''
| {{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPA|ə}}
|-
| {{IPA|/əʉ/}}
|''g'''oa'''t'', ''b'''o'''de'', ''h'''oe'''d''
| {{IPA|oʊ}}
| {{IPA|oʊ}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|i|ɪ}}
|''k'''i'''t'', ''b'''i'''d'', ''h'''i'''d''
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
| {{IPA|ɪ}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|i|ɪə}}
|''n'''ear''''', ''b'''ear'''d'', ''h'''ear'''''; ''h'''ere'''''
| {{IPA|ɪə}}
| {{IPA|ɪə}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|/iː/}}
|''fl'''ee'''ce'', ''b'''ea'''d'', ''h'''ea'''t''
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|iː}}
|-
| ''happ'''y'''''
| {{IPA|i}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|o̝|oː}}
|''th'''ough'''t'', ''n'''or'''th'', ''s'''ur'''e'', ''b'''oar'''d'', ''h'''oar'''d'', ''p'''oor'''''; ''h'''aw'''k'', ''f'''or'''ce''
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
| {{IPA|ɔː}}
|-
| {{IPA|/oɪ/}}
|''ch'''oi'''ce'', ''b'''oy'''''; ''v'''oi'''ce''
| {{IPA|ɔɪ}}
| {{IPA|oɪ}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|ɔ}}
|''l'''o'''t'', ''cl'''o'''th'', ''b'''o'''dy'', ''h'''o'''t''
| {{IPA|ɒ}}
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|ʉː}}
|''g'''oo'''se'', ''b'''oo''''', ''wh'''o''''d''
| {{IPA|u}}
| {{IPA|uː}}
|-
| {{IPAslink|u|ʊ}}
|''f'''oo'''t'', ''h'''oo'''d''
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
| {{IPA|ʊ}}
|}

*One needs to be very careful of the symbol {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, which represents different vowels: the {{sc2|LOT}} vowel in the Harrington, Cox and Evans (1997) system (transcribed {{IPA|/ɒ/}} in the other system), but the {{sc2|THOUGHT}} vowel in the Mitchell-Delbridge system (transcribed {{IPA|/oː/}} in the other system).<ref name="mdtranscription"/>
*The fourth column is the OED transcription, taken from the OED website.<ref name="oedtranscription">{{cite web|author=Catherine Sangester |url=https://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/key-to-pronunciation/pronunciations-for-world-englishes/key-to-pronunciation-australian-english/ |title=Key to pronunciation: Australian English (OED) |publisher=public.oed.com |date=2020-10-01 |access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref>

It differs somewhat from the ad hoc Wikipedia transcription used in this article. In a few instances the OED example word differs from the others given in this table; these are appended at the end of the second column following a semicolon.

== Consonants ==
Australian English consonants are similar to those of other non-rhotic varieties of English. A table containing the [[consonant]] [[phoneme]]s is given below.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|+ Australian English consonant phonemes{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2007|p=342}}
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Interdental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[fortis consonant|fortis]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
|
| {{IPA link|t}}
| 
|
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[lenis consonant|lenis]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
|
| {{IPA link|d}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[fortis consonant|fortis]]}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[lenis consonant|lenis]]}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|dʒ}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[fortis consonant|fortis]]}}
| {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA link|θ}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|[[lenis consonant|lenis]]}}
| {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|ð}}
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
| 
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! {{small|[[Central consonant|central]]}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɹ}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|
|}
<!--

[[Phonological history of wh#Wine–whine merger|Wine–whine merger]]

-->
;[[rhotic and non-rhotic accents|Non-rhoticity]]
*Australian English is non-rhotic; in other words, the {{IPA|/ɹ/}} sound does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant. So the words ''butter'' {{IPA|[ˈbaɾə]}}, ''here'' {{IPA|[hɪə]}} and ''park'' {{IPA|[paːk]}} will not contain the {{IPA|/ɹ/}} sound.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/australian-voices/studying-speech |title=studying speech &#124; Australian Voices |publisher=Clas.mq.edu.au |date=2010-07-29 |access-date=2011-07-26}}</ref>

;[[Linking and intrusive R#Linking R|Linking]] and [[Linking and intrusive R#Intrusive R|intrusive]] {{IPAblink|ɹ}}
*The {{IPAblink|ɹ}} sound can occur when a word that has a final {{angbr|r}} in the spelling comes before another word that starts with a vowel. For example, in ''car alarm'' the sound {{IPAblink|ɹ}} can occur in ''car'' because here it comes before another word beginning with a vowel. The words ''far'', ''far more'' and ''farm'' do not contain an {{IPAblink|ɹ}} but ''far out'' will contain the linking {{IPAblink|ɹ}} sound because the next word starts with a vowel sound.
*An intrusive {{IPAblink|ɹ}} may be inserted before a [[vowel]] in words that do not have {{angbr|r}} in the spelling. For example, ''drawing'' will sound like ''draw-ring'', ''saw it'' will sound like ''sore it'', ''the tuner is'' and ''the tuna is'' will both be {{IPA|[ðə ˈtʃʉːnə.ɹɪz]}}. This {{IPAblink|ɹ}} occurs between {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} and the following vowel regardless of the historical presence or absence of {{IPAblink|ɹ}}. Between {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/ɜː/}} and {{IPA|/ɪə/}} (and {{IPA|/ʉːə/}} whenever it stems from the earlier {{IPA|/ʊə/}}) and the following vowel, the {{IPAblink|ɹ}}-ful pronunciation is the historical one.
;[[Flapping]]
*[[Intervocalic consonant|Intervocalic]] {{IPA|/t/}} (and for some speakers {{IPA|/d/}}) undergo voicing and flapping to the [[alveolar tap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}} after the stressed syllable and before unstressed vowels (as in ''bu'''tt'''er'', ''par'''t'''y'') and syllabic {{IPA|/l/}} or {{IPA|/n/}} (''bo'''tt'''le'' {{IPA|[ˈbɔɾl̩]}}, ''bu'''tt'''on'' {{IPA|[ˈbaɾn̩]}}), as well as at the end of a word or morpheme before any vowel (''wha'''t''' else'' {{IPA|[wɔɾ‿ˈels]}}, ''wha'''t'''ever'' {{IPA|[wɔɾˈevə]}}).{{sfnp|Tollfree|2001|pp=57–8}} For those speakers where {{IPA|/d/}} also undergoes the change, there will be [[homophony]], for example, ''metal'' and ''medal'' or ''petal'' and ''pedal'' will sound the same ({{IPA|[ˈmeɾl̩]}} and {{IPA|[ˈpeɾl̩]}}, respectively). In formal speech {{IPA|/t/}} is retained. {{IPA|[t]}} in the cluster {{IPA|[nt]}} can elide. As a result, in quick speech, words like ''winner'' and ''winter'' can become homophonous (as {{IPA|[ˈwɪnə]}}). This is a quality that Australian English shares most notably with [[North American English]].

;[[T-glottalization|T-glottalisation]]
*Some speakers use a [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|[ʔ]}} as an allophone of {{IPA|/t/}} in final position, for example ''trait'', ''habit''; or in medial position, such as a {{IPA|/t/}} followed by a syllabic {{IPA|/n/}} is often realized as a glottal stop, for example ''button'' or ''fatten''. [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] pronunciations nevertheless predominate.

;Pronunciation of {{IPA|/l/}}
* The alveolar lateral approximant {{IPA|/l/}} is velarised {{IPAblink|ɫ}} in pre-pausal and preconsonantal positions and often also in morpheme-final positions before a vowel. There have been some suggestions that onset {{IPA|/l/}} is also velarised, although that needs to be further researched. Some speakers [[L-vocalization|vocalise]] preconsonantal, syllable-final and syllabic instances of {{IPA|/l/}} to a close back vowel similar to {{IPA|/ʊ/}}, so that ''milk'' can be pronounced {{IPA|[mɪʊ̯k]}} and ''noodle'' {{IPA|[ˈnʉːdʊ]}}. This is more common in [[South Australia]] than elsewhere.{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2007|p=343}}

;[[English consonant-cluster reductions#Yod-dropping|Yod-dropping]] and [[English consonant-cluster reductions#''Yod''-coalescence|coalescence]]
*Standard Australian English usually coalesces {{IPA|/tj/}} and {{IPA|/dj/}} into {{IPA|/tʃ/}} and {{IPA|/dʒ/}} respectively. Because of this [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalisation]], ''dune'' is pronounced as {{IPA|/dʒʉːn/}}, exactly like ''June'', and the first syllable of ''Tuesday'' {{IPA|/ˈtʃʉːzdæɪ/}} is pronounced like ''choose'' {{IPA|/tʃʉːz/}}. That said, there is stylistic and social variation in this feature. {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} in the clusters {{IPA|/tɹ/}} and {{IPA|/dɹ/}} are similarly affricated.{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2007|p=343}}
*Word initial {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/zj/}} have merged with {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} respectively. Other cases of {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/zj/}} are often pronounced respectively {{IPA|[ʃ]}} and {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, as in ''assume'' {{IPA|/əˈʃʉːm/}} and ''resume'' {{IPA|/rəˈʒʉːm/}} (''a'''sh'''ume'' and ''re'''zh'''ume'').<ref>Wyld, H.C., A History of Modern Colloquial English, Blackwell 1936, cited in {{harvp|Wells|1982|p=262}}.</ref>{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=207}}
*Similarly, {{IPA|/lj/}} has merged with {{IPA|/l/}} word initially. Remaining cases of {{IPA|/lj/}} are often pronounced simply as {{IPA|[j]}} in colloquial speech.
*{{IPA|/nj/}} and other common sequences of consonant plus {{IPA|/j/}}, are retained.{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2007|p=343}}
*For some speakers, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (or "sh") may be uttered instead of /s/ before the stressed /tj/ sound in words like '''''s'''tudent'', ''hi'''s'''tory'', ''e'''s'''chew'', '''''s'''treet'' and ''Au'''s'''tralia''<ref>Durian, David (2007) "Getting [ʃ]tronger Every Day?: More on Urbanization and the Socio-geographic Diffusion of (str) in Columbus, OH," University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: Vol. 13: Iss. 2, Article 6</ref> – As a result, in quick speech, ''eschew'' will sound like ''esh-chew''.<ref>Cole, J., Hualde, J.I., ''Laboratory Phonology 9'', Walter de Gruyter 2007, p. 69.</ref> According to author Wayne P. Lawrence, "this [[Phonological change|phonemic change]] seems to be neither dialectal nor regional", as it can also be found among some American, Canadian, British and New Zealand English speakers as well.<ref>Lawrence, Wayne P. (2000) "Assimilation at a Distance," American Speech Vol. 75: Iss. 1: 82-87; doi:10.1215/00031283-75-1-82</ref>

==Other features==
*Between voiced sounds, the glottal fricative {{IPA|/h/}} may be realised as voiced {{IPAblink|ɦ}}, so that e.g. ''be'''h'''ind'' may be pronounced as either {{IPA|[bəˈhɑɪnd]}} or {{IPA|[bəˈɦɑɪnd]}}.{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=159}}
*The sequence {{IPA|/hj/}} is realised as a voiceless palatal fricative {{IPAblink|ç}}, so that e.g. '''''h'''uge'' is pronounced {{IPA|[çʉːdʒ]}}.{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=159}}
*The word ''foyer'' is usually pronounced {{IPA|/ˈfoɪə/}}, as in NZ and American English, rather than {{IPA|/ˈfoɪeɪ/}} as in British English.
*The word ''data'' is commonly pronounced {{IPA|/ˈdaːtə/}}, with {{IPA|/ˈdæɪtə/}} being the second most common, and {{IPA|/ˈdætə/}} being very rare.
*The ''trans-'' prefix is pronounced {{IPA|/tɹæns/}}, even in [[South Australia]], where the [[trap–bath split]] is significantly more advanced than in other states.
*In English, upward inflexion (a rise in the [[pitch (music)|pitch]] of the voice at the end of an utterance) typically signals a question. Some Australian English speakers commonly use a form of [[High rising terminal|upward inflexion]] in their speech that is not associated with asking questions. Some speakers use upward inflexion as a way of including their conversational partner in the dialogue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/voices/audio-illustrations |title=audio illustrations &#124; Australian Voices |publisher=Clas.mq.edu.au |date=2010-07-29 |access-date=2011-10-17}}</ref> This is also common in [[Californian English]].

== Relationship to other varieties ==
Australian English pronunciation is most similar to that of [[New Zealand English]]; many people from other parts of the world often cannot distinguish them but there are differences. New Zealand English has centralised {{IPA|/ɪ/}} and the other short front vowels are higher. New Zealand English more strongly maintains the diphthongal quality of the <small>NEAR</small> and <small>SQUARE</small> vowels and they can be merged as something around {{IPA|[iə]}}. New Zealand English does not have the [[Phonological history of English short A#Bad–lad split|bad-lad split]], but like Victoria has merged {{IPA|/e/}} with {{IPA|/æ/}} in pre-lateral environments.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

Both New Zealand English and Australian English are also similar to [[South African English]], so they have even been grouped together under the common label "[[southern hemisphere]] Englishes".<ref>Gordon, Elizabeth and Andrea Sudbury. 2002. The history of southern hemisphere Englishes. In: Richard J. Watts and Peter Trudgill. Alternative Histories of English. P.67</ref> Like the other two varieties in that group, Australian English pronunciation bears some similarities to dialects from the South-East of Britain;<ref>Gordon, Elizabeth and Andrea Sudbury. 2002. The history of southern hemisphere Englishes. In: Richard J. Watts and Peter Trudgill. Alternative Histories of English. P.79</ref>{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=595}}<ref>Gordon, Elizabeth. New Zealand English: its origins and evolution. 2004. P.82</ref><ref>Hammarström, Göran. 1980. Australian English: its origin and status. ''passim''</ref> Thus, it is [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic]] and has the [[Phonological history of English short A#Trap–bath split|trap-bath split]] although, as indicated above, this split was not completed in Australia as it was in England, so many words that have the {{sc2|PALM}} vowel in Southeastern England retain the {{sc2|TRAP}} vowel in Australia.

Historically, the Australian English speaking manuals endorsed the [[Phonological history of the low back vowels#Lot-cloth split|lengthening of {{IPA|/ɔ/}}]] before unvoiced fricatives however this has since been reversed. Australian English lacks some innovations in Cockney since the settling of Australia, such as the use of a [[glottal stop]] in many places where a {{IPA|/t/}} would be found, [[th-fronting]], and [[Phonological history of English consonants#H-dropping|h-dropping]]. [[Flapping]], which Australian English shares with New Zealand English and North American English, is also found in Cockney, where it occurs as a common alternative to the glottal stop in the intervocalic position. The word ''butter'' {{IPA|[ˈbaɾɐ]}} as pronounced by an Australian or a New Zealander can be homophonous with the Cockney pronunciation (which can be {{IPA|[ˈbaʔɐ]}} instead).

== AusTalk ==
AusTalk is a database of Australian speech from all regions of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-01/austalk-australian-accent-research-comes-to-northern-territory/6271202|title=Austalk Australian accent research: National study aims to capture accented English spoken by Aboriginal Territorians|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|author=Kate Wild|date=1 March 2015|access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/aussie-accent-recorded-for-history-for-australia-day/story-e6frfku0-1225994571250|title=Aussie accent recorded for history for Australia Day|publisher=News Limited|date=26 January 2011|access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref> Initially, 1000 adult voices were planned to be recorded in the period between June 2011 and June 2016. By the end of it, voices of 861 speakers with ages ranging from 18 to 83 were recorded into the database, each lasting approximately an hour. The database is expected to be expanded in future, to include children's voices and more variations. As well as providing a resource for cultural studies, the database is expected to help improve speech-based technology, such as [[speech recognition]] systems and [[hearing aid]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://austalk.edu.au/|title=AusTalk: An audio-visual corpus of Australian English|publisher=AusTalk|access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref>

The AusTalk database was collected as part of the Big Australian Speech Corpus (Big ASC) project, a collaboration between Australian universities and the speech technology experts.<ref name=PublicationsAndPresentations>{{cite web|url=https://austalk.edu.au/bibliography.html|title=Publications and presentations|access-date=1 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226210953/https://austalk.edu.au/bibliography.html|archive-date=26 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://austalk.edu.au/about.html|title=About AusTalk|publisher=AusTalk|access-date=1 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226210815/https://austalk.edu.au/about.html|archive-date=26 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://austalk.edu.au/sites/default/files/AusTalk-LREC2014-final.pdf|title=AusTalk: an audio-visual corpus of Australian English |first1=Dominique |last1=Estival |first2=Steve |last2=Cassidy |first3=Felicity |last3=Cox|first4=Denis |last4=Burnham|access-date=1 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226211708/https://austalk.edu.au/sites/default/files/AusTalk-LREC2014-final.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[New Zealand English phonology]]
* [[South African English phonology]]
* [[Regional accents of English]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Citation
|last=Blake
|first=B. J.
|year=1985
|title='Short a' in Melbourne English
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=15
|pages=6–20
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300002899
|s2cid=145558284
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Cox
|first=Felicity
|year=2006
|title=The acoustic characteristics of {{IPA|/hVd/}} vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers
|journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics
|volume=26
|issue=2
|pages=147–179
|doi=10.1080/07268600600885494
|s2cid=62226994
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Cox
|first1=Felicity
|last2=Fletcher
|first2=Janet
|year=2017
|orig-year=First published 2012
|title=Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=978-1-316-63926-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs3DwAAQBAJ
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Cox
|first1=Felicity
|last2=Palethorpe
|first2=Sallyanne
|title=The border effect: Vowel differences across the NSW–Victorian Border
|journal=Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society
|year=2003
|pages=1–14
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Cox
|first1=Felicity
|last2=Palethorpe
|first2=Sallyanne
|year=2007
|title=Australian English
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=37
|issue=3
|pages=341–350
|doi=10.1017/S0025100307003192
|url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/felicity/Papers/Illustration_Australian.pdf
|doi-access=free
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Crystal
|first=D.
|year=1995
|title=Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Durie
|first1=M.
|last2=Hajek
|first2=J
|title=A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels
|journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics
|year=1994
|volume=14
|pages=93–107
|doi=10.1080/07268609408599503
|postscript=.
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Harrington
|first1=J.
|last2=Cox
|first2=Felicity
|last3=Evans
|first3=Z.
|title=An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels
|journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics
|year=1997
|volume=17
|issue=2
|pages=155–84
|doi=10.1080/07268609708599550
}}
* Palethorpe, S. and Cox, F. M. (2003) [https://web.archive.org/web/20050629091104/http://www.shlrc.mq.edu.au/~felicity/vowelmod_prelateral_environ.pdf Vowel Modification in Pre-lateral Environments]. Poster presented at the International Seminar on Speech Production, December 2003, Sydney.
*{{citation
|last=Tollfree
|first=Laura
|year=2001
|chapter=Variation and change in Australian consonants: reduction of /t/
|editor1-last=Blair
|editor1-first=David
|editor2-last=Collins
|editor2-first=Peter
|title=English in Australia
|publisher=John Benjamins
|pages=45–67
|doi=10.1075/veaw.g26.06tol
|isbn=90-272-4884-2
}}
* {{Accents of English|hide2=y|mode=cs2}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation
|last=Bauer
|first=Laurie
|year=2015
|chapter=Australian and New Zealand English
|editor-last=Reed
|editor-first=Marnie
|editor2-last=Levis
|editor2-first=John M.
|title=The Handbook of English Pronunciation
|place=Malden, MA
|publisher=John Wiley & Sons
|pages=269–285
|isbn=978-1-118-31447-0
}}
* {{Cite web
|last=Jilka
|first=Matthias
|title=Australian English and New Zealand English
|place=Stuttgart
|publisher=Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart
|url=http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d12_AustraliaNZ.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421051103/http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d12_AustraliaNZ.pdf
|archive-date=21 April 2014
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Turner
|first=George W.
|chapter=6: English in Australia
|editor-last=Burchfield
|editor-first=Robert
|title=The Cambridge History of the English Language
|volume=5: English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|date=1994
|isbn=978-0-521-26478-5
|pages=277–327
}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://clas.mq.edu.au/australian-voices/australian-english Macquarie University - Australian voices]

{{Language phonologies}}
{{English dialects by continent}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Australian English Phonology}}
[[Category:English phonology]]
[[Category:Australian English]]